He mea nui te ine kukū ā-roto i roto i te hanga waina mā, inā koa i roto i te ine kukū huka wā-tūturu me te ine i te ihirangi waipiro hei hopu tonu i ngā piki me ngā heke o te huka Brix i te wā whakapūtanga hei whakaoho i ngā whakarerekētanga aunoa, hei tapahi i te tango puranga mā te 12–18% me te karo i te ngaronga kakara mai i te aro turuki tuimotu kua whakaroahia.
Te Mārama ki te Tukanga Hanga Waina Mā
He tukanga tino āta whakarite te hanga waina mā, e huri ana i ngā karepe hou hei pounamu kua oti, e pupuri ana i te kakara, te hou, me te āhua o ngā momo waina puta noa i ia taahiraa whakahaere. Ka tīmata te haerenga i te māra waina, ka toro atu mā roto i ngā wawaotanga hangarau i roto i te whare hanga waina, ā, ka mutu mā te whakapōtae me te āwhina o te aunoatanga matatau.
Mai i te māra waina ki te pounamu, ka tīmata te hanga waina mā te whakatipu karepe, ā, ka whai muri ko te wehewehe hei tango i ngā hua kounga iti. Ka pēhia mārire ngā karepe i roto i ngā mīhini pēhi hau-tiaki kore mahi (me ngā maimoatanga-mua whiriwhiri mō te hua/māramatanga), kātahi ka whakamāramahia te mea tika (mā te taunga/whakamātautau) hei tango i ngā totoka. Ka puta te whakapūtanga waipiro i te 15–20°C i roto i ngā tāke e whakahaeretia ana te pāmahana, me ngā mita raina me ngā mita densitometer e aroturuki ana i te huringa huka-ki-waipiro. Whai muri i te whakapūtanga, ka whakapūmauhia te waina (whakapūmautanga makariri, whakamātautau) ka pakeke, kātahi ka tātarihia (hohonutanga/kirikiri) i mua i te whakapūtanga aunoa—me te whakanui i te akuaku, te tika, me te iti rawa o te pānga ki te hāora.
Waina Mā
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Te Tūranga o te Pēhi i roto i te Kounga o te Wai me te Waina
Ko te pēhi karepe mō te hanga waina ehara i te mea ko te tango wai anake engari me whai āhua anō hoki te hanganga, te mahi whākōkī, me te āhua kakara tuatahi. Mō te waina mā, he mea nui te wehewehe wawe i te wai mai i ngā kiri me ngā purapura hei ārai i te waikura me te tango tannin kāore e hiahiatia. Ko ngā kōwhiringa i waenga i te pēhi matarohia, te pēhi maceration, me te pēhi inert ka pā nui ki te māramatanga, te ihirangi polyphenol, te waikawa, me te uaua o te kakara. Ka taea hoki e ngā pēhi matatau te whakahaere pēhanga tika, i whakaritea ki ngā momo karepe me ngā whāinga momo waina.
Te Whakarite i te Mushroom Karepe: Te Pēhi me te Whakamārama
Ngā Tikanga Pēhi Ā-Mīhini me te Pēhi Hau mō te Tango Wai Karepe
He taahiraa nui te pēhi karepe mō te hanga waina i roto i te tukanga whakaputa waina mā, e pā tika ana ki te hua me te kounga o te wai. Ka whakamahia e ngā mīhini (waipēhi tuku iho) te kaha tinana hei tango i te wai karepe, ko ngā mīhini hau ia ka whakamahia te hau kōpeke, te korehau rānei hei pēhi mārire i te wai karepe. Mā ngā pūnaha hau ka taea te pēhi i te pēhanga kia rite, kia whakahaeretia, kia whakaitihia te kino ki ngā totoka karepe. Ka hua ake tēnei i te hua wai teitei ake, ā, ka pai ake te tiaki i ngā kakara me te tae ngawari, he mea nui rawa atu i roto i ngā mahi whakaputa waina mā e aro ana ki ngā waina kounga teitei.
Ka tukuna e ngā mīhini pēhi hau te whai huatanga o te tukanga me te penapena pūngao. Ka tere ake ngā huringa whakaputa me te whakapai ake i te whakakotahitanga wera i te wā whakapūmau, he mea nui mō ngā uara ā-rongo me ngā uara ōhanga i roto i ngā whare hanga waina nui. Ka whakamahia ngā tikanga waipēhi me te hau mō te pēhi i te keke pēhi (pomace), e whakanui ake ana i te whakaora katoa o te wai, ā, ka pā ki te kaha o te tae me te kore he rerekētanga nui i roto i te manako o te kaihoko i waenga i ngā tikanga. Ko te whakahaere wāhanga tukanga i roto i te pēhi hau, pērā i te whakarerekē i te pēhanga me te wā i ia huringa, kua mōhiotia inaianei mō te whakanui ake i te tango me te whakaiti i te ngaronga kounga.
Ngā Take e Pā Ana ki te Hua me te Hanganga o te Matū Kakara i te Wā e Pēhia ana te Wai
Ko te hua, e tautuhia ana ko te ōwehenga o te wai i tangohia ki te papatipu karepe, ka pāngia e te tikanga pēhi—tae atu ki te pēhanga i whakamahia, te roa o te pēhi, me te wāhanga o te tango pomace. Mā te tango tino pai ka taurite te hua nui me te tiaki i ngā matū kakara me ngā matū phenolic. Ka taea e te pēhanga nui te tango i te wai engari ka uru mai pea ngā phenolics kaha me te whakaiti i te matatini kakara. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā huringa pēhanga iti me te āta haere ka pai ake te pupuri i ngā esters, ngā terpenes, me ētahi atu mea whakakorikori, ka pā ki te tukanga whakapūmau waipiro i muri mai i roto i te hanga waina.
E whakaū ana ngā taunakitanga ā-wheako, mā te pēhi ā-mīhini, ā-hau rānei e whakahaere pai ana, me ngā mana whakahaere pēhanga me te wā kua whakaritea, ka taea te pupuri i ngā matū kakara e hiahiatia ana, me te ārai i te tangohanga phenolic kore e hiahiatia. Mā tēnei taahiraa ka hanga te turanga kakara o te waina mā kua oti.
Te Whakamārama i te Wai karepe: Te Whakatōtō, Te Whakarewa, me ngā Tikanga Whakapūngao
Mā te whakamārama ka tangohia ngā totoka iri i roto i te wai karepe i mua i te whakaurunga ki roto i ngā tāke whakapūmau waina. E toru ngā tikanga matua o te tukanga whakamārama waina e whakamahia ana:
- Te whakapūpū (te taunga makariri pūmau):Ka whakamataohia te karepe maroke, ka waiho kia okioki, kia taea ai e ngā mea totoka te tau mā te kaha ā-papa. He iti noa ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana mō tēnei tikanga, ā, he pai mō ngā rahinga taurite engari ka puhoi pea—ko te wā tau mai i ētahi hāora ki ētahi rā. He pai tēnei tikanga mō tōna māmā me te iti o te wawaotanga.
- Te Whakaterenga:Ko te werohanga o te hauota, te hau rānei ki roto i te wai, ka piki ake ngā mea totoka ki runga hei tango. He tere ake te rere o te wai i te waipara, ā, he pai mō te whakaputanga nui, whakaputanga tonu rānei, engari me whai taputapu motuhake. Ka taea e te mimiti hāora te whakanui ake i ngā mōrearea waikura me te whakarerekē mārire i ngā āhua kakara, nō reira he mea nui te hoahoa me te whakahaere i te pūnaha.
- Te whakapūtanga:Ka whakamahia he hurihanga tere hei wehewehe tere i ngā mea totoka mai i ngā mea maroke. He whai hua tēnei hangarau mō ngā whare hanga waina nui e hiahia ana kia tere te whakamārama me te tino mārama. Ko te haumitanga nui ake i mua ka tauritehia e te whai huatanga, engari ko te whakamahinga nui rawa ka mōrearea te tango i ngā matū colloidal e whai wāhi ana ki te hanganga waina me te uaua o te kakara.
Mā te whakapūmau me te whakatōtō ka rite te mārama o te wai ki te whakatōtō. Heoi anō, mā te whiriwhiri i te tikanga whakamārama ka rerekē pea te kukū o ngā matū pūngāwerewere me ngā matū kakara, me te taunakitanga o ngā rerekētanga o ngā matū kakara tuatahi ina whakamahia te whakapūmau me te whakatōtō pumau.
Te Pānga o te Mārama o te Karepe ki te Whakapūtanga me ngā Mea Whakahekeheke
He nui te pānga o te mārama o te karepe ki te tukanga whakapūkara waipiro i roto i te hanga waina. Ko te mārama teitei—te tango i te nuinga o ngā totoka—ka tautoko i te whakapūkara pumau, ka whakarei ake i te mahi rewena, ā, ka whakapai ake i te kaha ki te whakaputa anō i ngā kōtaha kakara e hiahiatia ana. I tetahi atu taha, ko te tango nui i ngā totoka ka taea te tango i ngā matū kakara me ngā colloids e tika ana mō te whanaketanga o te kakara matatini me te reka o te waha. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ko te nui o te ihirangi totoka i roto i te karepe ehara i te mea ka whakahaere noa i te pai o te whakapūkara engari ka pā hoki ki te tiaki me te hanganga o ngā esters mimiti me ngā waipiro teitei ake, he mea nui ki ngā āhuatanga rongo o te waina mā.
Nō reira, me whakataurite te māramatanga tino pai o te wai whakapūkara me te pupuri i ngā āhuatanga nui o te kakara me te kakano o te waina. Mā te iti o te māramatanga ka puhoi te whakapūkara, ka puta rānei he kakara rerekē, engari mā te nui rawa ka puta he waina kāore i te tino uaua. Nā ngā whanaketanga o te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu, pērā i te tirotiro tata-whero, ka ārahi i ngā whakatikatika i roto i te tukanga whakamāramatanga waina whakapūkara, ka taea ai te whakahaere tika i ngā momo waina kua tohua.
Te Tukanga Whakapūtanga Waipiro Whakahaeretia
Mā te whakapūkara waipiro i roto i te tukanga whakaputa waina mā ka hurihia ngā huka karepe hei etanoru me ngā matū kakara e ngā momo rewena motuhake. Ka puta tēnei i roto i ngā tāke whakapūkara waina kua hiritia i muri i te tangohanga wai karepe, ā, me whakamārama. Me tika ngā āhuatanga taiao me te aroturuki tonu kia puta ai he waina kounga teitei, pumau.
Te Ine me te Whakahaere i te Kukū Huka
He mea nui te ine i te kukū huka i mua atu, ā, i te wā katoa o te whakapūkara. Mā te aroturuki tika ka taea e ngā kaihanga waina te:
- Whakatauhia te ahunga whakamua o te whakapūtanga.
- Whakatikatikahia ngā tawhā hei ārai i te piri, te puhoi rānei o te whakapūtanga.
- Whakatutukihia te nui o te waipiro e hiahiatia ana.
Ko ngā taputapu me ngā tikanga ko:
- Ka ngāwari te hono atu o ngā ine huka mamati ki ngā taupānga, e tuku ana i ngā pānui huka tonu mō te whakahaere tukanga.
- Mā ngā mita whakaahua ka ine tika i te huka whakaiti, he mea nui mō te aroturuki i ngā mahi whakapūkara waipiro.
- Ngā mita kukū ā-rotoka hoatu raraunga wā-tūturu i roto i ngā tāke whakapūkara waina, hei tautoko i te wawaotanga tere tonu.
Mā ēnei taputapu ka whakangawari ake i te aunoatanga o te raina whakaputa whakakī waina, ā, ka pupuri i ngā āhuatanga tino pai i roto i ngā tautuhinga nui-rahi.
Te Aroturuki i te Kukū o te Waipiro
He mea nui te aroturuki i te nui o te waipiro i te wā whakapūkara mō te kounga me te tutuki i ngā ture. Mā ngā mita kukū waipiro ā-roto e tāuta ana ki ngā oko whakapūkara mō te hanga waina ka taea:
- Ngā raraunga tika, haere tonu, me te kore he tauira ā-ringa.
- Tautoko mō te whakatau i te nui o te waipiro i roto i te waina whakapūkara me te tutuki i ngā tapanga hua.
Mā ngā inenga mai i ngā pūoko ā-roto—pērā i te ine i te taumata waipiro i roto i te waina—ka āwhina i ngā kaihanga waina ki te whakatikatika i te whakapūtanga me te whakarite i te ōritetanga o te hua whakamutunga. Ko ngā tikanga whakaahua me te refractometric te nuinga, e tautoko ana i te tere me te tika o te mahi.
Te Whakarerekētanga Whakapūtanga Wā-Tūturu i roto i ngā Tāke
I te wā whakapūkara, ka aroturukihia e ngā kaihanga waina ngā taurangi tukanga, ā, ka wawao mai mēnā e tika ana:
- Ko ngā raraunga pūoko wā-tūturu (huka, waipiro, pāmahana, hauora rewena) te poutokomanawa o ngā whakarerekētanga tere.
- Ka taea e ngā kaihanga waina te whakahaere i te pāmahana, te tāpiri matūkai, te whakapūhau rānei hei pupuri i te mahi a te rewena me te whakamārama i ngā urupare kare-ā-roto me ngā urupare matū.
- Ka tuku matohi, ka whakaatu hoki ngā pūnaha aunoa i ngā ia o ngā raraunga hei whakatau kaupapa whai whakaaro.
Mā te whakahaere tonu i roto i ngā tāke whakapūkara waina ka mau tonu ngā āhuatanga pai mō te mahi rewena, ā, ka āwhina i te karo i ngā hua kāore e hiahiatia ana pērā i te whakapūkara kua mau, te whakaputa kakara ngoikore rānei. Mā te whakaurunga o ngā taputapu hou, ngā whatunga pūoko, me ngā taupānga aunoa ka āwhina i te whakahaere tika o te whakapūkara waipiro i roto i te hanga waina.
Te Ine me te Aroturuki i te Ihirangi Waipiro
He mea nui te ine auau i te nui o te waipiro i roto i te hanga waina mā i muri i te whakapūtanga. Mā te whakatau i te Waipiro Mā te Rōrahi (ABV) i tēnei wā ka whakaū kua huri katoa te huka hei etanoru, ā, ka whakaratohia he raraunga matua mō te kounga me te tutuki i ngā ture. I te nuinga o te wā ka ine ngā kaihanga waina i te nui o te waipiro ina puta te whakapūtanga, mā te whakamahi i ngā pānui hei whakatau mēnā e hiahiatia ana te tukatuka tuarua pēnei i te whakaū matao, hei whakaū rānei i te rite mō te whakapōtae. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia ōrite te hua puta noa i ngā puranga me te piri ki ngā momo waina kua tautuhia.
Ngā Tikanga me ngā Taputapu mō te Ine i te Waipiro
Ko ngā tikanga tuku iho e whakamahi ana i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā ine wai me ngā ine whakamātao. Ka mahi ēnei taputapu mā te ine i te taumaha motuhake (kiato) o te waina, me te whakataurite i ngā uara i mua me muri i te whakapūkara hei tatau i te ABV. He mea nui te whakatikatika tika me te whakahaere tauira mō te tika. Hei tauira, ka taea e te pānui ine wai te tohu i te wā kua oti te whakapūkara; ko te taumaha motuhake pumau mō ētahi rā e tohu ana kua oti te hurihanga huka.
Nā ngā whanaketanga kua whakauruhia ngā taputapu e hangai ana ki te tirotiro ira me ngā mita kukū waipiro ā-roto, e āhei ai te aroturuki i te wā tūturu. Mā te tirotiro tata-whero (NIR) ka tukuna he tātaritanga tonu, kore-whakangaro o ngā tawhā matū pēnei i te etanoru, ahakoa i te wā whakaputa me te kore he tauira ā-ringa. Ngā mita waipiro ā-roto—tae atu ki ngā mita waipiro atamai mamati kua whakarei ake me te ako hohonu me teNgā mita rere papatipu Coriolis—ka taea inaianei te ine tika, aunoa i te kukū waipiro i roto i te ipu whakapūkara, i ngā pūnaha tātari waina rānei, me te whakauru pai ki te raina whakaputa whakakī waina aunoa me ngā tāke whakapūkara waina hou.
Tāke Whakapūkara Waina Mā
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Ngā Painga o ngā Mita Kukū ā-Rīni
He maha ngā painga nui o ngā mita kukū ā-roto i runga i te ine ā-ringa:
- Raraunga Wā-Tūturu Tonu:Mā te aroturuki aunoa ka taea e ngā kaihanga te kite wawe i ngā hapa, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā puranga kāore i te ōrite ki ngā whakaritenga.
- Te Whai Huatanga me te Whakahaere o te Tukanga:Ka whakangawari ake te mahi whakaputa mā te aunoatanga, nā te mea ka taea te whakarerekē i te pāmahana, te wā, ngā tāpiringa rānei i runga i ngā pānui waipiro ora.
- Te Whakapai Ake i te Tika:Te ako mīhini – mā ngā pūoko atamai kua whakanuia ka whakaitihia ngā hapa ine, ka whakarei ake i te tika mō ngā kaihanga iti me ngā kaihanga nui.
- Te Whakaiti i te Mahi me te Hapa Tauira:Mā te tango i te tauira tangata mai i te tukanga mahi ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te poke, te ine hē rānei.
Hei tauira, ka ine ngā pūnaha Brix ā-roto i te kukū o te huka me te waipiro, ka taea ai te urupare tere mēnā ka mutu te whakapūtanga, ka peka ke rānei i te ABV e hiahiatia ana.
Te Ine i te Kukū ā-Rārangi mō te Tirotiro Kounga Tonu i te Wā o te Tākai
He mea nui ngā hangarau ine kukū ā-roto mō te whakapūmau kounga tonu i te wā e takai ana i te waina. Mā te mita kukū ultrasonic Lonnmeter ka taea te ine i te waina i te wā tūturu, ā, me kukū tika i roto i te raina whakaputa, tae atu ki te huka, te waipiro, me ngā toenga o te kaihoko horoi.
Mā te aroturuki tonu i te kukū ka whakarite kia uru noa te waina kua tohua te māramatanga me te nui o te waipiro ki te rārangi whakakī. Ka whakaitihia te para mā te aukati i te whakamomona i ngā rauemi kāore i te tino tika, ā, ka tautokohia ngā tikanga horoi aunoa mā te kite tika i ngā whakawhiti i waenga i te hua me ngā wai horoi-i-te-wāhi (CIP). Ka whakamahia e ngā whare hanga waina hou ēnei hangarau hei whakarei ake i te whakamahinga rauemi, hei whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere, me te whakapūmau i te kounga pumau i roto i ia pounamu.
He mea nui ēnei pūnaha tātari me te ine matatau i roto i ngā mahi whakaputa waina mā o ēnei rā, kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa kounga me te haumaru mai i te pēhi karepe ki te tukanga whakapūkara waipiro, te whakatau matao, me te whakapōtae whakamutunga.
Aunoatanga me te Arotautanga Tukanga me ngā Mita Kukū ā-Rāina
He mea nui ngā mita kukū ā-roto i roto i te tukanga whakaputa waina mā, e tuku ana i ngā tirohanga aunoa, ā-wā tonu ki ngā mahi nui mai i te pēhi karepe mō te hanga waina ki te whakapōtae. Ka ine tonu ēnei taputapu i ngā tawhā pēnei i te huka, te waipiro, me ngā kukū waikawa, e āhei ai te whakahaere tika me te urupare tere puta noa i te hanga waina.
Te Kaupapa me te Mahi i roto i te Hanga Waina
Ka mahi ngā mita kukū ā-roto mā te ine i te taupū whakaata, te mātotoru, te tere oro, te mimiti whero-whero rānei o te waina i a ia e rere ana i roto i ngā paipa me ngā oko. Ka whakamaoritia e te mita kukū waipiro ngā huringa tere oro ki ngā waeine pēnei i te °Brix, °Oechsle, e tohu tika ana i te nui o te huka rewa i roto i te waina karepe me te waina. Ko ētahi atu mita ka whakamahi i ngā ngongo hurihuri, i te tirotiro IR rānei hei ine i te kukū waipiro me te waikawa, kia mōhio ai kei te whaihia ngā tawhā kounga nui mai i te whakarite i te waina tae noa ki te tukanga whakapūmautanga waipiro ki te whakaū makariri me te tātari.
Te Whakatū i ngā Pūnaha Ine ā-Rohe mō te Kohi Raraunga Wā-tūturu
Ko te whakatinanatanga o te hangarau ine ā-roto ka tīmata mā te whiriwhiri i ngā momo pūoko e tika ana—ngā refractometer mō te huka, te IR spectroscopy mō te ihirangi phenolic me te waipiro, ngā ihu hiko mō te kimi waikawa, me ngā tātari tere kiato/oro mō te ine whakamutunga i te waipiro. He rautaki te whakatakotoranga o ngā taputapu: ka tāutahia ngā mita ki ngā wāhi matua pēnei i muri i te tangohanga wai karepe mō te waina, i te tīmatanga me te mutunga o ngā mahi whakapūkara waipiro, me ngā pūnaha me ngā hangarau tātari waina i mua/i muri i te waina.
He mea nui te whakatikatika. Me tirohia ngā pūoko ki ngā otinga paerewa, ki ngā tātari taiwhanga rānei i mua i te whakamahinga, ā, i ia wā i te wā e whakamahia ana. Kei ngā mita hou ngā hoahoa whakatikatika pāmahana me te ātete ki ngā matūriki hei whakarite i te tika ahakoa ngā nekehanga pāmahana, ngā totoka whakatārewatia rānei i roto i te miihini. Mā te whakaurunga ki ngā whakaaturanga mamati, PLC, SCADA rānei ka taea te tiro tonu, te ia, me ngā whakaoho tukanga mēnā ka takahia ngā rohe nui.
Hei tauira, ka whakaratohia e ngā mita kukū ā-roto he pānui °Brix i te wā tūturu i te mea me uru te karepe pēhi ki roto i ngā tāke whakapūkara, e āhei ai ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakatakoto i ngā whāinga whakapūkara me te aroturuki i te ahunga whakamua me te kore e whakaroa te tauira.
Te Whakauru i te Aunoatanga hei Whakaiti i ngā Hapa me te Whakanui i te Pūmautanga
Kia whakamahia ngā pūoko ā-roto, ka taea e tā rātou rerenga raraunga tonu te whakahaere i te arorau aunoa mō te arotautanga tukanga. Ka whiwhi tika ngā PLC me ngā pūnaha DCS i ngā uara ine, ka whakaoho i ngā mahi whakahaere: te whakarerekētanga pāmahana aunoa i te wā whakapūkara, te horopeta o ngā kaihoko whakamātao waina mā, te whakawhiti rānei i ngā ara rere i te wā o ngā mahi tātari.
Mā ngā tatūnga matatau ka honoa ngā raraunga pūoko ki ngā porowhita urupare. Mena ka eke te taumata huka ā-roto ki te taumata teitei i te mutunga o te tukanga whakapūtanga waipiro, ka taea e te pūnaha te akiaki aunoa i te whakamatao, te whakatārewatanga, te tīmata rānei i te tātari. I te wā e whakamātaohia ana te waina mā me te pumau o te makariri i roto i te hanga waina, ka āwhina te kukū wā-tūturu ki te pupuri i ngā taiao matū tika, te whakaiti i te wawaotanga ā-ringa me te whakataurite i ngā putanga puranga.
Mā tēnei whakaurunga ka tino whakaitihia te hapa a te kaiwhakahaere, ka taea te tukurua pai puta noa i ngā puranga, ā, ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o ngā pekapeka tukanga, te pirau, te hē rānei o ngā whakaritenga.
Ngā tono mai i te Whakaritenga o te Muku ki te Whakatō Pounamu
He maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā mita kukū ā-roto puta noa i ngā mahi whakaputa waina mā katoa:
- Te Whakarite i te Wai karepeTe ine i te kukū huka i roto i te wai karepe i te wā e tangohia ana, hei tautoko i ngā whakataunga hauhake me ngā tātaitanga tuatahi o te whakapūkara.
- Te Whakapūtanga WaipiroTe aro turuki i te hekenga o te huka me te pikinga o te waipiro i te wā tūturu. Ka whai hua te ipu whakapūkara mō te hanga waina mai i te aroturuki tika, nō reira kāore te tukanga whakapūkara waipiro e roa rawa, e kore hoki e iti rawa.
- Te Whakamātao me te Whakapūmautanga MataoTe whakarerekē i te tāpiri o ngā kaihoko whakamātao waina mā me te whakahaere i ngā tauhohenga ua mā te whai i ngā nekehanga kukū.
- Te Tātari me te WhakapōtaeTe manatoko i te hanganga waina i muri i te tukanga whakamārama me te tātari; te whakahaere i ngā whakawhiti hua i runga i te pūnaha aunoa o te raina whakaputa whakakī waina, me te whakarite kia kore e ranu, e ngaro rānei i te wā whakawhiti.
- Te Whakatutukitanga Ture me te TapangaTe whakatau i te nui o te waipiro i muri i te whakapūtanga mā roto i ngā taputapu e ine ana i te nui o te waipiro i roto i te waina—he mea nui mō te tapanga me te kaweake.
Hei tauira, ko te whakamahi i tētahi tātaritanga ā-roto e hangai ana ki te matotoru hei manatoko kei te tutuki te ine i te taumata waipiro i roto i te waina me te huka toenga i ngā whakaritenga ture me ngā whakaritenga momo i mua i te whakamomona. Ko tētahi atu tauira: Ka whakaū ngā ine IR i te angitu o ngā tikanga whakapūmau makariri mō te waina mā te kite i ngā pito mutunga o te taunga tartrate me te kore he wawaotanga ā-ringa.
Ko ēnei hangarau, i hangaia mō ngā whakaritenga o ngā mahi tātari waina, ā, ka taea te whakawhanui mai i ngā rua waina iti ki ngā raina whakakī waina aunoa katoa, kei te hanga hou i te whakapūmautanga kounga me te whai huatanga o ngā tukanga i roto i ngā whare hanga waina o ēnei rā.
Te Whakapūmau i te Reka me te Kakara
He mea nui te ine tika i te kukū i te wā o te hanga waina mā hei whakahaere i ngā matū pūngāwerewere me ngā matū kakara. Ko ēnei ngota ngā kaiārahi matua o te āhua o te waina, tae atu ki tōna kakara me te reka.
Ko ngā mita kukū ā-roto e whakamahia ana puta noa i ngā mahi hanga waina mā nui—pērā i te pēhi karepe mō te hanga waina, te tango wai karepe mō te waina, me te tukanga whakapūkara waipiro i roto i te hanga waina—e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga ka taea te whakamahi mō ngā matū pēnei i ngā esters, ngā waipiro teitei ake, me ngā waikawa.
Te Hononga i waenganui i te Kukū, ngā Matū Whakarerekē, me ngā Matū Kakara
Ko te aromatawai tauanga o ngā huka me ngā waikawa i roto i te karepe me whakamahi i ngā mita kukū ā-roto e hono tika ana ki te hanganga pūngāwerewere i ngā mahi whakapūngao waipiro. Hei tauira, ko te ine i te kukū huka ka pā ki te hanganga o ngā esters pēnei i te isoamyl acetate me te ethyl hexanoate. Ka taea e te huka nui te pehi i ngā esters kakara motuhake, engari ko ngā tikanga whakapūngao whāngai-putanga ka taea te tuku huka whakahaere, ka whakanui ake i te hanga esters me te whakaiti i te waikawa acetic kāore e hiahiatia.
Mā ngā wawaotanga wā tika—pērā i te tāpiri i te hauhā whanariki—ka whakarerekē i te huarahi whakapūkara, ka whakatikatika i te hanganga me te pumau o ngā matū kakara matua. Ko ngā tukanga whakamārama me te whakakoi, e ahu mai ana i te ine wā-tūturu, ka whakaitihia ake ngā matū pēnei i te catechin, ka whakaiti i te kawa me ngā kakara kino.
Te Pānga o te Whakahaere i roto i te Tukanga ki ngā Huanga Pūrongo
Mā te whakahaere tika i ngā mahi hanga waina mā ka hanga te āhua reka whakamutunga. Hei tauira:
- Ka pāngia te kawa me te taurite whānui o te waina e ngā whakarerekētanga waikawa i te wā whakapūkara. Ko te tāpiri waikawa tōmuri he mea nui ake, inā koa i muri i te whakapūkara malolactic.
- Mā ngā tikanga whakamaroke—te wā me te roa—ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā matū kakara e hiahiatia ana, inā koa ko ngā terpene me ngā ester hua. Mā te pa o te kiri i mua i te whakamaroke ka kaha ake te kakara o te putiputi me te hua, engari mā te whakamaroke i muri i te whakamaroke ka nui ake te uaua o te āhua o ngā kare ā-roto, i ētahi wā ka pāngia te hou.
- Mā te whakau i te makariri i roto i te hanga waina, me te aro turuki tata mā roto i ngā mita ā-roto, ka tiakina ngā kakara pūngāwerewere e pāngia ana e ngā huringa pāmahana.
Mā ngā pūnaha tātari waina me ngā hangarau tātari matatau ka tangohia ngā totoka kāore e hiahiatia, ka whakaitihia hoki te kohu, engari ka tūpono hoki te tango atu i ngā matū pūngāwerewere mēnā kāore i te whakahaerea tika. Mā te hangarau tātari tukanga kua whakauruhia ki roto i ngā mahi tātari ka āwhina ki te pupuri i te māramatanga me te kore e whakararu i te kakara.
Te Whakamahi i ngā Raraunga Tātari hei Matapae me te Whakapai ake i te Kounga
Ko ngā māramatanga tātari i kohia puta noa i te waina me whāngai i ngā tauira matapae i ngā tikanga whakamārama, te aroturuki i ngā ipu whakapūkara, me te aunoatanga o te raina whakaputa whakakī waina. Ko ngā tūāpapa pēnei i a FlavorMiner, e whakamahi ana i ngā whakaahuatanga kauwhata ngota, e matapae ana i ngā āhuatanga pūoro motuhake—pērā i te reka nati, te reka hua, me te reka kore—me te tino tika. Ko ngā rauropi ako mīhini e whakamahia ana ki ngā raraunga spectrophotometry UV-Vis e whakarōpū ana i ngā āhuatanga takenga waina me te wai karepe me te pono neke atu i te 91%.
Mā te whakauru i te ine kukū ā-roto ki ia wāhi o te tukanga mahi, ka taea e ngā kaihanga waina mā te whakarite i te whakahaere tukanga i te wā tūturu, te pupuri i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ture pakari, me te arotau i ā rātou mahi mai i te karepe ki te karāhe.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha ngā mahi matua mō te hanga waina mā?
He maha ngā wāhanga motuhake o te tukanga whakaputa waina mā, i hangaia hei pupuri i te hou me te kakara. Ka tīmata mā te whiriwhiri i ngā karepe i te wā tino pakari, me te aro nui ki te huka, te waikawa, me ngā taumata kakara. Ka hauhakehia ngā karepe mā te ringa, mā te mīhini rānei, hei whakataurite i te kounga o te karepe me te pai o te tukatuka. Muri iho, ka kuruhia ngā karepe, ka pēhia; mā te pēhi mārie ka karohia te tango nui o te phenolic, ka tiakina te māramatanga me te taurite. Ka whakamaroketia te wai karepe kua tangohia, mā te whakamahi i ngā kaihoko taunga, i ngā kaihoko whakamātao rānei hei tango i ngā totoka.
I muri i te whakamāramatanga, ka puta te tukanga whakapūkara waipiro i roto i ngā ipu whakapūkara e whakahaeretia ana te pāmahana. Ka mau tonu ngā tāke whakapūkara waina i te 13–18°C, ka pai ake te pupuri i te kakara. Ka oti te whakapūkara ina huri te huka hei waipiro, ka puta te hanganga me te āhua o te waina. Ka whai ake ko te whakapūkara makariri, ka ārai i te maturuturunga tioata tartrate i roto i te waina pounamu mā te whakamatao i te waina i mua i te tātari. Mā tēnei ka mārama, ka pumau hoki. Ko te tukanga whakapūkara waina mā te mahi i muri mai; ka tangohia e ngā kaihoko pēnei i te bentonite, te casein, me te PVPP ngā pūmua kāore e hiahiatia, ngā phenolic rānei. I muri i te whakapūkara, ka tangohia e ngā pūnaha tātari me ngā hangarau ngā matūriki e toe ana, ka hangaia he waina pumau, mārama. Ka puta te whakapūkara i raro i ngā taiao tino whakahaeretia e whakawhāiti ana i te pānga o te hāora me te pāmahana, he mea nui mō te hou me te roa o te ora.
He aha te hiranga o te pēhi karepe hei hanga wai mō te hanga waina mā?
Mā te pēhi karepe mō te hanga waina ka tangohia te wai e hiahiatia ana mō te whakapūkara. Ka pā tika te pēhanga me te tikanga ki te hua, te reka, me te mārama. Ka taea e te pēhanga teitei te tuku i ngā phenolics kawa me te pā ki te tae, ko te pēhi mārie ka puta he wai parakore. Hei tauira, mā te pēhi mārie i ngā karepe Chardonnay i te rohe o Franciacorta o Itari ka mahia kia āta whakaarohia te waikawa, te kakara, me te hanganga o te waina. Mā te whiriwhiri i ngā āhuatanga tino pai ka whakarite kia pai te tango wai karepe mō te waina mō te momo waina, ā, ka whakatairanga i te ōritetanga puta noa i ngā puranga.
Me pēhea te ine i te nui o te waipiro i te wā e hanga ana i te waina?
He maha ngā tikanga me ngā taputapu hei whakatau i te ine i te taumata waipiro i roto i te waina. Ko ngā taputapu hei ine i te nui o te waipiro i roto i te waina ko ngā mita kukū waipiro ringaringa, ngā mita kukū ā-roto mō te hanga waina, ngā mita densitometer, me ngā mita mātotoru. Mā ngā mita kukū ā-roto ka taea te ine tonu i roto i ngā oko whakapūkara, ka taea ai te whakarerekētanga wā-tūturu mō te whakahaere kounga me te tutuki i ngā ture. Ka whakamahia e ngā tikanga tuku iho ngā hydrometer, ngā refractometer rānei e aromatawai ana i te kukū huka i roto i te wai karepe me te waipiro i muri i te whakapūkara mā te aroturuki i ngā huringa mātotoru, te taupū whakaata rānei. Ko ngā tikanga taiwhanga pēnei i te whakatō me te ine mātotoru me te chromatography hau e tuku ana i ngā hua tino tika engari me mahi pūkenga. Ka whakaratohia e te spectroscopy tata-infrared he tātari tere, kore-whakangaro, ā, kei te whakamahia haeretia mō te aroturuki raina whakaputa whakakī waina aunoa.
He aha te tikanga o te whakapūmau makariri i roto i te hanga waina?
Ko te whakapūmau makariri i roto i te hanga waina he tukanga i mua i te whakapōtaetanga i hangaia hei aukati i te hanganga tioata tartrate. Ka whakamataohia te waina—i raro iho i te pāmahana rūma—nō reira ka tau te nui o te pāhare pākawa bitartrate i mua i te whakapōtaetanga. He mea nui tēnei mahi mō ngā waina mā, nā te mea ka taea e ngā kaihoko te whakaaro he hapa ngā tioata e kitea ana. Ka mau tonu te māramatanga tirohanga me te pumau o te rongo mā te whakapūmau makariri. Mā ngā tikanga hou o te whakapūmau makariri mō te waina, pērā i ngā paninga polymerization plasma, ka taea te whakapūmau i ngā pāmahana teitei ake, ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga pūngao. Ko ētahi atu huarahi pērā i te carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) me te waikawa metatartaric e whakamahia whānuitia ana, i ētahi wā ka pai ake i ngā tikanga tuku iho hei tiaki i te kounga o te phenolic me te tae.
Ko ēhea ngā matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō te whakakoi i te waina mā?
Ko ngā mea whakamātao waina mā ko te bentonite, te gelatin, te casein, me te PVPP. Ko te Bentonite, he uku, ka tango i ngā pūmua e hono ana ki te kohu. Ko te Gelatin me te casein he pūmua kararehe e whakamahia ana hei whakaiti i te kawa me te whakamārama i te waina. Ko te PVPP, he polymer hangai, e aro ana ki ngā matū phenolic hei whakaiti i te parauri me te whakarei ake i te pumau. Ko tā rātou kōwhiringa ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā take waina motuhake - kohu, kawa, tae rānei - me ngā putanga e hiahiatia ana. Ko ngā mea hou pēnei i te waro, te pūmua pī, me ngā mea i ahu mai i te chitin, me ngā ranunga hiato, ka tuku i ngā huarahi kē atu kāore he mate pāwera me te pumau. Kei te piki haere te whakamahinga o ēnei mea, inā koa ka tukatukahia ngā waina mai i ngā karepe kua pāngia e te pirau, ina rānei ka hiahiatia e ngā manakohanga me ngā ture a te kaihoko ngā mea kāore i te tuku iho. Ko te whai huatanga o ia mea e hono tata ana ki te tukanga whakaputa waina mā, te matrix waina, me te kōtaha polyphenolic.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 19-2025
