Te Ine i te Matatini me te Kukū o te Kapia Guar i roto i te Pakaru Hau Shale

Ngā Ine Matawai Aunoa ā-Rārangi

I roto i ngā tono pakaru waipēhi,ngā ine tirohanga ā-rotoKo ngā mea kua tāuta tika ki roto i ngā paipa tāke whakaranu e whakarato ana i ngā raraunga matotoru tonu. Ko ngā huarahi hou—tae atu ki ngā ine matotoru e ahu mai ana i te ako mīhini me te tirohanga rorohiko—ka whakatau tata i te matotoru kore-kutikuti mai i te whakaahua wai, i te urupare hihiri rānei, e kapi ana i ngā awhe mai i te waimeha ki ngā paru matotoru rawa. Ka taea te whakauru i ēnei pūnaha ki te whakahaere tukanga aunoa, ka whakaiti i te wawaotanga ā-ringa.

Tauira:

• Ka aunoatia e ngā mita matotoru e hangai ana ki te tirohanga rorohiko te whakatau i te matotoru mā te tātari i te whanonga o te wai i roto i tētahi ipu hurihuri, i tētahi taputapu rere rānei, ka tere te tuku hua mō te aunoatanga o muri mai, mō ngā takahuri urupare rānei.

Te Aroturuki i te Kukū o te Kapia Guar Wā-tūturu

Mā te pupuri i te kukū o te kapia guar i te wā e whakaranua ana ka whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te puranga, ā, ka tautoko i te mahi pono o te wai pakaru. Ko ngā hangarau mō te aroturuki kukū wā-tūturu ko:

Hangarau SLIM (Ross Totoka/Werohanga Wai):Ka werohia e SLIM te paura kapia kuāra ki raro i te mata wai, ka whakakotahi tonu ki te wai mā te whakaranu kutikuti-teitei. Mā tēnei hoahoa ka whakaitihia te kohikohinga me te ngaronga matotoru nā te nui rawa o te whakaranu, ka taea te whakahaere tika i te kukū i ia wāhanga.

Non-Nukīar Slurry DngāitiMeter:Ko ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto e tāutahia ana ki roto i ngā tāke whakaranu ka aroturuki i ngā āhuatanga hiko me ngā huringa mātotoru i te tāpiri me te whakamararatanga o te kapia guar, e āhei ai te aroturuki tonu i te kukū me te mahi whakatika tonu.

Whakaahua Ultrasound e honoa ana ki te Rheometry (“Rheo-ultrasound”):Ka hopukina e tēnei tikanga matatau ngā whakaahua ultrasonic tino tere (tae atu ki te 10,000 anga/hēkona) me ngā raraunga matotoru rheometric. Mā tēnei ka taea te aroturuki i ngā kukū ā-rohe, ngā tere kutikuti, me ngā kore pumau, he mea nui mō te tautuhi i te ranunga kore-ōrite me ngā huringa matotoru tere i roto i ngā otinga guar gum.

Ngā tauira:

• Ka whakatūpatohia ngā kaiwhakahaere e ngā pūoko ātete hiko mēnā ka puta he rerekētanga kukū i te tāpiritanga o te paura, ā, ka taea te whakatika tonu.
• Ka whakaatuhia e ngā pūnaha rheo-ultrasound ngā āhuatanga whakaranu, e tohu ana i te kohikohinga ā-rohe, te mararatanga kāore anō kia oti rānei e whakararu ana i te kounga o te wai pakaru.

Ngā Utauta Aroturuki Whaihua me ngā Utauta Auau

Ngā tikanga pērā i teNgā mita tirohanga ahumahi ā-rotohe huarahi whai hua, pono hoki mō te ine i te matotoru i roto i ngā taiao whakaputa. He pai ēnei taputapu mō ngā tirotiro auau i te wā e whakaranu ana, mena ka noho tonu te tukanga i roto i ngā tawhā kua tohua.

Ngā Kawa Whakapūmau Kounga me te Whakaurunga

Me whakamana ngā pūnaha ine matotoru me te kukū tonu mō te pono me te tika:

• Ngā Tukanga Whakataurite:Mā te whakatikatika auau ki ngā paerewa e mōhiotia ana ka tika, ka ōrite hoki te pūoko.
• Whakamanatanga Ako Mīhini:Ka whakangunguhia ngā mita tirohanga rorohiko e hangai ana ki te whatunga io me te aromatawai i ngā paearu hei whakamana i te mahi puta noa i ngā kukū kapia guar me ngā matotorutanga wai.
• Whakaurunga QA wā-tūturu:Mā te whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukanga ka taea te kite i ngā ia, te kimi hapa, me te urupare tere ki ngā pekapeka, ā, ka tautoko i te kounga hua me te tutuki i ngā ture.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te kaha ki te aroturuki tonu i te matotoru me te kukū o te kapia guar e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kōwhiringa me te whakaurunga o ngā hangarau e tika ana. Ko ngā mita viscometer hurihuri, ngā pūoko in-line matatau, te hangarau whakaranu SLIM, me te rheo-ultrasound te pou tuara o ngā pūoko, ā, ko ngā taputapu mahi me ngā kawa QA pakari ka whakarite i te mahi pono puta noa i ngā tukanga whakaranu ahumahi.

Ngā Hangarau Ine mō te Aroturuki Tonu i roto i ngā Tāke Whakaranu

Ngā Mātāpono o te Ine i te Matatini

He mea nui te aromatawai tonu i te matotoru o ngā tāke whakaranu hei whakahaere i te rheology o ngā wai pakaru o te kapia guar. He maha ngā pūnaha ahumahi e whakamahi ana i ngā ine matotoru ā-roto hei tuku raraunga wā-tūturu mō te matotoru o te kapia guar. Ka mahi tika ēnei pūoko i roto i te ara rere, ka kore e hiahiatia he tauira ā-ringa, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā whakaroa o te urupare.

Vipūerutionalngā mita tirohangaKo te ine wai kore-Newtonian te mea nui rawa atu nā te kaha ki te hopu i ngā urupare wai hihiri. Ko ngā taputapu pēnei i te ine wai tukanga ā-roto kua whakaritea mō te whakairi ā-roto, ā, ka whakarato i ngā pānui tonu e tika ana mō ngā kukū me ngā matotoru rerekē, e kitea ana i roto i te whakarite wai pakaru waipēhi. He tino pai tēnei tikanga me ngā otinga kapia guar nā te mea he angiangi te kutikuti me te whānuitanga matotoru, e whakarite ana i te kohikohi raraunga pakari me te pono o te tukanga.

Aromatawai Aromatawai Tonu

Ko te whakatutuki i te mahi tino pai o te wai pakaru me whai mana tika ki te kukū o te kapia guar. Ka tutukihia tēnei mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha ine kukū tonu pērā i teACOMP (Aroturukitanga Ipurangi Tonu Aunoa o te Whakapūhuitanga)tikanga. Ka whakamahia e ACOMP he huinga o ngā papu o runga, ngā mīhini whakaranu, me ngā pūrere tirotiro whatu o raro hei tuku i ngā kōtaha kukū wā-tūturu me ngā pānui matotoru ā-roto i te mea ka whakaritea ngā otinga polymer i roto i ngā tāke whakaranu nui.

Ko te tauira whai hua i roto i ngā taiao whakaranu hihiri e uru ana ki te whakatauira pūnaha tuatoru-raupapa hei whakamārama i ngā piki me ngā heke o te kukū i te wā tūturu. Mā te tātari urupare auau ka whakarite i te hononga tika i waenga i ngā tauira ariā me ngā raraunga whakamātautau, ka whakarato i ngā māramatanga mahi mō te whakarite otinga kapia guar. He tino pai ēnei hangarau mō te manatoko kukū tere, te inenga urutau, me te whakaiti i te rerekētanga o te puranga-ki-te-puranga.

Te whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha inenga aunoaka whakapai ake i te whakahaere kukū. Lonnmetermita mātotoru ultrasonicIna tāuta tika ki roto i te tāke, i te paipa rānei, ka tukuna he urupare tonu; ka whakarerekētia e ngā papu aunoa ngā tere horopeta kia rite ki ngā raraunga pūoko ora, kia mōhio ai kei te ōrite te matotoru me te kukū o te kapia guar ki te rheology o te wai pakaru e whai ana. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei mahi tahi te wawaotanga a te tangata, ā, ka taea te mahi whakatika tonu mō ngā puranga kāore i te tino rite.

Ngā Pānga o ngā Tāpiri me ngā Whakarerekētanga Tukanga ki te Matatini o te Kapia Guar

Whakarerekētanga o te Sulfonation

Mā te sulfonation ka whakauruhia ngā rōpū sulfonate ki te guar gum, ka tino whakapai ake i te matotoru me te wairewa o ngā otinga guar gum e whakamahia ana i roto i te pakaru waipēhi. Ko ngā āhuatanga tauhohenga tino pai me whakahaere tika te pāmahana, te wā, me ngā kukū matū. Hei tauira, mā te whakamahi i te konutai 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate i te 26°C, me te 2 hāora te wā tauhohenga, 1.0%NaOH, me te 0.5% sulfonate e te papatipu kapia guar, ka hua ake he pikinga 33% o te matotoru kitea me te whakahekenga o te ihirangi kore-rewa-wai mā te 0.42%. Ka whakarei ake ēnei huringa i te kaha kawe-tōpana i roto i ngā wai pakaru, ā, ka tautoko i te pumau wera me te tātari nui ake.

Ko ngā tikanga sulfonation rerekē—pērā i te sulfation me te whanariki trioxide–1,4-dioxane matatini i te 60°C mō te 2.9 hāora, mā te whakamahi i te 3.1 mL waikawa chlorosulfonic—e whakaatu ana hoki i te matotoru ake me te whakaiti i ngā wāhanga kore-rewa. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei whakapainga te toenga i roto i ngā tāke whakaranu wai pakaru waipēhi, ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o te aukati me te whakahaere i te rere pai ake. Ka whakaūhia e te FTIR, DSC, me ngā tātaritanga huānga ēnei whakarerekētanga hanganga, me te whakakapinga matua i te tūranga C-6. Ko te nui o te whakakapinga me te taumaha ngota iti ka hua ake he wairewa pai ake, he mahi antioxidant, me te whakarei ake i te matotoru whai hua—he tawhā nui mō te rheology wai pakaru whai hua me te whakahaere matotoru.

Ngā Ākena Hononga-Whārite me te Whai Huatanga o te Hanga

He nui ngā painga o te matotoru o te kapia guar i roto i ngā wai pakaru mai i te whakaurunga o ngā kaihoko honohono-whakawhiti. Ko ngā mea honohono-whakawhiti organozirconium me te borate te mea tino kitea:

Ngā Hononga-whakawhiti Organozirconium:He mea tino pai mō ngā puna wai wera-tiketike, ka whakanui ake ngā kaihoko organozirconium i te pumau wera o ngā gel guar. I te 120°C me te 170 s⁻¹ kutikuti, ka mau tonu te kapia guar hydroxypropyl kua honoa ki te organozirconium neke atu i te 89.7% o tōna matotoru tuatahi. E whakaatu ana te whakaahua SEM i ngā hanganga whatunga toru-ahu matotoru me ngā rahi pore i raro i te 12 μm, e tautoko ana i te whakapai ake i te whakatārewatanga proppant me te whakaiti i te tere taunga proppant i roto i te pakaru waipēhi.

Ngā Hononga-whakawhiti Borate:Ka kitea te whai huatanga o ngā hononga-whakawhiti waikawa boric me te organoboron tuku iho i ngā pāmahana taurite. Ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahi mā te whakamahi i ngā tāpiringa pēnei i te polyethyleneimine (PEI) me te nanocellulose. Hei tauira, ka mau tonu te matotoru toenga o ngā hononga-whakawhiti nanocellulose-boron i runga ake i te 50 mPa·s i te 110°C mō te 60 meneti i raro i te kutikuti teitei, e whakaatu ana i te ātete pakari ki te pāmahana me te tote. Ka āwhina te hononga hauwai mai i te nanocellulose ki te pupuri i ngā āhuatanga viscoelastic e hiahiatia ana mō te kaha kawe proppant i roto i ngā wai pakaru.

Mā te hononga-whiti i roto i ngā otinga kapia guar ka pai ake te angiangi me te ngāwari o te kutikuti, he mea nui mō te papu me te whakatārewatanga proppant. Ko ngā hydrogels kua honoa-matū he kaha te whakaora thixotropic, ko te tikanga ka whakahokia te matotoru me te hanganga i muri i te kutikuti teitei—he mea nui i te wā o te whakatakotoranga wai me te horoi i roto i ngā mahi pakaru waipēhi.

Te Pānga Whakataurite o ngā Pūnaha Wai Kore-Porowini me ngā Pūnaha Wai Polymeric

He rerekē ngā āhua rheological o ngā pūnaha wai pūmua me ngā pūnaha wai kore-pūmua, ā, he nui te pānga ki te pai o te kawe i te proppant:

Ngā Pūnaha Pūmua:Kei roto i ēnei ko ngā pūmua taiao (guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar) me ngā pūmua hangai. Ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā wai pūmua mō te matotoru, te pūwāhi hua, me te ngāwari. Ka tutuki i ngā copolymer amphoteric matatau (hei tauira, ATP-I) te pupuri matotoru me te pumau rheological pai ake i roto i ngā taiao pāmahana teitei me te tote teitei ki te whakataurite ki ngā hanganga cellulose polyanionic tawhito. Ko te matotoru me te ngāwari kua piki ake ka whakarei ake i te whakatārewatanga proppant, ka whakaiti i te tere taunga, ka arotau i te hoahoa tāke whakaranu mō ngā wai pakaru. Heoi, ka taea e te matotoru teitei ake te aukati i te kawe proppant i roto i ngā hanganga iti-permeability ki te kore e tauritehia.

Ngā Pūnaha Kore-Pōrimerika (e hangai ana ki te Surfactant):Ka whakawhirinaki ēnei ki ngā matū horoi waikura, kaua ki ngā whatunga pūmua. Ka tukuna e ngā wai e ahu mai ana i ngā matū horoi waikura he iti ake ngā toenga, he tere te rere mai, ā, he pai te kawe i te proppant, inā koa i roto i ngā puna wai rerekē e whakatairangahia ana te horoi kore-para. Ahakoa he iti ake te matotoru ka taea te whakarerekē e ēnei pūnaha i ngā pūmua, he pai te mahi a ēnei pūnaha e pā ana ki te whakatārewatanga proppant, ā, ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o te aukati i roto i ngā tāke whakaranu wai pakaru waipēhi.

Ko te kōwhiringa i waenga i ngā wai pakaru polymeric me ngā wai kore-polymeric e whakawhirinaki ana ki te taurite e hiahiatia ana i waenga i te matotoru, te whai huatanga o te horoi, te pānga ki te taiao, me ngā whakaritenga kawe-proppant. Kei te puta ake ngā pūnaha ranu e whakakotahi ana i ngā polymers me ngā surfactants viscoelastic hei whakamahi i te matotoru teitei me te whakaora tere o te wai. Ko te whakamātautau rheological—mā te whakamahi i ngā whakarerekētanga oscillatory raina me ngā rerenga rere—e whakarato ana i te māramatanga ki te whanonga thixotropic me te pseudoplastic, e āwhina ana i te arotau i te whakatakotoranga mō ngā āhuatanga puna motuhake.

Ngā Rautaki Arotau mō te Whakaiti i te Matotoru o te Wai me te Kaha Kawe-Pūrere

Te Whanoke Rheological me te Kawenga Proppant

He mea nui te arotau i te matotoru o te kapia guar hei whakahaere i te tere taunga o te proppant i roto i te pakaru waipēhi. Mā te matotoru wai teitei ake ka whakaitihia te tere o te totohu o ngā matūriki proppant, ka piki ake te tūponotanga o te kawe whai hua ki roto i te whatunga pakaru. Ka whakarei ake te honohono whakawhiti i te matotoru mā te hanga hanganga tiēre pakari; hei tauira, ka hangaia e ngā wai hydroxypropyl guar kua honoa ki te organozirconium he whatunga matotoru me ngā rahi o ngā pore i raro i te 12 μm, e whakapai ake ana i te whakatārewatanga me te whakaiti i te tere taunga ki te whakataurite ki ngā pūnaha organoboron.

Ka pā tika te whakatikatika i te kukū o te kapia guar ki te matotoru o ngā otinga kapia guar. I te pikinga ake o te kukū o te polymer, ka piki ake anō hoki te mātotoru hononga me te kaha o te gel, ka whakaiti i te whakatōtōtanga o te proppant me te whakanui ake i te whakatakotoranga. Tauira: mā te whakanui ake i te kukū hononga i roto i ngā wai HPG ka piki ake te pupuri matotoru ki runga ake i te 89% i te wā kutikuti pāmahana teitei (120°C), ka whakarite i te kaha kawe proppant ahakoa i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te puna wai.

Ngā Tikanga Whakatikatika Whakatakotoranga

Mā ngā rautaki e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga ka taea te whakahaere i te matotoru me te kukū o te wai pakaru i te wā tūturu. Ka taea e ngā tauira ako mīhini—te ngahere matapōkere me te rākau whakatau—te matapae i ngā tawhā rheological pēnei i ngā pānui viscometer inenga tonu, hei whakakapi i ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga puhoi, ā-wā. I roto i te mahi, ka inehia e ngā tāke whakaranu wai pakaru waipēhi me ngā tikanga tutuki me ngā pūoko piezoelectric te matotoru o ngā otinga guar gum i te mea ka huri ngā āhuatanga wai, me te whakatika hapa mā te wetewete aratau empirical.

Ka aroturukihia e ngā kaiwhakahaere te matotoru me te kukū i roto i te wāhi, kātahi ka whakatika i te horopeta o te kapia guar, ngā hononga whakawhiti, ngā whakamaroke tāpiri rānei i runga i te urupare a te pūoko ora. Mā tēnei whakatikatika i runga i te rere ka whakarite kia mau tonu te matotoru wai pakaru pai rawa atu mō te whakatārewatanga proppant me te kore e roa te wā whakatā. Hei tauira, mā ngā inenga matotoru paipa tika e tukuna ana ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere ka taea te whakarite wai hihiri, ka pupuri i te whakatārewatanga proppant pai rawa atu i te nekehanga o ngā tawhā puna, mahi rānei.

Ngā Pānga Mahi Tahi me te Uku me ngā Tāpiringa Pūmautanga Pāmahana

He mea nui ngā kaiwhakaū uku me ngā tāpiringa pumau wera hei pupuri i te matotoru o te kapia guar i roto i ngā taiao kirikiri kino me ngā taiao pāmahana teitei. Ka ārai ngā kaiwhakaū uku—pērā i ngā matū guar kua whakapūhuitia—i te pupuhi me te hekenga o te uku; ka tiaki tēnei i te matotoru o ngā otinga kapia guar mai i te ngaronga ohorere mā te whakawhāiti i ngā taunekeneke me ngā momo ionic i roto i te hanganga. Ko te kaiwhakaū noa, ko te kapia guar kua whakarerekētia te konutai 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate, ka puta he matotoru ā-roto e tika ana mō te pakaru me te ātete i te ihirangi kore-wairewa, e pupuri ana i te hanganga tiēre me te whakatārewatanga proppant whai hua ahakoa i roto i ngā hanganga whai kiko-uku.

Ngā mea whakaū wera, tae atu ki ngā mea whakakīkī supramolecular matatau me ngā aukati hydrate thermodynamic (hei tauira,mētanora, PEG-200), hei tiaki i te pakaru o te matotoru i runga ake i te 160°C. I roto i ngā pūnaha wai tote me ngā pūnaha wai pāmahana tino teitei, ka taea e ēnei tāpiri te pupuri i te matotoru i runga ake i te 200 mPa·s i raro i te kutikuti 180°C, he nui atu i ngā whakakī kapia guar tuku iho.

Hei tauira:

• Kapia kuāra kua whakapūkarahiamō te ātete ki te uku me te pāmahana.
• Ngā hononga whakawhiti organozirconiummō te pumau wera tino tiketike.
• PEG-200hei THI hei whakanui ake i te mahi a te wai me te whakaiti i ngā toenga.

Mā ēnei tikanga me ngā kete tāpiri ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te arotau i ngā hoahoa tāke whakaranu mō ngā wai pakaru me te whakarite i ngā tikanga ine matotoru o te kapia guar mō te matotoru tonu me teine kukūKo te mutunga mai he kaha kawe i te pēhanga me te horapa pakaru pumau, ahakoa i roto i ngā taiao tino hohonu o raro i te poka.

Te Hononga i te Matatini o te Kapia Guar ki te Tere Whakatau o te Proppant me te Whai Huatanga o te Pakaru

Ngā Tirohanga Ā-Mīhini ki te Whakatārewatanga Proppant

He mahi tika tā te matotoru o te kapia guar ki te whakahaere i te tere taunga o te proppant i te wā e pakaru ana te waipēhi. I te pikinga o te matotoru o ngā otinga kapia guar, ka piki ake te kaha tōia e pā ana ki ngā matūriki proppant, ka tino whakaiti i tō rātou tere taunga ki raro. I roto i te mahi, ko ngā wai he nui te kukū o te kapia guar me ngā āhuatanga matotoru kua whakarei ake - tae atu ki ērā kua whakarerekētia ki ngā tāpiringa polymer me ngā muka - ka pai ake te kaha kawe proppant, ka taea ai e ngā matūriki iri te noho tohatoha ōrite puta noa i te whatunga pakaru, kaua e kohikohi ki raro.

E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau taiwhanga, ki te whakaritea ki ngā wai Newtonian, e whakaatu ana ngā otinga guar gel shear-thrining i ngā tere taunga proppant iti iho, nā te pikinga o te matotoru me ngā pānga rapa. Hei tauira, mā te whakarea i te kukū o te kapia guar ka taea te whakaiti i te tere taunga ki te haurua, kia roa ai te noho o te proppant. Mā te tāpiri i ngā muka ka ārai i te whakatōnga mā te hanga i tētahi whatunga rite ki te mata, ka whakatairanga i te whakatakotoranga proppant ōrite. Kua whakawhanakehia ngā tauira me ngā tauwehenga wheako hei matapae i ēnei pānga i raro i ngā āhuatanga pakaru me te wai rerekē, e whakaū ana i te mahi tahi i waenga i te rheology wai me te whakatārewatanga proppant.

I ngā whatiwhatinga e tata ana te whānui ki te diameter o te proppant, ka whakaroa ake ngā pānga here i te taunga, ka whakanui ake i ngā painga o ngā otinga guar matotoru-teitei. Heoi, mā te matotoru nui rawa ka aukati i te nekehanga wai, ka whakaiti pea i te hohonutanga kawe proppant whai hua, ka whakanui ake hoki i te tūponotanga o te hanganga toenga ka whakararu i te kawe pakaru.

Te Whakanui i te Whānui me te Roa o te Whati

He nui te pānga o te whakarite i te matotoru o ngā otinga kapia guar ki te horapa o ngā pakaru i te wā e pakaru ana te wai. Ko ngā wai matotoru teitei ka whakaputa i ngā pakaru whānui ake nā te mea ka taea e rātou te ātete i ngā pēhanga kati me te horapa o ngā kapiti i roto i te toka. Mā ngā whakatauira o ngā huringa wai rorohiko (CFD) me te aroturukitanga tukunga oro ka whakamanahia ko te matotoru teitei ka hua ake he āhua pakaru uaua ake me te whānui ake.

Heoi anō, me āta whakahaere te taupatupatu i waenga i te matotoru me te roa o te pakaru. Ahakoa he pai te whakatakotoranga me te kawe hiko o ngā pakaru whānui, ka taea e ngā wai matotoru rawa te tere te memeha o te pēhanga, ka ārai i te whanaketanga o ngā pakaru roa. E whakaatu ana ngā whakatauritenga wheako mā te whakaiti i te matotoru i roto i ngā rohe whakahaere ka taea te uru hohonu ake, ka puta he pakaru roa e whakarei ake ai te urunga ki te puna. Nō reira, me arotau te matotoru—kaua e whakanuia—i runga i te momo toka, te rahi o te matotoru, me te rautaki whakahaere.

Ko te rheology wai pakaru, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga angiangi kutikuti me te viscoelastic mai i ngā whakarerekētanga kapia guar, ka hanga i te hanganga kapiti tuatahi me ngā tauira tipu o muri mai. E whakaū ana ngā whakamātautau mara i roto i ngā puna warowaihā ka taea e te whakarerekētanga i te kukū kapia guar, te tāpiri i ngā whakaū wera, te whakauru rānei i ngā momo surfactant te whakapai ake i te horapa o te pakaru, te whakanui ake i te whānui me te roa i runga i te whāinga whakaohooho.

Whakaurunga ki ngā Tawhā Whakahaere o te Runga o te Pūnaha

Me whakahaere tonu te matotoru o te kapia guar i te wā tonu, i te mea ka rerekē te pāmahana me te pēhanga o raro i te poka i te wā e pakaru ana te wai. Ka taea e ngā pāmahana teitei i te hohonutanga te whakaiti i te matotoru o ngā wai kapia guar, ka whakaiti i tō rātou kaha whakatārewatanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā hononga whakawhiti, ngā whakaū wera, me ngā tāpiringa matatau—pēnei i ngā aukati waiariki thermodynamic—ka āwhina ki te pupuri i te matotoru tino pai, inā koa i roto i ngā puna pāmahana teitei.

Nā ngā whanaketanga hou o ngā tikanga ine matotoru, tae atu ki te ine matotoru o ngā paipa me te whakatauira whakatauira, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te aroturuki me te whakarerekē i te matotoru o te wai pakaru i runga i te hihiri. Hei tauira, ka whakauruhia e ngā tāke whakaranu wai pakaru waipēhi ngā pūoko wā-tūturu hei aroturuki i ngā huringa matotoru me te horopeta aunoa i ētahi atu kapia guar, i ngā whakaū rānei e hiahiatia ana, kia rite ai te kaha kawe o te proppant.

Ka tāpirihia, ka whakakapia rānei e ētahi kaiwhakahaere te kapia guar ki ngā whakaiti waku matotoru-teitei (HVFR) me ngā pūmua hangai hei whakapai ake i te pumau o te wera me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea toenga. Ka whakaatuhia e ēnei pūnaha wai rerekē te whai huatanga matotoru me te ātete ki te pirau kutikuti, me te pupuri i te matotoru teitei mō te whakatārewatanga proppant ahakoa i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino kino o raro i te poka.

Ko ngā tawhā whakahaere pēnei i te rahi o te proppant, te kukū, te tere rere o te wai, me te āhua o te pakaru ka whakauruhia ki ngā rautaki whakahaere matotoru. Mā te arotau i ēnei taurangi ka taea e te wai pakaru te pupuri i te kawe proppant ki runga i te roa me te whānui o te pakaru e hiahiatia ana, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te aukati, te whakawhiti awa, te kapi kore rānei. Ehara i te mea ka pupuri noa i te kawe pakaru engari ka whakapai ake hoki i te rere o te hauwaiwai mā roto i te rohe whakaohooho.