He wero nui te pupuri i te kukū pai o te oleum i roto i ngā hangarau whakarewa parahi ahumahi. Ko te āhua tauhohe me te waikura o te oleum e hiahia ana kia tino pakari.te kukū o te oleummitasme ngā tikanga ine, e āhei ana ki te tuku pānui tika me te pono i roto i ngā taiao whakaputa morearea. Ko ngā mahi whakarewa parahi—pērā i te whakaputa matte, te whakahaere para, me te purenga kukū—he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te whakahaere motuhake i te kukū oleum hei whakataurite i te whai huatanga o te tukanga me te whakaiti i ngā tauhohenga taha kāore e hiahiatia ana e puta ai he hau-waho, e whakanui rānei i te para morearea.
Te Mārama ki te Oleum i roto i te Whakarewa Parahi
Te Mahi me te Whakamahinga o te Oleum
Ko te Oleum he otinga o te whanariki toruora (SO₃) i rewa i roto i te waikawa whanariki (H₂SO₄), ko tōna kukū e whakaaturia ana e te ōrau o te SO₃ kore utu. I roto i te whakarewa parahi, he mea nui te mahi a te oleum hei whakarei ake i te whakaora waikawa whanariki. Ka puta he nui o te hau whanariki hauhā (SO₂) i ngā mahi whakarewa parahi i te wā e tunua ana ngā konganuku whanariki. Ka waikurahia tēnei SO₂ mā te whakamahi i tētahi whakakorikori hei SO₃, ā, me mimiti pai kia puta ai he waikawa whanariki arumoni.
Ka whakamahia te oleum i roto i ngā pourewa mimiti hei hopu i te SO₃. Ka nui ake tōna kaha mimiti i te waikawa whanariki paerewa ina piki ake te ihirangi SO₃ i runga ake i te 98%, ka ārai i te hanganga o te kohu waikawa, ā, ka whakarite i te mimiti nui. Mā te hanga oleum, ka taea e te tukanga te whakaora whai hua i te whanariki, ā, ka whakaitihia te ngaronga mai i te kohu e mau tonu ana, ka ārai pea i te hua me te tutuki i te taiao. I muri i te mimiti, ka taea te waimeha i te oleum i roto i ngā mahi whakahaere hei whakaputa waikawa whanariki ki ngā kukū e hiahiatia ana, i te nuinga o te wā i te 98%. Mā tēnei ngāwari ka noho tonu te mahi whakarewa ki te aro ki ngā taumata SO₂ e rerekē ana mai i ngā whāngai konganuku me ngā huringa mahi.
He rerekē ki te waikawa whanariki paerewa, ko te kaha o te oleum kei roto i tōna kaha ki te ārai i ngā kawenga SO₃ nui me te whakahaere i te whakaora waikawa me te kore e nui te waimeha, te ngaronga rānei o te hau nui. Kāore i te tino whai hua te waikawa whanariki paerewa ki te hopu i ngā kukū tiketike o te SO₃, ā, ka taea e ia te whakaputa i te kohu kino e mawhiti ana i ngā pūnaha whakaora. I roto i ngā mahi whakarewa parahi, ko tēnei rerekētanga te pūtake o te whakamahinga rautaki o te oleum hei takawaenga, kaua ki te whakawhirinaki ki te mimiti kotahi-wāhanga e te waikawa whanariki.
Te Tukanga Whakarewa Parahi
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Tirohanga Whānui mō te Tukanga Whakarewa Parahi
Ko te tukanga tango parahi he maha ngā mahi matua:
- Tunu KukūKa whakamahanatia ngā konganuku parahi whanariki, ka puta ai te SO₂.
- Te Kohikohi me te Whakamatao HauKa kohia te hau kei roto ko te SO₂, ka whakamataohia, ka horoia i ngā matūriki.
- Te Whakahāora WhakakorikoriKa tukuna te SO₂ mā roto i ngā moenga whakakorikori, ka hurihia hei SO₃.
- Wāhanga Ngongo:
- Pourewa TuatahiKa mimiti te waikawa whanariki kukū i te SO₃ tae noa ki tōna rohe wairewa (≈98% H₂SO₄).
- Pourewa o OleumKa mimitia te toenga o te SO₃ e te oleum kua oti te hanga, ka whakanuia te kukū o te SO₃, ka ārai hoki i te hanganga o te kohu waikawa.
- Te Whakaranutanga o te OleumKa konatunatua marietia te oleum ki te wai, ki ngā awa waikawa rānei hei hanga anō i te waikawa whanariki kounga arumoni.
- Te Whakaora Waikawa WhārikiKa rongoatia, ka whakamahia rānei te hua waikawa whakamutunga i roto i ngā tukanga o muri mai.
Ko te hoahoa tukanga whakarewa parahi kua whakamāramahia e whakaatu ana i:
- Ngā wāhi e tahuri ketia ana te hau hei hopu i te SO₂.
- Ngā pourewa e mimitia ana te SO₃ ki roto i te oleum.
- Ngā wāhi mō te whakawaiwaitanga o te oleum me te whakaora waikawa.
- Ngā tāke whakaora me ngā wāhi aroturuki tukunga.
Ko ia pūwāhi mimiti, tauhohenga, me te whakaora he tohu i tētahi wāhanga whakahaere nui e whakamahia ai ngā tikanga tātari kukū oleum. Ka whakamahi ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu i ngā pūoko kukū oleum mō te aroturuki i te wā-tūturu, kia mau tonu ai te SO₃ me te pai o te huringa. Mā ngā tikanga ine kukū oleum auau ka mau tonu te arotautanga o te tukanga me te āwhina ki te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa taiao mā te whakaiti i ngā tukunga SO₂ me ngā ngaronga kohu waikawa.
Te Pūtaiao me te Hiranga o te Kukū Oleum
Ngā Mātāpono Matū me te Pānga
Ko te Oleum, he ranunga kaha o te whanariki toruora (SO₃) i roto i te waikawa whanariki, he mea nui ki te tukanga whakarewa parahi, inā koa i ngā wā whakapūnga me te waikura. Ko te whakahaere tika i te kukū oleum ka pā tika ki ngā ara matū me te tere o ēnei tauhohenga.
I te wāhanga whakapūkara, ka tauhohe ngā waikura parahi me ētahi atu toenga kohuke ki te oleum, ka hurihia hei ngā pūkara parahi wairewa. Ko tēnei panonitanga te tūāpapa o ngā mahi tango parahi e whai ake nei, nā te mea ka taea te whakarewa pai o te parahi, ā, ka whakanui ake i te hua. Ko te nui ake o ngā kukū oleum e rite ana ki te pikinga o te wātea o te SO₃, ka tere ake te panonitanga o ngā kohuke parahi mā te kaha whakapūkara kua whakarei ake. E ai ki ngā rangahau tangohanga pou whakamātautau, ko te whakanui ake i ngā horopeta oleum ka hua ake te pai o te whakapūkara tae atu ki te 49.7% teitei ake, e whakamana ana i ngā tauira ariā pēnei i te tauira matua whakaiti mō ngā mahi tangohanga.
Ko te noho mai o te SO₃, e whakahaeretia ana e te kukū oleum, ehara i te mea ka whakanui noa i te sulfation engari ka pā hoki ki ngā tauhohenga waikura āwhina e kawenga ana mō te huri i ngā sulfides me ētahi atu poke. Ko ngā taumata SO₃ ā-rohe i roto i te taiao whakarewa ka whakahaeretia e te tāpiri oleum tika me te waikura catalytic o te SO₂ ki runga i ngā puehu whakarewa kei roto ngā waikura pēnei i te Fe₂O₃ me te CuO. Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga o ēnei kukū te whakarerekē i te tere, te tino, me te whiriwhiringa o te waikura me te sulfation, ā, ka pā ki te tango poke—he mea nui mō te kounga o te parahi kua oti te whakapai—me te hanganga o ngā momo takawaenga, ngā momo hua taha rānei.
Mā te rerekētanga o te kukū oleum ka arahi pea ki te huringa kore o ngā kohuke parahi, te whakaiti i te wairewa, te hanganga hua taha kāore e hiahiatia pērā i ngā konupūmā parahi taketake, e uaua ai te wehenga o raro. I tētahi atu taha, ko te nui rawa o te horopeta ka puta te waikawa nui me te kaha ake o te waikura, ka puta he wero mahi me te haumaru. Me āta tirotiro me te āta ine i te horopeta, kei reira ngā taputapu pērā i ngā mita kiato ā-roto me ngā mita matotoru ā-roto—pērā i ngā mea i hangaia eMita Rona—e whakarato ana i te māramatanga tūturu ki te kukū tuturu o te oleum i ngā mahi whakarewa parahi ahumahi.
Ngā Huanga Taiao me te Whakahaere
Ko te ōritetanga o te kukū o te oleum he mea nui ehara i te mea mō ngā hua whakarewa anake engari mō te tiaki taiao me te pumau o te mahi. Ko te horopeta oleum kāore i te ōrite ka arahi ki ngā raruraru tukanga, ka hua ake he tukunga kore whakahaere, he whanariki kāore i oti, me te pikinga o te hanga kohu waikawa. Ko ngā taumata SO₃ teitei mai i te nui rawa o te oleum ka mawhiti pea hei tukunga rere, ko te horopeta kāore i te rawaka ka taea te uru atu o ngā matū whanariki kāore i rongoatia, ngā poke whakarewa rānei ki roto i ngā awa para.
E whakaatu ana ngā hoahoa tukanga whakarewa parahi hou i te hononga piripono i waenga i te whakahaerenga oleum, ngā pourewa mimiti hau, me ngā pūnaha maimoatanga para. He mea nui te pupuri i te kukū oleum tika mō te pumau o te tukanga—arā, he pumau ngā hua me te whakaiti i te wā whakamutu—me te whakatutuki i ngā herenga tukunga ture, inā koa mō te kohu waikawa (SO₃) me te nui o te konganuku taumaha i roto i te para hau, wai rānei.
Ko te whakaritenga taiao e whakahau ana i te aroturukitanga me te whakahaere pakari i te kukū o te oleum hei whakaiti i te kawenga taiao. Ki te kore e ranea te whakahaere, ka arahi pea ki ngā mahi kore e tutuki i te ture, pērā i te nui rawa o ngā tukunga whanariki, te tukunga kore whakamana rānei o ngā para waikawa. Ka uaua ake ēnei āhuatanga nā ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te oleum: ko tōna āhua ki te totoka, ki te hanga kohu morearea rānei i raro i ngā tikanga pāmahana, kukū rānei kāore i te pumau, ka taea te whakararu i te haumaru o te tukatuka me te whakahaere i raro iho.
Ko te whakahaere pakari i te kukū oleum, me ngā tikanga tātari kukū ā-roto pono me ngā pūoko, he mea tiaki nui. Mā ngā taputapu a Lonnmeter, e mahi ana i roto i te taiao matū uaua o te whakarewa, ka āwhina kia kitea wawetia ngā rerekētanga o te kukū oleum i te wā tūturu. Mā tēnei ka taea te mahi whakatikatika tere hei pupuri i te mahi pumau o te tipu me te pupuri i te tiaki taiao me ngā paerewa ture mō te tukanga tango parahi.
Ngā Tikanga mō te Ine i te Kukū o te Oleum
Ngā Tikanga Ine Tuku Iho
I ngā wā o mua, i inehia te kukū oleum i roto i ngā awa whakarewa parahi mā roto i ngā tikanga taiwhanga ā-ringa, ko te titration me te tātaritanga taumaha te nuinga. Ko te tikanga matua he tukanga titration e rua ngā wāhanga. Tuatahi, ka whakatauhia e ngā kaitātari te whanariki toruora kore utu (SO₃). Ka whakarewaina he tauira ki te wai matao, ka whakaitihia te rerekētanga o te SO₃. Ka titrated te waikawa whanariki i puta ki tētahi kawakore paerewa, mā te whakamahi i ngā tohu pēnei i te methyl orange, e tohu pono ana i te pito mutunga i roto i ngā otinga waikawa kaha. Muri iho, ka waimeha katoatia tētahi wāhanga motuhake, ā, ka titrated mō te waikawa katoa—e ine ana i te H₂SO₄ taketake me te waikawa i ahu mai i te SO₃.
Ko te tika o te mahi ka whakawhirinaki ki te tere o te whakahaere tauira me te pūkenga o te tohunga hangarau, inā koa te ārai i te ngaronga o te SO₃, ka iti ake te aromatawai. Ka puta te rerekētanga mai i te kitenga i te pito mutunga takitahi, te puhoi o te mahi, me ngā mahi ā-ringa e mahia ana. Kei te tautoko tonu ēnei huarahi tawhito i ngā tātaritanga ture me ngā tātaritanga tiwhikete puranga, e whakanuia ana mō te pakari me te iti o te utu whakahaere, engari kāore i te pai mō te whakahaere wā-tūturu, ngā whakatikatika tukanga tere rānei i ngā mahi whakarewa parahi me ngā hoahoa tukanga tango parahi ahumahi.
Ngā Huarahi Tātari Hou
Nā ngā whanaketanga hou kua nekehia te tātari kukū oleum ki ngā tikanga tere ake, aunoa, me te kore-whakangaro. Mā ngā tikanga ine-whakaahua, pērā i te ine-mō-ngā-momonga Vis–SWNIR, ka taea te whakatau tere i te kukū oleum in-situ mā te aromatawai i ngā tohu mimiti ahurei o ngā wāhanga oleum. Ka tukatukahia e ngā huarahi e whakahaerehia ana e te kemo-whakaahua ngā raraunga ine-mō-ngā-momonga mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira pāngarau, ka tino whakarei ake i te whiriwhiringa me te tika o te ine i roto i ngā awa tukanga uaua.
Mā ngā hangarau tātari ipurangi ka whakauruhia ngā pūoko ki roto i ngā taputapu tukanga whakarewa parahi, ka taea ai te aroturuki tonu i te kukū oleum me te kore e tango tauira. Ka tukuna e ēnei tikanga wā-tūturu he urupare tere, e tautoko ana i te whakahaere hihiri o te tukanga whakarewa parahi. Ahakoa kei runga tonu i ngā tauhohenga whakakore matū, ka whakangawari ake ngā pūnaha titration potentiometric aunoa i te kitenga pito me te whakawhāiti i te hapa ā-ringa, ahakoa kāore pea e whakakore katoa i te hiahia mō te whakahaere tauira tika.
Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā tikanga tawhito, ko ngā huarahi hou e tuku ana i:
- Ngā inenga kore-whakangaro, tonu
- He tātari tere e tika ana mō ngā hangarau whakarewa parahi ahumahi kaha
- Te whakaiti i te hapa e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tangata
- Te whakaurunga raraunga kua whakapaitia i roto i ngā pūnaha aroturuki kukū oleum
Heoi anō, ko ngā paerewa ture mō te whakapūmau kounga puranga he maha ngā wā ka whakaū i ngā tikanga ine-taimaha hei tohutoro mō te whakatau tautohe me te tiwhikete.
Ngā Taputapu Matua mō te Aroturuki i roto i te Tukanga
He mea nui ngā taputapu mō te aroturuki i te kukū oleum ā-roto i roto i te parahi o ēnei rā.ngā tukanga tangoKo ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto me ngā mita matotoru mai i Lonnmeter te tūāpapa o ngā pūoko kukū oleum kore-whakaeke. Nā te hoahoa pakari ka taea te tāuta tika ki roto i ngā paipa tukatuka, me te ripoata tonu i ngā āhuatanga wai e tika ana mō ngā tatau kukū. Kāore ēnei taputapu e hiahia ki ngā tāpiringa matū, ā, ka tiakina te pono o te tauira, ka tino hototahi ki ngā hangarau whakarewa parahi ahumahi.
Mā ngā taputapu aunoa, pērā i ngā kaiwhakahaere rere me ngā takirere tauira, ka taea te whakahaere tika me te whakahaere haumaru i ngā awa oleum. Ka taea te whakauru tika i ngā raraunga ine mai i ngā mita a Lonnmeter ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere tipu. Ka tukuna e tēnei rerenga raraunga maeneene he urupare tonu mō te whakatikatika wā-tūturu, me te arotau i te whakahaere kukū oleum puta noa i ngā mahi whakarewa parahi katoa.
Mā te hono i ngā taputapu pūoko matatau me ngā mana whakahaere aunoa o ngā tipu, ka mau tonu ngā kaiwhakahaere ahumahi i ngā manawanui tukanga pakari ake, ka whakapai ake i te haumaru nā te whakaiti i te whakahaere ā-ringa, ā, ka tutuki te kukū oleum tino pai mō ngā whakatakotoranga hua ūnga. Ko te whakaurunga o ngā pūoko kukū oleum he āhuatanga matua inaianei mō te arotau i te kukū oleum i roto i ngā tono ahumahi, me te whakarite i te pono me te tutuki i roto i te hoahoa tukanga whakarewa parahi.
Ngā Rautaki Whakahaere Kukū Oleum
Ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Whakahaere Tukanga
Ka pupuri ngā tipu whakarewa parahi i te kukū oleum mā te whakamahi i ngā kaupapa whakahaere urupare me te whāngai whakamua. Ka whakamahia e te whakahaere urupare te ine wā-tūturu o te kukū oleum. Mena ka rerekē te uara mai i tōna pūwāhi tautuhinga, ka whakatikatika te pūnaha i ngā taurangi mahi, pēnei i ngā tere tāpiri wai, ngā pāmahana hau, ngā tere rere mimiti rānei, hei whakatika i te rerekētanga. Hei tauira, ka tatau te kaiwhakahaere PID i te rerekētanga i waenga i te kukū ūnga me te kukū i inehia, kātahi ka whakarerekē i ngā tāurunga kia ōrite, ka whakauru i roto i te wā hei whakaiti i ngā hapa pumau me te whakauru i ngā huringa tere o ngā āhuatanga tukanga.
Ka matapaetia e te mana whakahaere whāngai whakamua ngā raruraru i mua i te pānga ki te kukū oleum. Ka matapaetia e ēnei mana whakahaere ngā urupare ki ngā huringa o te kukū hau SO₂ o te awa whakarunga, ngā tere rere o te tukanga, te rerekētanga putanga oumu rānei. Mā te whakarerekē i ngā taurangi tukanga mimiti i mua, ka āraihia e te mana whakahaere whāngai whakamua ngā nekehanga kukū kāore e hiahiatia. Mā te whakakotahi i ngā rautaki urupare me te whāngai whakamua ka whakarite kia tere te whakakorenga raruraru me te whakatika i ngā hapa tauira, taputapu rānei. He maha ngā wā ka whakatinanahia ēnei e ngā tipu ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere tohatoha (DCS) mō ngā whakawhiti maeneene i waenga i ngā āhua whakahaere me te whakatikatika hihiri puta noa i ngā wāhanga whakarewa parahi.
Ngā Tikanga Arotau
He mea nui te arotau i te tāpiri, te tukurua anō, me te whakaora i te oleum mō te kounga hua pumau. Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu ngā tataunga taurite papatipu, ngā raraunga tukanga hītori, me te aroturuki tonu hei whakatikatika i te nui o te whanariki toruora, te wai, me te waikawa i roto i ngā pourewa mimiti. Ko te tukurua anō o te oleum—te whakahoki i tētahi wāhanga o te hua ki te kai mimiti—ka āwhina i te pupuri i te kukū ūnga i te wā o te rerekētanga whāngai, i ngā raruraru tukatuka rānei; ka whakanuia hoki e tēnei tikanga te whakamahinga o te SO₃, ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga rauemi mata.
He mahi nui tā ngā pūoko matatau. Mā ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto me ngā mita matotoru—pērā i ērā mai i Lonnmeter—ka tukuna ngā pānui tika, wā-tūturu o te awa tukanga. Mā ēnei mita ka taea e ngā tauira ine matū te hono i ngā raraunga pūoko ki ngā kukū oleum tika. Mā te whakamahi i te tātari maha-taurangi, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te hono i ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pāmahana, te rere, te kaha waikawa rānei ki ngā uara kukū me te matapae i ngā hiahia tukanga. Mā tēnei huarahi, ka arotau kaha ngā tipu i te horopeta me te whakaora oleum kia rite ki te hiahia, kia whakaitihia te para, kia mau tonu hoki ki ngā whakaritenga hua.
Te Whakatau Rapanga me te Whakatikatika
He maha ngā hapa e pā ana ki te whakahaere i te kukū o te oleum:
- Te Nekehanga Pūoko:Ka taea e ngā hapa o te koroheketanga, te poke rānei o te pūoko te whakaputa i ngā pānui hē, ka puta he hua kāore i te tino tika, ka nui rawa rānei ngā mahi whakatikatika.
- Ngā Kore-Raina o te Tukanga:Ka taea e ngā panoni ohorere o te hanganga, o te rere rānei o te hau te whakararu i ngā koropiko whakahaere, ka arahi atu ki te kore pumau, ki te wiriwiri rānei.
- Ngā Whakaroa o te Whakamahinga Taputapu:Ka taea e ngā whakaroa wā i roto i ngā mahi ine, whakahaere rānei te whakaroa i te urupare a te pūnaha, inā koa i roto i ngā tatūnga mimiti maha-wāhanga matatini.
Ko ngā otinga hangarau ko te whiriwhiri āta i ngā pūoko, ngā rauropi whakahaere pakari, me ngā mahi tātari hapa ā-wā. Hei tauira, ka taea e ngā tatūnga pūoko takirua te tirotiro i ngā pānui kukū oleum kia tere ai te kimi i ngā hapa. Ka maeneene ngā whakawhiti a ngā pūmana awhe-wehewehe puta noa i ngā wāhanga mimiti ina huri ohorere ngā tawhā tukanga.
He mea nui te whakatikatika auau, te whakamana, me te tiaki kia mau tonu ai te tika o te ine. Ko te whakatikatika he whakataurite auau i ngā putanga pūoko ā-roto (ngā mita kiato, matotoru rānei a Lonnmeter) ki ngā paerewa pono o te taiwhanga, me te whakatika wawe i ngā pekapeka. Mā ngā arowhai whakamana ka whakamātautauhia te mekameka ine katoa mō te urupare tika i raro i ngā āhuatanga tukanga whakatauira. Ko ngā tikanga tiaki—te horoi i ngā tirotiro pūoko, te tirotiro i ngā raina tuku, me te tirotiro i ngā pūwāhi whakapiri—ka āwhina i te aukati i te kohikohi me ngā hapa miihini, me te whakarite kia pono te aroturuki i roto i te wā.
Mā te whakakotahi i ngā rautaki whakahaere pakari me te ine matatau ā-roto, te arotau matatau, me te whakatikatika matatau, ka tutuki tonu i ngā tipu whakarewa parahi te kukū oleum tika, pumau puta noa i ngā taahiraa katoa o te tukanga tango parahi.
Te Whakahaere Taiao me te Whakaiti Para
Te Whakahaere i ngā Para Waikawa me ngā Para Tote
Ka puta mai ngā para waikawa me ngā para tote i roto i te tukanga whakarewa parahi, inā koa ko ērā kei roto ngā matū kei roto he chlorine me ngā kukū nui o te chloride. He uaua ēnei awa para nā te waikura, ngā here ture, me te mōrearea o te kino ki te taiao. Ko te whakahaere whai hua ko te tukatuka motuhake i te nui o te waikawa me te tote e kitea ana i roto i ngā mahi tango parahi.
Mā ngā tikanga tango-tango-tote ka tukuna he purenga kua whakaritea mō te wai para o te whakarewa parahi. I te wāhanga tango, ka wehea motuhaketia ngā katote pūhaumāota mā te whakamahi i ngā tangohanga tote ammonia quaternary. He nui te kaha o ēnei kaihoko ki te pūhaumāota, me te whakaiti i te tango tahi o ētahi atu katote. Kātahi ka tangohia te tangohanga kua utaina, ka whakawhitia te pūhaumāota ki tētahi wāhanga wai kua whakahaeretia kia māmā ake ai te whakahaere, kia taea ai rānei te whakaora rauemi.
Kātahi ka whakamahia te tote. Mā te whakauru i ngā matū pēnei i te pāhare pākawa waro, te konutai whanariki rānei, ka whakaitihia te wairewa o te pūhaumāota i roto i te wāhanga wai, ka nui ake te wehenga mā te ua, mā te wehewehe wāhanga rānei. Ka eke tēnei huarahi ki te neke atu i te 90% o te pai o te tango pūhaumāota, ā, ka whakaitihia te parahanga tuarua ki te whakataurite ki ngā hangarau ua tuku iho, ki ngā hangarau kiriuhi rānei.
Ko ngā pūwāhi whakahaere matua mō tēnei tukanga ko te pāmahana me te pH—ka pāngia e ēnei te whiriwhiringa o te pūhaumāota, ngā mōrearea tango-tahi, me te utu whakahaere. Ka whakapai ake ngā pūoko ā-roto mō te mātotoru me te matotoru, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, i te whakaurunga tukanga, ka taea ai te aroturuki wā-tūturu i ngā wāhanga tango me te tote i roto i ngā hangarau whakarewa parahi ahumahi.
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Ngā Hua o te Whakahaere Kaha o te Oleum
Mā te whakahaere tika i te kukū o te oleum ka whakapai ake i te parakore o te wai para i roto i ngā mahi whakarewa parahi. Mā te pupuri i te kaha me te matotoru o te waikawa ka whakaitihia te tukunga nui o te whanariki trioxide, ka whakaū i ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga tango parahi, ā, ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o ngā poke kāore e hiahiatia. Ina whakahaerea paitia te kukū o te oleum mā roto i ngā tikanga ine pono—pērā i ngā mita matotoru ā-roto mai i Lonnmeter—ka māmā ake, ka māmā ake te matapae i te maimoatanga wai para.
Mā te whakahaere tukanga whakarei ake i te waikura me te maimoatanga para ka whakatairanga i te whakaora parahi whai hua me te whakaiti i te poke i roto i te awa para whakamutunga. Mā ngā tikanga tātari kukū oleum matatau, ka ngāwari ake te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao e ngā whare. Ka whakaitihia te nui o ngā wai para me ngā wāhanga morearea, ā, ka puritia ngā poke i raro i ngā paepae tukunga. Mā te aroturukitanga pokapū mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko kiato me te matotoru ka puta he tirohanga whānui o te kukū oleum i roto i ngā tono ahumahi, ā, ka āwhina i te arotau i ngā tautuhinga tukanga mō ngā whāinga whakaputa me te tiaki taiao.
Te Whakaurunga ki ngā Mahi Whakatipu
Te Tukutahi i te Mana Oleum me te Rerenga Mahi Whakarewa Whānui
Ko te whakahaere i te kukū oleum te tūāpapa o te whakahaere tukanga whakarewa parahi. Mā te whakauru i ngā raraunga kukū oleum tika ki roto i te aunoatanga puta noa i te tipu ka whakarite kia rite te hua parahi, te haumaru o te tukanga, me te kounga o te hua. Ko ngā pūoko kukū oleum ā-roto, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, ka tukuna ngā pānui wā-tūturu he mea nui mō te whakahaere i te inenga matū me te pupuri i te tika o te tautuhinga.
Ko ngā pūnaha aunoatanga ahumahi e whakamahi ana i ngā kawa OPC UA me Modbus TCP/IP. Mā ēnei tūāpapa ka taea te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero haumaru, ā-rua i waenga i ngā pūoko, ngā kaiwhakahaere arorau ka taea te whakarite (PLC), me ngā pūnaha whakahaere tirotiro me te kohikohi raraunga (SCADA). Ka taea e te OPC UA te whakauru i ngā whakatakotoranga raraunga taputapu kanorau, e tautoko ana i te whakaurunga maeneene o ngā hua ine kukū oleum mai i ngā mita kiato me te matotoru ā-roto me ētahi atu whakaurunga pūoko. Mā te whakawhiti raraunga wā-tūturu ka taea te whakarerekē aunoa i ngā reiti inenga, ka whakatika tonu i ngā rerekētanga i kitea i roto i ngā pānui kukū oleum.
Whirihorahia ngā kaupapa whakahaere aunoa hei tautuhi mārama i ngā mahi a te taputapu. I te taumata taputapu, kia tika te whakatikatika me te tiaki i ngā tātaritanga. I te taumata whakahaere, ka whakatikatikahia e ngā rauropi te inenga me ngā tere rere i runga i te urupare ine oleum ora, ka whakaitihia te wawaotanga ā-ringa me te whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te tukanga. Ka kohikohia e te taumata tirotiro ngā raraunga, ka whakaoho i ngā pūrongo, ka whakatakoto i ngā matohi tiaki matapae mēnā ka kitea he rerekētanga pēnei i te nekenekehanga o te pūoko, te kore pumau rānei o te rauropi. Mā te pūrongo e ārahihia ana e ngā kaupapa, e tautokona ana e te OPC UA, ka taea e te pūnaha te urupare tonu ki ngā peka ke, ki ngā aituā poke rānei, pēnei i ngā pikinga reagent rerekē, ngā hapa pūoko rānei, ā, mā reira ka tautokohia te whakatikatika tere ake me te whakapai ake i te pono o te tukanga.
Hei tauira, ki te kitea e te pūoko ā-roto ngā huringa kukū tere, ka taea e ngā pūnaha e whakahaerehia ana e te OPC UA te whakawhāiti aunoa i te inenga matū me te whakatūpato i ngā kaiwhakahaere. Ina puta he poke, he raruraru tukanga rānei, ka whakawhāitihia e tēnei āheinga urupare wā-tūturu te wā kore mahi, ā, ka ārai i te whakaputanga kore-motuhake.
Whakamutunga
Ko te whakahaere i te kukū oleum te kaupapa matua o te arotau i te tukanga whakarewa parahi. Mā te whakahaere tika ka tino pai te mimiti o te hauhā whanariki, ka piki ake te pai o te whakarewa me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga kino o te SO₂. Ko ngā tipu e eke ana ki te ±0.5% SO₃ o tā rātou kukū oleum whāinga ka ripoata i ngā whakapainga nui o te pai o te hurihanga me te iti ake o ngā whiu taiao, e whakaū ana i ngā painga whakahaere o te aroturukitanga me te whakatikatika tata.
He hononga tata te kounga o te hua parahi ki te ōritetanga o te kukū oleum. Mā te hanganga waikawa whanariki pumau ka whakaitihia te parahanga konganuku iti, ka whakahaeretia hoki te whakapainga o raro, ka tautokona te parakore o te katote. E ai ki ngā rangahau hou, ko te pikinga 3–4% o te whakaora parahi i te wā e hiko ana te wini i te kaha waikawa paerewa e mau tonu ana mā ngā tikanga whakahaere kukū pakari.
Ko ēnei putanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā taputapu ine me te aroturuki whakauru. Ko ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto me ngā mita matotoru mai i Lonnmeter he wāhanga matua—e tuku ana i ngā raraunga tukanga wā-tūturu mō te tātari kukū oleum i roto i ngā tono ahumahi. I te taha o te whakahaere urupare matatau, ka taea e tā rātou whakatinanatanga te kite wawe i ngā rerekētanga me te whakarei ake i te kaha ki te whakaputa anō i te puranga.
Nā ngā tono ture mō te whakaiti i ngā tukunga me te whai i ngā hua kua piki ake te hiahia mō ngā pūnaha aroturuki kukū oleum tika, ā, he mea nui rawa atu ēnei i roto i ngā tukanga tango parahi o ēnei rā. Mā te whakamahi i ngā otinga ine me te whakahaere whānui ka puta he painga nui ki te tere mahi, te kounga waikawa, me te pumau mō ngā hangarau whakarewa parahi tawhito me ngā hangarau ahumahi hou.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te oleum, ā, he aha i hiranga ai i roto i te tukanga whakarewa parahi?
Ko te Oleum, e kiia ana ko te waikawa whanariki e mura ana, he ranunga kaha o te waikawa whanariki me te whanariki toruora. Ko tana mahi matua i roto i te whakarewa parahi ahumahi he puna waikawa whanariki tino kukū, he whakarato rānei i te whanariki toruora, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi e hiahia ana ki te kaha waikawa tino teitei. Ahakoa ko te waikawa whanariki te matū mahi matua i roto i te tangohanga parahi, te whakarewa, me te whakamahine, ko te oleum te nuinga e whakamahia ana hei whakaora, hei whakarato rānei i te waikawa whanariki parakore i roto i ēnei tipu, e mahi ana i te mahi tautoko, ehara i te mahi tika, i roto i ngā mahi tangohanga parahi matua. Ka taea te tango me te purenga pai ake i raro i ngā tono waikawa teitei, ā, ka whakahaere i te whakahaere o ngā poke tukanga mā roto i ngā tauhohenga sulfonation kaha ake ina hiahiatia.
Me pēhea te ine i te kukū oleum i roto i te tukanga whakarewa parahi?
Ko ngā tikanga tuku iho hei whakatau i te kukū oleum ko te titration ā-ringa, e ine ana i te nui o te whanariki trioxide i roto i te waikawa. Heoi, kei te piki haere te whakamahi a ngā whare whakarewa parahi hou i ngā tikanga ā-roto, kore-whakangaro pērā i te tātari spectrophotometric me te spectroscopy matatau e hangai ana ki te chemometrics. Ka tukuna e ēnei tikanga wā-tūturu, tonu, ngā pūoko ā-roto rānei—pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter—ngā raraunga tika, tere me te kore e whakararuraru i te rere o te tukanga, ka taea ai te whakarerekē tonu mō te arotautanga tukanga me te whakapai ake i te haumaru. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei tātaritanga aunoa ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki te whakahaere i ngā tauira tino waikura, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ōritetanga o te whakahaere kukū oleum.
He aha te āhua o te hoahoa tukanga whakarewa parahi, ā, kei hea te tāpiri o te oleum?
Ko te hoahoa tukanga mō te tukanga whakarewa parahi e whai ake nei: te tunu i te konganuku, te whakarewa (te hanga i te parahi matte me te para), te hurihanga (te waikura o te matte hei hanga i te parahi pupuhi), me te whakamahine (te ahi me te hikohiko). Ehara te oleum i te whakaurunga tika paerewa i roto i te nuinga o ngā hoahoa whakarewa parahi. Ina whakamahia, ka puta te nuinga ki ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia nui ake te mahi waikawa whanariki, pērā i ngā ara iahiko whakaora waikawa whanariki, i ngā wāhanga whakamahine rānei e hiahia ana kia tino kaha te waikawa hei tango i te paru. Ko ēnei wāhi e tata ana ki ngā mahi whakarewa konganuku parahi kua whakarārangihia i roto i ngā rerenga tukanga tuku iho, engari kāore i te whakaurua ki roto.
He aha ngā painga o te whakahaere tika i te kukū o te oleum ki te tukanga whakarewa?
He mea nui te pupuri i te kukū pai o te oleum. Mā tēnei ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā tauhohenga matū katoa me te whakaora nui o te parahi, ā, ka whakaitihia te whakaputanga o ngā hua taha, pērā i ngā kohu waikawa kāore e hiahiatia, te whakaiti rānei i ngā poke kāore i oti. Mā te kukū oleum pumau ka tiakina hoki ngā taputapu tipu mā te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te waikura kāore i te whakahaeretia, ā, ka roa ake te roa o te ora o ngā tauhohenga me ngā paipa. Mai i te tirohanga pūtea, mā te whakahaere whai hua o te kaha waikawa ka whakaiti i te whakapaunga koretake, ka whakaiti i ngā whakapaunga whakahaere me te whakarite kia tutuki ngā ture me te whakaiti i ngā taumahatanga taiao.
He aha ngā wero taiao ka puta mai i te whakahaere koretake o te kukū oleum?
Mā te kore e pai te whakahaere i te kukū o te oleum ka hua ake he wai para nui rawa te waikawa, te whanariki me te pūhaumāota. Ka uaua ake te maimoatanga o ngā wai para, ka piki ake ngā utu whakahaere me te whakaora, ā, ka nui ake te tūponotanga o ngā turuturu waikawa me ngā tukunga e mōrearea ana ki te haumaru o ngā kaimahi me te taiao. Tērā pea ka hua ake te kore e tutuki i ngā ture taiao, ka tūpono ngā kaiwhakahaere ki ngā whiu, ki ngā whiu, me te kino o te ingoa pai.
He aha ngā wero matua o te ine i te kukū oleum?
He maha ngā āhuatanga e arai ana i te ine tika o te kukū oleum i roto i ngā hangarau whakarewa parahi ahumahi:
- Ka whakaitihia ngā pūoko tuku iho e te taiao tino waikura.
- He mea morearea te tango tauira ā-ringa, ā, ka puta pea he hua kāore i te ōrite.
- Ka tere te puta o ngā panonitanga o te rere o ngā tukanga, o te hanganga rānei o aua tukanga, e hiahiatia ana he tātaritanga auau teitei, i te wā tūturu.
Ko ngā tātaritanga me ngā pūoko ā-roto hou, pērā i ngā mea e tukuna ana e Lonnmeter, e aro tika ana ki ēnei take. Mā ngā pūnaha ine aunoa, kore-whakaekenga ka taea te whakarite kia tika te hopu raraunga i raro i ngā āhuatanga uaua, ā, mā te whakatikatika auau ka āwhina ki te pupuri i te pono o te ine.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-05-2025
