Ko te tote nairona 66, e kiia ana ko te hexamethylenediammonium adipate, ko te hua equimolar tika o te hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) me te waikawa adipic. Koinei te matū matua mō te polymer nairona 66, e kaha ana ki ngā kirihou hangarau nā tōna kaha miihini me te pumau wera. Ko tēnei tote, e kitea ana hei matū ionic tioata i roto i te otinga wai, e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga ahurei e tika ana mō te tukanga polycondensation o raro e hua ai ngā muka nairona 66 me ngā kapia. Ko te hanganga ngota ngota e whakaatu ana i ngā wāhanga ammonium kua utua pai mai i te HMDA me ngā rōpū carboxylate kua utua kino mai i te waikawa adipic, e hanga ana i ngā whatunga ionic, i te wā rānei e rewa ana, i ngā ion motuhake kua rite mō te polymerization.
Ko te auau me te parakore o te hanganga he pānga tika ki te taumaha ngota ngota, te tioata, me te āhua wera o te polymer. E whakaū ana ngā rangahau taiwhanga me ngā rangahau ahumahi i te ōwehenga ionic 1:1 mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga matawai me te hihi-X, e whakatū ana i tēnei stoichiometry hei mea nui mō te mahi pakari o te hua whakamutunga. Ahakoa ngā rerekētanga iti ka taea te whakararuraru i te ōritetanga o te mekameka, ka hua ake he iti iho ngā āhuatanga miihini.
Te Whakarite Tote Nairon 66
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Ko te Hexamethylenediamine, me tōna hanganga raina H2N-(CH2)6-NH2, e mahi ana hei wāhanga diamine e tuku ana i ngā rōpū amine whakamutunga mō te hanganga tote. Ko te waikawa adipic, HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH, e tāpiri ana i tēnei ki ngā mahi carboxyl tauhohe. Ko tō rātou pono mahi me te tino parakore he mea nui: Ko te HMDA ka whakahoroa, ka whakatiotia rānei hei whakakore i ngā tohu oligomeric me te organic, ko te waikawa adipic ia ka huri hei whakatiotia anō, ka tātarihia, ā, i ētahi wā ka whakawhiti-katote hei whakarite kia tangohia ngā tae, ngā mea organic, me ngā poke whakarewa. Ko te parakore neke atu i te 99.5% e arohia ana e te ahumahi; ahakoa ngā poke iti ka taea te whakaiti i te kounga o te polymer, te whakakore i te tae o ngā hua kua oti, te paitini rānei i ngā whakakorikori i roto i ngā tauhohenga atu.
Ko te uho o te hanga tote nairona 66 he tauhohenga whakakorekore māmā engari he tino whakahaeretia. I roto i te otinga wai, ka tangohia e te HMDA ngā porotana mai i ngā rōpū carboxyl o te waikawa adipic, ka hangaia he ion ammonium me te whakaputa i ngā carboxylates i te wā kotahi. Ka āta whakaritea tēnei taunekeneke waikawa-pūtake:
H2N-(CH2)6-NH2 + HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH → [H2N-(CH2)6-NH3+][OOC-(CH2)4-COO−] (tote nairona, wai)
Mā te whakamahi i te mīhini, ka taea e te pa tuatahi te whakapūtātanga ā-wāhanga o te diamine, ka hanga he takawaenga zwitterionic. Ko te whakaotinga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakawhiti pūtā katoa me te whakakorenga. Kua hangaia te pH kia eke ki te korenga - tata ki te 7 - hei tohu mō ngā ōrite waikawa-pūtake. Ka whakarei ake te pāmahana tino pai i te tere o te tauhohenga me te tioata tote i muri mai; i roto i te mahi, ka whakamahia ngā pāmahana mai i te 25°C ki te 100°C. Heoi, ko ngā taumata tiketike o te pH, o te pāmahana rānei ka taea te whakaroa i te tauhohenga, te whakaputa rānei i ngā hua taha: ko ngā āhuatanga waikawa rawa, taketake rawa rānei ka whakatairanga i te hanganga tote kāore i oti, ā, ka taea te whakarerekē i te wairewa me te āhua tioata. Ka whakamahia e te whakapumautanga kounga hou ngā inenga pH me te kawe hiko ā-roto, e aroturukitia tonutia ana, hei whakarite i te stoichiometry tika me te ārai i ngā raruraru tukanga.
Ka pāngia te roa o te mekameka, te polydispersity, me ngā āhuatanga kume e te nui rawa, te kore rānei o tētahi o ngā matū tauhohenga e rua, e te rerekētanga rānei o ngā rōpū mutunga mahi i roto i te tote, ā, i roto hoki i te polymer nairona. Ka pā tēnei ki te roa o te mekameka, te polydispersity, me ngā āhuatanga kume. Ka whakanuia te whanaungatanga i waenga i te mātotoru o te otinga tote me te whakahaere tukanga i roto i ngā mahi ahumahi o nāianei, inate ine i te mātotoru wai i te wā tūturuHe mea nui te ine ine mātotoru wai ki te tukanga whakarite tote nairona 66. Mā te aroturuki tika i te mātotoru ka whakarite kia ōrite te ranunga, engari ka āwhina hoki i te whakahaere i ngā otinga tote kua mātotoru, kua mātotoru rawa rānei e hiahiatia ana mō te whakapūhui, te rokiroki rānei i muri mai.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te taurite o te mahi matū o te whakakorenga, te whakahaere i te pH me te pāmahana, me te parakore whakamiharo o te HMDA me te waikawa adipic te poutokomanawa o te tukanga hanga tote nairona 66 angitu. Ko tēnei tino tika te mea e whakahaere ana i te kounga o te ara hanga polymer nairona 66 katoa, ā, i te mutunga, ko te whai huatanga o te rauemi puta noa i ngā raina hua motuka, kakahu, me te hiko.
Te Tukanga Whakarite Tote Nailoni 66 Hipanga-i-te-Tau
Ka tīmata te tukanga whakarite tote nairona 66 mā te whakarite i ngā otinga wai motuhake o te waikawa adipic me te hexamethylenediamine, arā, ngā monomer matua e rua e tika ana mō te hanga tote nairona 66. Ka rewa te waikawa adipic ki roto i te wai deionized, i te nuinga o te wā i te 30–60°C, kia puta rā anō he otinga mārama. Ka whai i te tukanga kotahi te hexamethylenediamine, ka puta he otinga whai amine. Ka tātarihia marietia ngā otinga e rua kia tangohia ngā matūriki i mua i te tauhohenga atu, hei tautoko i te ine i te kiato o te otinga tote mō te whakahaere ōwehenga tika me te rere pai o te tukanga.
He mea nui te whakaranu whakahaeretia, te pāmahana-whakahaeretia hei whakatutuki i te ōwehenga molar 1:1 stoichiometric, nā te mea ahakoa he iti noa ngā rerekētanga ka pā kino ki te pai o te polymerization me ngā āhuatanga o te kapia. Ka whakaurua mārire ngā otinga e rua—he maha ngā maturuturunga iho—ki roto i tētahi tauhohenga kua hipokina me te whakaoho pai, e āhei ai te whakahaere tupato i ngā tere whakaranu. Mā ngā pāmahana kua whakahaeretia tika ka ārai i te wera nui o te rohe, te tioata wawe, te waikura kore rānei e hiahiatia, kia whakarite ai i tētahi taiao tauhohenga tote nairona 66 ōrite.
I roto i te ranunga me te tauhohenga whakakorekore i roto i te hanga nairona 66, ka mau tonu he paraikete hau kore mahi, ko te hauota te nuinga. He mea nui tēnei parenga hau kore mahi hei ārai i te hāora me te hauhā hau, ka taea te whakaoho i te waikura, te whakauru rānei i ngā poke waro/paikāponate, ka whakaiti i te kounga o te tote. Ka whakarei ake hoki te hau kore mahi i te ōritetanga o te hua me te pumau o te rokiroki, he mea nui mō ngā tono teitei.
I te haere tonu o te whakaranu whakahaere, ka puta pea ngā momo takawaenga me ngā mutunga carboxyl, amine rānei, i runga i te stoichiometry ā-rohe me te tere whakaranu. Mā te whakakorenga katoa ka puta te tote nairona 66 e hiahiatia ana (e mōhiotia ana ko te tote AH), e whakaatu ana i te stoichiometry kua tautuhia me te ōritetanga ngota. Ka whai te tauhohenga whakakorenga i ngā mātāpono matū waikawa-pūtake, ā, me tae ki te pH tika tata ki te koretake (pH 7–7.3) kia rite tonu ai te polymerization o raro, nā te mea he nui rawa ngā rōpū waikawa, pūtake rānei e whakararuraru ana i te tipu o te mekameka, ā, ka pā ki te taumaha me te kounga ngota o te polymer whakamutunga.
Mā te aroturukitanga pH me te titration wā-tūturu ka taea te urupare pakari i te wāwhakakorekore, me te whakarite kia arotauhia te raupapatanga me ngā tere o te whakaranu hei karo i te koretake o te rohe, te koretake rānei o te whakapūmau. E tautoko ana ngā tauira nekeneke hou ahakoa he iti noa te kore taurite o te stoichiometry ka pehia te whai huatanga o te polymerization.
Whai muri i te hanganga o te tote kūpapa, ka ahu whakamua te tukanga i roto i ngā wāhanga purenga hei whakarite i te hua tino parakore. Mā ngā rautaki tātari maha-taahiraa—mai i te tātari matotoru ki te tātari iti-micron—ka tangohia ngā katote whakarewa, ngā matūriki, me ngā toenga rauropi i whakaurua mai e ngā rauemi mata, e te wai tukatuka rānei. Whai muri i tēnā ka whai ake ko ngā maimoatanga whakawhiti-katote, ka tangohia ngā paru kore-rauropi wairewa pērā i te whanariki, te konupūmā, ngā katote konutai rānei e kino ana ki te kounga o te tote nairona 66. Kātahi ka whakatōkia te ranunga, ka tukuna ki te tioata whakahaere, ka puta he tioata tote kua purea me te māramatanga whatu me ngā taumata tae, kohu rānei e kore e kitea.
He mea hono pūmau te whakahaere kounga ki ngā tikanga whakarite tote mō te whakamahinga ahumahi, me te aroturuki tonu i te mimiti UV me te parakore o te tirohanga i ia wāhanga. He mea nui te taupū UV iti—he tohu te taupū teitei i te aroaro o ngā poke chromophoric, ka taea te whakapōturi i te tae o ngā hua polymer nairona 66 whakamutunga, ā, ka arahi ki ngā hapa i roto i ngā muka, i ngā wāhanga rānei kua whakarewaina. Mō ngā tukanga polymerization uara nui, mā ngā tirotiro tirohanga me te tirotiro tirotiro ka whakarite he tote parakore, he parakore te tirohanga, ka ārai i te kōwhai o raro me ngā taupatupatu miihini.
Mā te aroturuki i te matotoru i roto i ngā tukanga matū, inā koa mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ine matotoru wai me ngā mita matotoru ā-roto pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, ka tāpirihia he ārai anō. Ka whakaūhia e ēnei taputapu te kukū whakamutunga o te otinga tote, ka tautoko i te āheinga o te tukanga ki te tukurua. He mea nui te whakatikatika tika o te mita matotoru wai hei kite i ngā rerekētanga ngawari o te ihirangi totoka, e pā tika ana ki te whakatiotanga me ngā mahi whakapūhui i muri mai.
Ko te whakaurunga o te purenga pakari me te mana whakahaere kounga i roto i te tukanga whakarite tote nairona 66 te poutokomanawa mō te hua me te mahi a te pūmua. Mā te tirotiro whānui, mai i te taupū UV ki te pH me te mātotoru, ka taea te hanga tonu i te tote parakore teitei, mārama te tirohanga, me te taurite stoichiometric e tika ana mō ngā tono pūmua ahumahi uaua.
Te Hanga Tote Nairona 66 Ahumahi: Te Whakatairanga me te Arotau Tukanga
Te Hanganga Tote i te Tauine Ahumahi
Ko te tukanga whakarite tote nairona 66 ahumahi e aro ana ki te tauhohenga whakakore i waenga i te waikawa adipic me te hexamethylenediamine. Ko te whakanui ake i ngā mahi mai i te taiwhanga ki te tipu ko te huri i te whakakorenga puranga hei tukanga tonu, ka hanumi ngā matū tauhohenga i raro i ngā tikanga tino whakahaeretia hei whakaputa i te hexamethylenediammonium adipate—e kiia ana ko te tote nairona.
I roto i te hanga tote nairona 66 nui, he mea nui te kounga o ngā rauemi mata. Ko te rerekētanga o te parakore o te waikawa adipic, te hexamethylenediamine rānei, ka pā tika ki te stoichiometry, ka puta he hua rerekē mēnā kāore e whakahaerea. Me āhei ngā pūnaha whāngai ki te tuku inenga pumau, hei utu mō ngā rerekētanga o te tuku rauemi mata me te pāmahana.
Ko te ōritetanga o te whakaranu tētahi atu pou matua. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā tauhohenga ahumahi ki te whakaoho kaha nui hei karo i ngā pikinga kukū e arahi ana ki te whakakorekoretanga kāore i oti. Ka puta he putunga waikawa, he amine rānei kāore i tauhohetia ki te ranunga ngoikore, ka hangaia he tote he pH kore pumau me ngā ira rewa rerekē. Ka whakamahia e ngā tipu hou ngā tauhohenga tāke whakaoho tonu (CSTR) mō tā rātou whakaranu pai me te putanga hua ōrite, inā koa ka pā ki ngā awa rauemi mata e rerekē ana, ka hiahiatia rānei he stoichiometry tika. Mō ngā matū māmā ake, me te wāhi e pai ake ai te rere raina, ka tukuna e ngā tauhohenga rere mono (PFR) he tohatoha wā noho pakari ake me ngā pikinga pāmahana ā-rohe iti iho, engari kāore i te kaha te whakaranu katoa o ngā CSTR.
Ko te whakahaere pāmahana te pou here mō te pumau o te tukanga. Ko te whakakorenga wera-whakakore e hiahia ana kia mau tonu te pāmahana pai ki ngā oko kua hipokina, ki ngā whakawhiti wera rānei—e tata ana ki te 210°C. Ko ngā piki me ngā heke i runga ake, i raro iho rānei i tēnei pūwāhi ka hua ake he waikura, he tioata ngoikore rānei o te tote, ka whakararu i te polymerization o raro.
Ngā Raina Hua Ahumahi me ngā Taputapu
Ko ngā taputapu tauhohenga tote nairona 66 nui te āhuatanga e pā ana ki tōna hanganga pakari me te whakaurunga o ngā hangarau whakahaere tika. Ko ngā kōwhiringa tauhohenga kei waenganui i ngā CSTR, e pai ana mō tō rātou whakaoho pai me te ōritetanga o te hanganga, me ngā PFR, e āwhina ana i te rere tonu o te kaha ki te wāhi e kore e tino hira te whakaranu ōrite.
Kua hangaia ngā pūnaha whakaranu ahumahi mō te whakaranu tere me te whakaoti i ngā awa waikawa me ngā awa diamine. Ka tohatohahia ngā matū tauhohe e ngā impeller kutikuti-teitei me ngā koropiko tukurua kia ōrite ahakoa ngā huringa nui o te rōrahi, te matotoru rānei, ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o ngā wāhi wera me te whakakorekore kāore i oti.
He mea nui ngā pūnaha aroturuki tukanga ā-roto hei whakahaere me te tuhi i ia wāhanga. He mea nui ngā whakamātautau pH ā-roto, ngā pūoko pāmahana, me ngā mita kiato ā-roto matatau (pēnei i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter) ki ngā whakaurunga hou. Mā te ine i te kiato wai ā-tūturu ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarite i te kukū tote me te hanganga tika puta noa i te tukanga. Mā ēnei otinga aroturuki kiato ka tukuna he urupare e taea ai te whakarerekē i ngā tere whāngai me te pāmahana kia mau tonu ai te kounga tote. Ka mahia te whakatikatika mita kiato wai auau mā te whakamahi i ngā otinga tote kua tautuhia pai hei whakarite i te tika o ngā raraunga i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakaputa e huri haere ana.
He mea nui ngā tikanga whakahaere haumaru nā te mea he waikura, he hiroki hoki ngā otinga tote nairona 66. He mea hanga ngā tāke rokiroki mai i ngā koranu ātete-waikura, kei roto ko ngā pūnaha hipoki e ārai ana i te mimiti me te poke o te makuku. Ko ngā paipa kawe kua kati, ngā pūnaha uta aunoa, me ngā āhuatanga pupuri turuturu ka whai wāhi katoa ki te whakaiti i ngā tūponotanga taiao me ngā tūponotanga kaimahi i roto i te rokiroki me te whakawhiti otinga tote.
Arotau Tukanga mō te Ritenga o te Hua
Ko te pupuri i te ōritetanga o te hua i roto i te hanga tote nairona 66 me whakarite tika i ngā tawhā tukanga. Ko te matotoru whāinga—he āhuatanga nui mō ngā āhuatanga whakamutunga o te polymer nairona 66—e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere pakari i ngā āhuatanga tauhohenga i te wā o te hanganga tote me tōna polymerization i muri mai.
Ka mau tonu te pāmahana ki te 210°C pea me ngā ātete kikī, nā te mea ka whakarerekē ngā rerekētanga i te taumata o te whakakorenga me te wairewa tote. Mā te whakahaere pēhanga, e tata ana ki te 1.8 MPa i ngā mahi i mua i te polycondensation, ka whakarite kia tika te whanonga wāhanga me te tere o te tauhohenga. Ka whakatikatikaina te wā noho i roto i ngā tauhohenga kia taea ai te hurihanga katoa, me te karo i te nui rawa o te wera ka taea te whakaheke i te hua. Ka whakatikatikaina anō tēnei mahi taurite mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga mai i ngā mita matotoru me te kiato ā-roto.
He pānga nui tō te kōwhiringa me te horopeta o te whakakōkī ki te wāhanga whakapūhui nairona 66, e whai ake nei i te hanganga tote. Ko ngā horopeta whakakōkī noa he tata ki te 0.1 wt% hei arotau i te taumaha ngota me te whakatairanga i te tipu pai o te mekameka pūhui. Ka taea e te nui rawa o te horopeta te whakatere i te tauhohenga engari ka tūpono te peka kore whakahaere, te hanganga tae rānei; ka ārai te iti rawa o te horopeta i te whakapūhui me ngā āhuatanga hangarau. Mā te ine tika me te whakaranu tere o te whakakōkī, i roto i te otinga me te whāngai tote, ka whakarei ake i te whai huatanga whānui.
Ka whakatikatikaina ia o ēnei tawhā i te wā tūturu i runga i ngā raraunga kounga. Hei tauira, mēnā ka kitea he rerekētanga i roto i te aroturukitanga kiato ā-roto e tohu ana i te nui rawa, te kore rānei o te whakakorenga, ka whakatikatikaina ngā tere whāngai tauhohenga. He mea nui tēnei porowhita urupare hei ārai i te tote rerekē-ōwehenga, ka whakararu i te matotoru o te polymer me te mahi o te whakamahinga whakamutunga i muri mai.
Te Matotoru o te Wai Tote: Ngā Rautaki Aroturuki me te Ine
Te Hiranga o te Aroturukitanga o te Mātotorutanga i roto i te Whakaritenga Tote
I te wā e whakarite ana i te tote nairona 66, he mea nui te aroturuki i te mātotorutanga. Ko te tauhohenga stoichiometric i waenga i te hexamethylenediamine me te waikawa adipic ka puta he tote e whakaata tika ana i te mātotorutanga o te otinga, ko tōna parakore me tōna pai mō te tukanga hanga polymer nairona 66. Mā ngā inenga mātotorutanga tika ka kitea te kukū o te matū tauhohe, ka whakamārama i te taurite i waenga i te waikawa me te amine, ā, ka mahi hei tohu mō te otinga o te huringa me te nui o te wai.
He mea nui te pupuri i te kiato wai tote tino pai. Mā ngā rerekētanga iti ka kitea ngā āhuatanga rerekē, pērā i te waikawa nui rawa, te amine rānei, ka whakararu i te pai o te whakapūhui, ka pā ki te tohatoha taumaha ngota, ā, ka hua ake he āhua mutunga iti iho. Hei tauira, i roto i te hangarua matū, ko ngā panonitanga o te kiato wai i te wā o te whakapūhui waikawa ka huri i te hononga hauwai i roto i te pūhui, ka pā nui ki te urunga o te whākōkī me ngā tere whakaora monomer. Ko te kore e tika te whakahaere i te kiato i tēnei wā ka hua ake he huringa kāore i oti, he para rānei, ka pā tika ki ngā inenga hua me te pumau o te tipu.
E ai ki ngā tuhinga mai i ngā raina hua matū ahumahi, he mea nui te aroturukitanga mātotoru aunoa mō te whakaputa tote parakore, pumau, me te whakaiti i te para, te arotau i te hua, me te whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga. Kua tino hira tēnei i te kaha haere o ngā pēhanga ture me te pumau, me te hiahia kia kaha ake te whakahaere tukanga me te pai ake o te whai hua.
Ngā Tikanga Ine i te Matū Wai
I ngā wā o mua, i inehia e ngā tikanga pēnei i te pycnometry, i ngā hydrometer rānei te mātotoru o te wai tote, engari he iti noa te tika me te wawaotanga ā-ringa, nā reira kāore i pai mō te aroturuki tonu i ngā ahumahi. Ko ngā mahi ahumahi o ēnei rā e pai ake ana ki ngā taputapu aunoa, tino tika hoki.
Ko ngā mita mātotoru ngongo-U e tū ana hei paerewa ahumahi mō te ine i te mātotoru o te wai tote. He māmā noa te kaupapa: ka oho te ngongo āhua-U, kua whakakiia ki te wai tote, i te auau e neke ana me ngā huringa o te mātotoru wai. Nā te mea ka puhoi ake te oho o te ngongo nā ngā wai kikī ake, ka inehia e ngā hiko tairongo tēnei huringa auau ka hurihia hei pānui mātotoru tika.
Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi ngongo, pērā i te maitai kore waikura, i ngā koranu motuhake rānei, ka ārahihia e te hototahitanga matū ki ngā otinga tote. Ka mahi pono ēnei mita i runga i te raina whakaputa, ā, ka tukuna he hua tere, ka taea te whakahoki, ka pai te urutau ki te taiao hanga tote nairona 66.
He tohunga a Lonnmeter ki ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto pakari i hangaia mō ngā taiao ahumahi uaua, kia mau ai te mahi me te ine i ngā mea ka taea te mahi anō ahakoa i roto i ngā taiao matū kaha. Ka whakatakotoria tika ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto ki runga i ngā paipa tukatuka, kia taea ai te aroturuki i te kukū tote i te wā tūturu i roto i ngā tukanga puranga me ngā tukanga tonu e pā ana ki te whakarite tote nairona 66.
He mea nui te whakatikatika i ēnei mita mō ngā pānui tika. Ko te whakatikatika he whakamahi i ngā otinga paerewa i ngā kiato kua tautuhia hei whakatakoto i ngā pūwāhi tohutoro i mua i te whakamahinga o te taputapu me ngā wai tukatuka. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia whakaatahia e ngā uara ine te kukū tote tūturu—he mea nui hei pupuri i ngā tikanga tauhohenga i roto i ngā manawanui pakari.
Te Whakauru i ngā Raraunga Kiato mō te Whakahaere Tukanga
Mā te whakauru i te ine i te mātotorutanga wā-tūturu ki roto i te whakahaere tukanga aunoa ka tino whakapiki ake i te mahi whakahaere i roto i te hanga tote nairona 66. Mā te whakauru tika i ngā mita mātotorutanga ā-roto ki roto i te tukanga hanga, ka hopukina tonutia ngā raraunga mātotorutanga ka whāngaihia ki te pūnaha whakahaere.
Ka whakatauritehia e ngā pūnaha aunoa ngā pānuitanga kiato ora ki ngā uara tino pai kua whakaritea mō te otinga tote. Ina kitea ngā rerekētanga, ka taea e te pūnaha te mahi i ngā whakarerekētanga i te wā tūturu—pēnei i te whakarerekē i ngā rere o te matū tauhohe, te whakatika i te ihirangi wai, te whakarerekē rānei i ngā pūwāhi pāmahana kua whakaritea—kia hoki ai te tukanga ki roto i ngā whakaritenga me te kore e wawao a te kaiwhakahaere.
Mā tēnei huarahi ka ārai i te rerekētanga o te puranga-ki-te-puranga, ka whakaratohia he porowhita urupare kati e aro ana ki te nekehanga o te tukanga, te mimiti wai ohorere, te whakakorenga kore rānei i te wā tūturu. He mea nui tēnei mō te arotau i ngā āhuatanga polymerization e whai ake nei i te whakarite tote. Hei tauira, ko te matotoru o te otinga tote e hono ana ki te taumaha me te matotoru o te ngota polymer e taea te matapae, e tautoko ana i te pumau miihini me te wera teitei e hiahiatia ana mō ngā hua nairona 66 hangarau.
Ko ngā tauira mai i ngā mahi ahumahi matua e whakaatu ana i te whakaurungā pānuitanga kiato ipurangiMā ngā tawhā auau—pērā i te pāmahana me te pH—ka taea te arotau i ngā tukanga maha-tauwehe. Ko te hua he nui ake te ōritetanga o te putanga, he iti ake te hua kāore i te tino hiahiatia, me te iti ake o te kaha me te whakamahinga rauemi i te wā o te tauhohenga tote nairona 66. Inaianei kua kiia tēnei whakaurunga hei mahi pai mō te umanga matū, e whakatutuki ana i ngā whāinga whakapumautanga kounga me te pumau i roto i ngā raina whakaputa polymer hou.
Mai i te Tote ki te Nairon 66 Polymer: Te Polycondensation me te Tukatuka-muri
Ko te whakahaere i te hanganga ngota me ngā āhuatanga o te nairona 66 me whakahaere tika i ngā tawhā tukanga maha i te wā o mua i te polycondensation, te polycondensation rewa, me te tukatuka muri. He mahi nui tā ia wāhanga—mai i te hanganga wai tote tuatahi ki te whakamātautau kounga pellet whakamutunga—ki te whakaputa i te kapia nairona 66 kounga ahumahi.
Ngā Tawhā i mua i te Polycondensation
Ko te taahiraa polycondensation, te wāhi e hangaia ai te nairona 66 mā te tauhohenga o te waikawa adipic me te hexamethylenediamine, he tino tairongo ki ngā taurangi mahi. Ko te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te wā tauhohenga ngā mea tino whai mana ki te taumaha ngota me te matotoru ā-roto. Ka whakahaerehia te polycondensation ahumahi i waenga i te 280°C me te 300°C. Ko ngā pāmahana i te pito o runga o tēnei awhe, me ngā wā tauhohenga roa, ka whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te pirau wera, ka whakaurua mai ngā hua taha me te whakaiti i te pumau o te polymer mō te wā roa. Hei whakanui ake i te taumaha ngota me te pupuri i te tohatoha taumaha ngota whaiti, ka whakaurua ngā hekenga pēhanga rangitahi hei tere ake te tango i te wai condensation, i te wā e whakahaeretia ana te wā tauhohenga kia kore ai e nui rawa te condensation, e motu mekameka rānei.
Mā te pēhanga e whakahaere tika te whanaketanga o ngā hua taha pūngoi. Mā te tīmatanga ki te pēhanga teitei ka āwhina i ngā tere tauhohenga tuatahi, ā, muri iho ka whakaitihia te pēhanga kia pai ai te tango i te wai; ka piki ake ngā toenga monomer i tēnei wā, ā, ka hua ake he puranga hua kore-ōrite. Hei tauira, ko te whakarerekē i ngā kōtaha pēhanga tauhohenga mā te 0.1 MPa noa iho kua whakaatuhia hei whakarei ake i te ōritetanga o te mekameka ngota me te kaha kume mā te neke atu i te 8% ki te whakataurite ki ngā tukanga kāore i te whakahaeretia.
Ahakoa ehara te pH o te wai tote tuatahi i te taurangi matua i ngā tukanga rewa pāmahana teitei, he pānga nui ki ngā mahi o mua i runga i te wai, i muri rānei i te polycondensation. He mea nui te pupuri i te pH tata ki te kūpapa (i waenga i te 7 me te 7.5) kia tutuki ai he stoichiometry taurite i waenga i te hexamethylenediamine me te waikawa adipic, ka pā ki te ōritetanga o te tohatoha roa mekameka me te whanaketanga o ngā rohe tioata i roto i te polymer. Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga pH te arahi ki ngā ranunga kore-stoichiometric, ka akiaki i te peka nui rawa atu, i ngā hononga hydrolyzable rānei, e whakaatuhia ana hei whakaiti i te kaha miihini me te whakarerekētanga o te tioata i roto i te kapia kua oti. Ko ngā tikanga tātari - pēnei i te calorimetry matawai rerekētanga (DSC) me te X-ray diffraction (XRD) - e whakaatu ana i te pikinga o te ōritetanga tioata me ngā āhuatanga miihini kua whakapaitia mō ngā tauira nairona 66 kua arotauhia te pH.
Te Whakapūhui Rewa me te Whakapai Kounga
Mā te polycondensation rewa ahumahi o te nairona 66 ka taea te hanga tika me te kore he whakarewa, e tautoko ana i te miro muka tonu me te hanga kapia nui. Ko te whakatutuki i te papatipu ngota e hiahiatia ana e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere tika o te wā tauhohenga, te pāmahana, me te parakore o te monomer. Ko ngā rerekētanga mai i ngā kōtaha tukanga ūnga ka hua ake te pikinga o te matotoru rewa, te mōrearea o te wera nui o te rohe, tae atu ki te hononga whakawhiti, te pirau rānei i te wā wawe.
Ka ahu whakamua te tukanga i ngā wāhanga, ka tīmata ki te rewa tote, te tauhohenga i te rōrahi pumau i raro i te pēhanga whakahaere, kātahi ka whakaitihia te pēhanga i ia taahiraa hei peia atu i te wai. Ko ngā tikanga ine i te mātotoru wai ā-roto he tikanga urupare matua i roto i ēnei wāhanga, e whakarato ana i te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu hei whakarite i te ōritetanga me te āhei i te whakatikatika i ngā tautuhinga mahi mō te tipu mekameka tino pai. Ko ngā taputapu pēnei i te mita mātotoru ā-roto mai i Lonnmeter, ina whakatikatikaina tika ki ngā wai whakatikatika kua whakaritea i runga i te ine taumaha, ka taea te aromatawai tika i te otinga tote me te mātotoru rewa polymer. Mā tēnei ka whakarite i te ōritetanga o te puranga-ki-te-puranga me te kite wawe i ngā nekehanga tukanga.
I muri i te polycondensation, ka tukuna te nairona rewa 66 ki waho, ka whakapūpū tonutia. Me tere te whakamatao—me te wai, me te hau kaha rānei—kia kore ai e whakapūpū ngā pēneti, kia mau tonu ai te āhua o te āhua. Ka rerekē pea te rahi me te āhua o te pēneti mēnā he puhoi rawa, he koretake rānei ngā tere whakamatao, ka pā kino ki te whakahaere me te tukatuka rauemi o muri.
Ko te wāhanga matua e whai ake nei ko te whakamaroke. He waiora te kapia nairona 66; ko te mata toenga, ko te wai rānei e mimitihia ana ka arahi ki te pirau waiora i te wā e rewa ana, ka heke te taumaha ngota, ka ngoikore ngā āhuatanga rere, me ngā hapa tirohanga i roto i ngā wāhanga kua whakarewaina. Me whakamaroke i raro i te hau iti o te tomairangi, me te pāmahana whakahaere kia kaua e neke ake i te manawanui o te polymer hei ārai i te ngawari wawe, te kōwhai rānei. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ko te nui o te makuku i runga ake i te 0.2% ka nui ake te ngaronga o te matotoru me te whakaiti i te kaha o te hua whakamutunga.
Ko te aroturukitanga kounga ā-wā, tae atu ki te ine i te makuku me te matotoru o Karl Fischer, he wāhanga o ngā mahi pai hei whakarite kia pumau, kia iti hoki te hapa o ngā pirepire i ngā tawhā whakamaroke. Ko te arotau i ia taahiraa o te tukatuka-muri—mai i te whakapūtanga ki te rokiroki—kua whakaatuhia he pai ake te kaha o te kume me te pānga ki te whakataurite ki ngā tikanga kāore i te tino whakahaeretia.
Te Whakapūmau i te Pono o te Hua puta noa i ngā Raina Hua Ahumahi
He mea nui te urutau i roto i te mahi whakaputa, nā te mea ka tukuna te nairona 66 polymer ahumahi puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā raina hua—ngā muka, ngā wāhanga hangarau, ngā kiriata—ia mea me ngā whakaritenga mahi motuhake. Me whakarerekē tēnei i ngā tawhā tukanga mō ia taumata:
- He nui ake te taumaha ngota o te nairona muka-kounga 66 mō te kaha ā-ringa, e hiahiatia ana he wā whakapūhaumāota roa ake, me te tika ake o te whakahaere pāmahana.
- Ahakoa he iti ake ngā taumaha ngota o ngā momo whakakoi werohanga, me nui ake te maroke o te pirepire me te tika o te āhuahanga hei ārai i ngā hapa tukatuka.
Ko ngā arowhai kounga whakamutunga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā paearu whakaae motuhake ki te hua. Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā ine paerewa o te matotoru ā-roto, te modulus, te ātete pānga, me te mea nui, te ihirangi makuku. Ko ngā arowhai āhua ā-tinana mō te ōritetanga o te pellet me te kore e memeha te tae ka tautokona e te aromatawai taiwhanga o ngā āhuatanga miihini me te wera. Ko ngā puranga anake e tutuki ana i ngā inenga matua katoa ka tukuna mō ngā tono ahumahi—ka whakarapopototia ngā taipitopito ki roto i ngā pepa raraunga hangarau e tohutoro ana ki ngā kawa ASTM me ISO.
He mahi ārai anō hoki tā te aroturuki i te matotoru; mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga ine matotoru wai i te wā e whakarite ana i te tote me ngā wā rewa polymer ka whakarite kia ōrite te kounga o te puranga, ā, ka taea te kite tere i ngā rerekētanga ka whakararu i te pono o te whakamahinga whakamutunga. Ko te whakatikatika i ngā mita matotoru, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, ka mahia me ngā paerewa whaimana hei pupuri i te mana whakahaere tukanga me te kaha ki te whakaputa anō, he mea nui ki te whakatauine i te whakaputanga puta noa i ngā raina hua ahumahi maha.
Mā te whakahaere pakari i te wā o mua i te polycondensation, te polymerization rewa tika, me te tukatuka-muri tino pakari, ka tukuna tonutia e ngā kaihanga nairona 66 ngā kapia pono, motuhake ki te tono e tutuki ai ngā hiahia hurihuri o ngā mākete hua ahumahi.
Ngā Pātai Auau (FAQs)
He aha te tote nairona 66, ā, he aha i hiranga ai i roto i te hanga pūmua?
Ko te tote nairona 66, e mōhiotia ana i roto i te matū ko te hexamethylenediammonium adipate, te tūāpapa o te hanga polymer nairona 66. Ka hangaia mā te tauhohenga whakakorekore 1:1 i waenga i te hexamethylenediamine me te waikawa adipic. Ka whakahaere tēnei takawaenga i te ihirangi rōpū mutunga me te roa o te mekameka o te polyamide whakamutunga. He mea tika te tote nairona 66 tino parakore hei whakatutuki i te kaha miihini pumau, te pumau wera, me te ātete kakahu i roto i ngā kirihou hangarau. Ko te kore-stoichiometry, ko ngā poke rānei i tēnei taahiraa ka whakararu i te whai huatanga o te polymerization o muri mai, ka whakaiti i te kounga o te hua whakamutunga, ka waiho te whakarite tote hei whakatau nui i roto i te tukanga hanga polymer nairona 66.
Me pēhea te whakapai ake i te tukanga whakarite tote nairona 66 kia parakore ai?
Ko te tukanga hanga tote nairona 66 e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tāpiri ā-whakahaere, āta haere o ngā matū tauhohe. Mā te tāpiri ā-wāhanga, ā-maturuturu rānei o te hexamethylenediamine ki roto i te waikawa adipic i raro i te whakahaere pāmahana tino pakari, i te nuinga o te wā i te 210°C me te 1.8 MPa, ka whakaiti i ngā taikaha ā-rohe, ka ārai i ngā hua taha kāore e hiahiatia, ā, ka whakarite i te ōwehenga stoichiometric. Ka tiakina e te hau kore mahi, pērā i te hauota, te tauhohenga mai i te waikura kāore e hiahiatia. Mā te aroturuki tonu i te pH me te taupū UV ka whakaū i ngā āhuatanga tata-kore me te kore o ngā hua taha tae, he tohu mō te tote parakore teitei. Mā tēnei tukanga whakahaere ka taea te whakaputa i ngā otinga tote kore tae, pumau, me te tauhohe e tika ana mō te polymerization tika.
He aha te hiranga o te aroturukitanga mātotoru i roto i te tukanga whakarite tote?
He mea nui te aroturuki i te mātotoru o te otinga tote mō te whakahaere tukanga me te whakapūmau kounga i te wā e whakarite ana i te tote nairona 66. Ko te mātotoru o te otinga, e inehia ana i te wā tūturu, he tohu tika mō te kukū me te otinga o te tauhohenga whakakorekore. Mā ngā uara mātotoru pumau, whainga e whakamana kei te mau tonu te ōwehenga tauhohenga, ā, kua tae ki te otinga o te huringa. Mā tēnei ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā rerekētanga i roto i te polymerization o raro, ka whakawhāiti i te hanganga o ngā wāhanga taumaha-iti-ngota, ā, ka tautoko i te kounga whakaputa pumau. Mā te whakamahi i te mita mātotoru wai ka noho tonu ēnei tawhā ki roto i ngā rohe mahi tino pakari, ka whakapakari i te pono puta noa i ngā raina hua matū ahumahi.
He pēhea te mahi a te tauhohenga whakapūmau i roto i te whakarite tote nairona 66?
I roto i te tauhohenga tote nairona 66, ka tauhohe te hexamethylenediamine (he turanga diamine) ki te waikawa adipic (he waikawa dicarboxylic) i roto i ngā rahinga stoichiometric. Ko te tauhohenga he whakakorenga taketake: NH2-(CH2)6-NH2 + HOOC-(CH2)4-COOH → (NH3+)-(CH2)6-(NH3+)(-OOC-(CH2)4-COO-) + H2O. Mō te hanganga tote tino pai, me whakahaere tika te tukanga i te tāpiritanga o te matū tauhohenga, te pāmahana, me te pH, nā te mea ahakoa he iti noa ngā rerekētanga ka hua ake he huringa kāore i oti, he tauhohenga taha kāore e hiahiatia rānei. Ko te whai huatanga o tēnei tauhohenga ka whakatau i te hanganga ngota me te mahi o te polymer nairona 66 ka puta.
Ko ēhea taputapu e whakamahia ana mō te ine i te mātotoru wai i roto i te hanga tote nairona 66 ahumahi?
Ko te ine tika i te mātotoru o te otinga tote te kaupapa matua o te whakamana tukanga i roto i te hanga nairona 66 nui. Ko ngā mita mātotoru wai matihiko ā-roto, pērā i ngā mita mātotoru ngongo-U e oscillating ana, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tautuhinga ahumahi. Ka tukuna e ēnei taputapu ngā pānui mātotoru tonu, ā-wā-tūturu, e āwhina ana i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakarerekē i ngā tere whāngai, ngā ōwehenga tauhohenga, me ngā āhuatanga wera kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga tukanga kua whakaritea. Ka hangaia e Lonnmeter ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto pakari me ngā mita matotoru ā-roto e tino pai ana mō tēnei taumata o te tono ahumahi. Mā te whakatikatika auau o ēnei taputapu ka whakarite kia pono, kia taea hoki te mahi, he mea nui mō te pupuri i te pono o te raina hua matū me te tautoko i te whakahaere kounga pakari.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-18-2025
