He mea nui te ine tika i te mātotoru ā-roto i roto i te hanga acetonitrile (methyl cyanide). Ko te nui o te hāoraora o te acetonitrile me te kaha ki te whakaranu ki te wai ka uaua te wehenga, me te hiahia tonu ki ngā raraunga mō te whakaora tika o te whakarewa me te arotau i te hua.
Ka whakaitihia e te matotoru matū ā-roto ngā puranga kore-motuhake me te ngaronga rauemi i roto i ngā taiao hanga tonu. He mea nui te ine wā-tūturu mō te whakapūmau kounga API, te whakaora whakarewa whai hua, me te whakaiti i te pānga taiao mai i te whakahaere hua taha neonicotinoids.
He aha ngā Neonicotinoids
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Rere Tukangaof AsetonitrileTe whakaputanga
E toru ngā ara matua o te hanga acetonitrile ahumahi (methyl cyanide): te tauhohenga whakapūngao, te whakakapinga nucleophilic, me te whakawhiti ester. Ko te ara matua he hua taha o te hanga acrylonitrile, e hiahia ana kia whakatōtōhia te wāhanga hei wehenga. Mā te whakapūngao tika o te acetaldehyde me te haukini me te hau i runga i te bismuth molybdate ka puta he acetonitrile, engari he iti noa te wāhi nā te iti o ngā hua.
Ko te whakakapinga nucleophilic e whakamahi ana i ngā haloethanes me ngā cyanides, ka puta ko te CH₃CH₂CN, engari he onge i te tauine nui nā te mea he mōrearea ngā rauemi whāngai me te iti o te whai huatanga utu. He iti te hua ahumahi o te whakawhiti ester, pērā i te methanolysis o te acetamide. Ko te pāmahana kohua o te acetonitrile (81.6°C) me te whakauru katoa me te wehenga wero wai—ka arotau te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto i ngā wāhanga hangarua me te purenga.
E whai hua ana te acetonitrile hei whakarewa aprotic porowhita i roto i te hanga takawaenga waro me te API, me ngā mahi nui i roto i te hanga patu pepeke neonicotinoid. Mā te whakahaere tika i te whakarewa ka piki ake te parakore, te hua, me te haumaru i roto i te hangarua me te tukatuka i raro iho.
Te Aroturukitanga o te KiatoNgā Weroi rotoAsetonitrileTe whakaputanga
Ko te tere o te tukanga i roto i te hanga acetonitrile me aroturuki i te wā tūturu hei whakahaere i ngā tere tauhohenga tere me ngā takawaenga tauwhiti. Ko ngā tikanga tauhohenga whakatōtō, pērā i ngā mea kei roto i ngā ara ammoxidation, me urupare tonu nā te aro ki te pāmahana me te pēhanga. Ko ngā rauemi whāngai rerekē mai i ngā puna whakahou me ngā puna pūngoi ka puta he huringa i roto i te kukū methyl cyanide, ka pā ki ngā taahiraa o raro. Ka kitea tonutia ēnei nekehanga e te ine matotoru ā-roto, ka mau tonu ngā awhe ūnga ahakoa he poke bioethanol, he poke haukini rānei.
He mea tino nui te whakahaere tika i te whakarewa i roto i ngā mahi whakahou-whakakirikiri mō te parakore, nā te mea ka ngāwari te whakararuraru i te pai o te wehenga mā te 5–10% mēnā ka taea te whakaranu katoa o te acetonitrile ki te wai. He mea nui te acetonitrile tika hei whakarewa aprotic polar mō te hanga patu pepeke neonicotinoid, ina taea e te rerekētanga kukū 0.5% te whakaiti i te hua hua tae atu ki te 3%. Mā te ine ā-roto ka ārai i ngā puranga kore-motuhake i roto i ngā pūnaha rere tonu, ka tapahia te para whakarewa tae atu ki te 8% me te whakaiti i ngā mahi tukatuka anō i raro iho.
ngā hanganga matū o ngā patu pepeke neonicotinoid noa
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Ngā Tikanga Ine Matotoru ā-Rārangi
Ka tukuna e ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto pērā i te ngongo wiri me ngā pūoko Coriolis-based ngā raraunga tonu, ā-tūturu mō te kukū o te acetonitrile i te wā hanga rauropi. Ka hono tika ngā mita mātotoru matū mai i Lonnmeter ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te acetonitrile, e tautoko ana i te aunoatanga me te kore he tauira ā-ringa. Ka mahi ēnei pūoko ā-roto i raro i ngā āhuatanga wera me te rere kaha e kitea ana i roto i ngā tukanga tauhohenga hauhautanga me te whakakapinga nucleophilic.
Ka ine ngā mita matotoru ngongo wiri i waenganui o te awa, e whakarato ana i te tika ±0.001 g/cm³ ahakoa ngā matū pupuhi pēnei i te acetonitrile. Ka tukuna e ngā taputapu Coriolis he urupare matotoru me te rere takirua. Ka tu atu rāua i ngā pāmahana mai i te -20°C ki te 120°C me ngā pēhanga paipa tae atu ki te 3 Mpa. Ka mau tonu te pono o te tukanga i te wā e whakahaere ana i te pupuhi teitei me te ranunga katoa o te acetonitrile ki te wai.
Mā te ine ā-roto tonu ka arotau i ngā ōwehenga whāngai i roto i te whakakapinga nucleophilic, ka kati i ngā porowhita urupare i roto i te whakawhiti ester, ā, ka whakaiti i te ngaronga hua mai i ngā puranga kore-motuhake. Mā te aroturuki ā-roto ka taea hoki te hanga API pakari, ā, ka tautoko i ngā whakaritenga parakore tino pakari i roto i te hanga rongoā me te neonicotinoid.
Ngā Painga o te Whakauru i ngā Mita Kukū/Rārangi-ā-roto
Mā ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto ka taea te kite wawe i ngā pekapeka tukanga i roto i te hanga acetonitrile, e tautoko ana i te parakore tonu me te whakaiti i ngā whakaroa whakatikatika. Mā te ine ā-roto tūturu ka mau tonu ngā āhuatanga acetonitrile tika e hiahiatia ana mō te tauhohenga whakapūmau me te whakakapinga nucleophilic. Mā te whakahaere kukū pumau ka ārai i te hua kore-motuhake i te wā e hanga ana i te methyl cyanide, ka tapahia ngā ngaronga rauemi tae atu ki te 15% ki te whakataurite ki te tauira tuimotu.
Ka honoa ngā taputapu Lonnmeter ki ngā taiao tukanga uaua, ka pupuri i te putanga pono i te wā o te tauhohenga whakawhiti ester tere, i ngā wā whai rawa rānei i te whakarewa. Mā te aroturukitanga whakarei ake i te wā o ngā mahi whakahou ka tiakina te parakore o te hua, ka taea ai te hanga rauropi kia eke ki ngā hua neke atu i te 98%. Mā te rere tika o ngā raraunga ka whakamōhio i te whakahaere whakarewa pakari, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea poke i roto i te hanga matū rongoā hohe (API).
I roto i te hanga patu pepeke neonicotinoids, ka whakapai ake ngā taumata acetonitrile pumau i te hua tauhohenga me te pehi i te hanganga o ngā hua taha kore e hiahiatia. Ka whakaitihia e te ine ā-roto te ngaronga taiao e pā ana ki te hanga neonicotinoid mā te whakarato i te aroturukitanga whakarewa tika, hei āwhina i ngā mahi tutuki me te pumau.
Whakatauhia ngā Wero o te Kiato ā-Rīpene in AsetonitrilePwhakaputanga
Tonoa he utu whakarite kia ea ai ngā wero ine kiato ā-roto, kia whakapakari ake ai hoki i te mana whakahaere i te hanga acetonitrile, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga me ngā whakamahinga o te methyl cyanide, ngā tono whakarewa aprotic polar, me ngā whakaritenga taiao mō ngā tukanga neonicotinoid.
Wā tuku: Hanuere-27-2026
