Te Ine i te Kiato Ā-Rīni i roto i te Hanga Phenol-Acetone e Hangai ana ki te Cumene

Te Whakaurunga ki te Whakangaromanga Waipiro me te Whakaora Hua

He mea nui te whakaurunga maeneene o ngā waeine pirau, wehenga, me te purenga mō te tukanga cumene. Ka haere tika te wai para o te tauhohenga ki te wehenga i raro iho. Mā te whakawhiti tere ka whakaitihia ngā tauhohenga taha kāore e hiahiatia, te polymerization rānei.

Ka honoa pūmau ia taahiraa wehenga ki tētahi atu. Ka tere te whakakōkī i te acetone o runga, ā, ka kohia hei ārai i ngā ngaronga pūngāwerewere. Ka whai muri mai ka uru ngā awa taha o te phenol me ngā hua tahi ki roto i ā rātou taahiraa purenga. Ina whakahokia mai ngā hua taha whai hua, ka tangohia ā rātou awa tango i muri i te tātari taipitopito o te wāhanga me te hanganga.

Ko tētahi kaupapa matua ko te karo i te whakawhiti i te poke i waenga i ngā pito māmā (te wāhanga acetone/wai) me ngā poke taumaha (te cumene kāore i tauhohe, ngā tāra). Ka tutuki tēnei mā roto i ngā wāhanga taurite maha o te kohu-wai i roto i ngā pou me te whakamahinga o ngā awa reflux. Kua hangaia ngā paipa me ngā oko hei whakaiti i te pupuri me te poto o te ara iahiko.

Neke atu i te 97% ngā tere whakaora mō te acetone me te phenol i roto i ngā tipu kua arotauhia, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā ngaronga he mea here ki ngā awa horoi e kore e taea te karo me te mimiti haere. Ko te wai para e puta ana i te tukanga katoa, kei roto ngā mea rauropi rewa, ka wehea, ka tukuna ki ngā pūnaha maimoatanga matatau hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga ture.

Ko te whakaurunga whai hua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te aroturuki tonu i ngā taurangi matua: mā ngā pānuitanga kiato me te matotoru mai i ngā mita ā-roto pērā i ērā mai i Lonnmeter ka manatokohia te kounga whāngai me te parakore o te hua i te wā tonu, ka taea ai te whakahaere urupare mō te hua nui me te haumaru whakahaere.

Ko te hoahoa tukanga whai hua i roto i te hanga phenol-acetone e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā raupapa wehenga pakari, te whakahorohorotanga arotau-pūngao, te whakaurunga tata o te tauhohenga me te purenga, me te aroturukitanga tonu-a-roto, e tautoko ana i te ōhanga tukanga me te kounga hua.

Ngā Tikanga Matatau mō te Whakamaemae Acetone

Ko te purenga o te acetone i muri i te mahi tahi a te phenol-acetone mā te tukanga cumene ka hangaia e ngā whakaritenga kounga hua tino pakari. Ko te whiriwhiri i te tikanga purenga acetone tika ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā whakaritenga parakore o te tono whakamutunga, ngā herenga ture, me te kōtaha poke i hangaia i te wā o te pirau cumene hydroperoxide me ngā tauhohenga o runga.

Ngā Mātāpono Matua mō te Whakamaemae i te Acetone

Kei roto i te acetone mata mai i te whakakōkī cumene he nui te wai, te phenol, te α-methylstyrene, te cumene, te acetophenone, ngā waikawa carboxylic, ngā aldehydes, me ētahi atu mea rauropi whai hāora. Ko te purenga o raro e aro ana ki ēnei poke hei tango. Ko te kaupapa matua ko te whakakōkī whakarārangi:

• Ka whakakorea e ngā pou tuatahi ngā poke taumaha me ngā poke e koropupū ana—ko te nuinga ko te phenol, te α-methylstyrene, te acetophenone, me ngā matū hanga-tar—mā te tango i raro. Kei roto i te wāhanga waenga te acetone-water azeotrope, ko ngā pito mārama (pērā i te cumene kāore i tauhohe) ka taea te wehewehe i runga ake i ngā wāhanga e whai ake nei.

He mea nui te whakatōtō azeotropic mō te wehewehe i ngā ranunga uaua o te acetone-wai, mā te whakamahi i te mea entrainer ana i te hauwaiwai hei whakakore i te hanganga azeotropic me te whakanui ake i te parakore o te acetone. Mēnā he rite ngā ine kohua o ngā poke, ka whakamahia te whakatōtō tango - me ngā glycol, ngā whakarewa kua whakaritea rānei. I konei, ka whakarerekē te tāpiri i ngā kaha o te wai, ka āwhina i te wehenga whai hua o ngā mea rauropi e pā tata ana, me te whakanui ake i te hua o te acetone.

Haunga te whakahorohoro, ka tangohia e ngā mahi purenga mimiti ngā toenga phenol me ngā matū polar. He tino pai te waro whakahohe, te silica gel, me ngā kapia whakawhiti-katote i roto i tēnei mahi i waenga, i muri rānei i ngā wāhanga pou. Mena kei reira ngā matū waikawa, ka uru pea ki te tukanga te whakakorenga me te houra kautika, ā, ka whai muri ko te horoi wai hei tango i ngā tote me ngā waikawa i mua i te whakahorohoro whakamutunga.

Ko te acetone parakore-teitei (≥99.5 wt% mō te nuinga o ngā whakaritenga ahumahi, taiwhanga rānei) ka pāngia e te taahiraa "whakakanapa" whakamutunga mā te whakakotahi i te tātari pai me te mimiti matatau hei whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga mō te wai (<0.3 wt%), te phenol (<10 ppm), ngā kakara taumaha (<100 ppm), me te katoa o ngā mea kore-pohehe (<20 ppm). He mea nui tēnei mō ngā taputapu hiko, mō te acetone rongoā rānei.

Te Arotau me te Whakatau Rapanga i roto i te Whakatōtō

Ko te whai huatanga o te tukanga whakatō acetone e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hoahoa tika o te pou whakatō me te whakahaere tika. Ka rahihia, ka whakahaerehia hoki ngā pou wehewehe hei whakatairanga i te whakawhiti papatipu kaha me te wehenga tino pai. He maha ngā rautaki e whakanui ana i te parakore me te hua:

• Mā ngā pou teitei me ngā paepae maha, mā ngā tākai whai hua rānei, ka koi ake te wehenga, inā koa kei te tata ngā ine kohua o te acetone-wai, te acetone-cumene rānei.
• Mā te whakaurunga wera i waenga i ngā kohua hou me ngā whakapūmau (hei tauira, mā te pēhanga anō i te kohu, mā ngā whakawhiti wera rānei) ka whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao, ka whakau hoki i ngā pāmahana, ka tautoko i te wehenga pumau.
• Mā te whakatikatika i te ōwehenga reflux me ngā tere tango hua, mā te aroturuki ā-roto i te mātotoru me te hanganga (me ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto Lonnmeter), ka taea te whakatikatika tere me te arotahi tika ki te hua, kia tutuki ai i ia puranga ngā paearu parakore.

Ko ngā raruraru auau o te whakatōtō ko te waipuke o te pou, te huka, me te kohikohinga toenga:

Ka puta te waipuke o te pou mena he nui rawa ngā tere rere—ka rere te wai ki runga, kaua ki raro, ka tino whakaiti i te pai o te wehenga. Hei whakatika i tēnei, me whakaiti te rere o te wai, me whakarerekē rānei i ngā ōwehenga reflux. Ka puta te pahuka i ngā tere mamaoa teitei, i te aroaro rānei o ngā matū hohe-mata (hei tauira, ngā tāra, ngā tohu phenol rānei). Mā ngā kaihoko ārai-huka, te āta tirotiro i te pou, me te whakaurunga ā-wāhanga o ngā awa tukanga ka taea te whakaiti i te pahuka tonu.

Ko te kohikohinga toenga, e kitea pinepine ana i roto i ngā paepae o raro rawa, i te kohua hou rānei o te waeine whakatō, i ahu mai i ngā hua whakapūkara, i te uku rānei. Mā te tango i te hua o raro i ia wā, te horoi i ia wā, me te pupuri i ngā kōtaha pāmahana i roto i ngā rohe ka whakaiti i te hanganga uku, ā, ka whakarite kia roa te ora o te pou.

Ina wehea ngā azeotrop, ina whakahaeretia rānei ngā poke e tata ana te kohua, ka taea te whakakapi i ngā paepae tikanga ki ngā rauemi tākai tino whai hua. Ka puritia ngā kōtaha pāmahana me te pēhanga i te taha o te pou i roto i ngā matapihi kuiti. Mā ngā taputapu aunoa—pērā i te ine tonu i te mātotorutanga o roto—ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te tautuhi tere i ngā hua kāore i te tino tika, me te urupare i te wā tūturu, ka piki ake te whai huatanga o te mahi me te hua.
He tūtohi rere māmā e whakaatu ana i te whakahoro me te purenga o te acetone maha-wāhanga mō te hanga phenol me te acetone (tuhinga ake i runga i te tikanga paerewa)

Mā te whakakotahitanga o ēnei tikanga purenga acetone matatau ka whakarite kia haumaru te whakahaere i ngā hua taha o te tukanga hanga cumene, kia tutuki pono ai ngā paerewa mākete acetone me te phenol, ā, kia iti ake ai te pānga ki te taiao.

Ngā Pānga mō te Arotautanga Ahumahi me te Whakapūmautanga

I roto i te tukanga hanga cumene, he mea nui te hono pūmau i te hoahoa tukanga, te whakaterenga, me ngā kōwhiringa wehewehe ki te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi. Mā te hoahoa tukanga whakauru ka whakarite te hangarau tauhohenga, te hangarau wehewehe, me te whakaora pūngao hei whakanui ake i te hua me te whakaiti i te para i ia wāhanga o te hanga tahi phenol-acetone. Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha whakaterenga matatau, pērā i ngā whakaterenga waikawa totoka pakari (tae atu ki ngā zeolite me ngā heteropolyacids), ka eke ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whiriwhiringa teitei ake i roto i te wetewete cumene hydroperoxide, ka whakaiti i te hanganga hua taha pērā i te α-methylstyrene me te acetophenone. Ehara i te mea ka whakapai ake noa tēnei whakanui whiriwhiringa i ngā hua tukanga engari ka tautoko hoki i te pumau mā te whakaiti i ngā awa para.

I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā whakakōkī pirau waiparaora, he mea nui te whakanui i te tukanga. Hei tauira, ko ngā huarahi whakakōkī ranu, e whakakotahi ana i ngā āhuatanga o te whakakōkī ōrite me te rerekē, kei te piki haere te rongonui nā te mea kua piki ake te ngāwari o te mahi me te roa o te oranga o te whakakōkī. Heoi anō, me whakataurite te hoahoa whakakōkī i te mahi nui me te pumau ki ngā take pēnei i te kōkō me te paihana e ngā poke, me te whakarite kia iti te huringa whakakōkī me te kawenga taiao mai i te tukunga whakakōkī kua pau. Ko ngā mahi auaha whakakōkī tonu e pā tika ana ki te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi, me te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga rauemi mata me te whakaiti i ngā tono whaipainga.

Ko te whakaurunga hoahoa tukanga, inā koa i te wā o te purenga acetone me te tukanga whakatō acetone, he mea nui tonu mō te arotau ahumahi. Ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā hoahoa pou whakatō matatau - pēnei i ngā pou pakitara wehewehe - me ngā wehenga e ahu mai ana i te membrane penapena-pūngao ka taea ai te mahi whai hua me te pumau. Hei tauira, mā te wehewehe i ngā pou pakitara, ka whakangawari i te mahi pou whakatō mata, ka hua ake he penapena pūngao tae atu ki te 25% i runga i ngā whakaritenga maha-pou tuku iho, me te whakawātea hoki i te wāhi tipu tinana. Heoi anō, ko ngā rautaki whakaurunga wera matatau, e arahina ana e ngā tikanga pēnei i te tātari paku, kua whakaatu i te whakahekenga o te whakamahinga mamaoa neke atu i te 20%, e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā whakahoutanga o te papa hanga phenol me te acetone kua tuhia. Ko te whakamaoritanga o ēnei mahi he iti ake ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā puna mamaoa e ahu mai ana i te wahie pūmua.

Mā te whakaurunga wai me te wera ka piki ake te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi i roto i te tukanga whakakōkī cumene me ngā mahi wehewehenga e whai ake nei. Ka taea e ngā pūnaha whakamahi anō me ngā rohe tinei kua whakanohohia ki ngā rautaki te whakaiti i te putanga wai para tae atu ki te 40%, me te aro atu ki te rahinga me te kaha o te poke o ngā para. He mea nui tēnei mō te tutuki i ngā anga ture e whanake haere ana i roto i ngā mākete phenol me acetone nui, kei reira ngā here mō te tukunga para me ngā tukunga waro e whakawhāitihia ana.

He mea nui ngā whakaaro ture me te taiao i roto i te horopaki mahi tahi a te phenol-acetone mā te whakamahi i te tukanga cumene. Ko ngā mana whakahaere pakari mō ngā takawaenga morearea—pēnei i te cumene hydroperoxide—e whakahau ana i te whakahaere tika o te tukanga me te aroturuki haumaru i te wā tūturu i ngā mahi morearea. Ko ngā ture taiao, inā koa i ngā rohe o Amerika Te Raki me Ūropi, ka whakanui ake i ngā whakaritenga mō te maimoatanga para, ngā whakahaere tukunga, me te hangarua whakarewa/wera. Kei roto i te hoahoa tukanga tīmatanga ngā rautaki tutuki, he maha ngā wā ka uru ki ngā inenga kaha o te papatipu tukanga me te tātari huringa ora e hanga tika ana i te tahora o te tipu me te kōwhiringa hangarau.

He mea nui te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu me te arotautanga tukanga ki te pupuri i te whai huatanga me te whakaiti i ngā ngaronga tukanga e kore e taea te karo. Hei tauira, mā ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto me ngā mita matotoru mai i Lonnmeter ka taea te whakahaere tonu, ā-tūnga o ngā tawhā tauhohenga me te wehenga puta noa i te tereina whakaputa acetone me te phenol. Mā te aroturuki tika i ngā kukū hua me ngā hua taha, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatikatika i ngā taurangi nui—pērā i ngā ōwehenga reflux, ngā pūwāhi tapahi i roto i te whakatō, me te inenga whakakorikori—kia whakaitihia ai te whakamahinga pūngao me te whakaiti i te nui o ngā rauemi kore-motuhake, ngā rauemi para rānei.

Mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga whakatōtō ahumahi, me te tautoko a ngā raraunga pūoko wā-tūturu, ka tere ake te whakautu rapurongoā me te whakamutu i te mahi i roto i ngā āhuatanga pōrearea. Mā te whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te kaupapa-ki-te-kaupapa me te whakarei ake i te kaha ki te whakaputa anō i ngā puranga, ka kitea e ngā kaiwhakahaere he penapena utu tika, he iti ake ngā taonga rauemi mata, me te iti ake o ngā takahi taiao. Nō reira, ko te arotautanga tukanga wā-tūturu, e whakakorikoria ana e ngā hangarau ine tika, he mea nui tonu mō te hanga phenol me te acetone whakataetae, tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, me te pumau.