Te Ine i te Matotoru Tonu
I. Ngā Āhuatanga Wai Tauhou me ngā Wero Ine
Te tono angitu ote ine matotoru tonungā pūnaha i roto i te mara ote tango hinu kirikirimete tango onepu hinue hiahia ana kia mārama te māramatanga ki ngā uauatanga rheological tino nui e pā ana ki ēnei wai rerekē. He rerekē ki te mārama tuku ihomata, hinu taumaha,bitumen, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia e ngā paru e pā ana ngā āhuatanga maha-wāhanga, ehara i te Newtonian, me te tino aro ki te pāmahana, ka puta he uauatanga motuhake mō te pumau me te tika o ngā taputapu.
1.1 Te Whakamārama i te Whenua Rheology Tauhou
1.1.1 Teitei o te Matatini: Te Wero o te Patumene me te Hinu Taumaha
Ngā warowaihā rerekē, inā koa te bitumen i ahu mai ite tango onepu hinu, he tino teitei te matotoru taketake. He maha ngā wā ka puta ngā matotoru o te uku mai i ngā putunga nui i roto i te awhe o te mPa·s (cP) i te pāmahana taiao paerewa (25°C). Ko tēnei rahi o te waku ā-roto te arai matua ki te rere, ā, me whai tikanga matatau, pērā i ngā tikanga whakaora wera pērā i te Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), kia pai ai te tango me te kawe.
Ehara i te mea he āhuatanga tauanga noa iho te whakawhirinakitanga o te matotoru ki te pāmahana o te hinu taumaha; engari ko te paearu matua mō te aromatawai i te nekehanga wai me te aromatawai i te whanonga hononga o te hanganga wera-rere i roto i te puna. Ka heke tere te matotoru hihiri i te pikinga o te pāmahana. Ko te tikanga o tēnei huringa nui he hapa iti i roto i te ine pāmahana i te wāte ine matotoru tonuka huri tika ki tētahi hapa nui o te uara matotoru kua pūrongohia. Nō reira, he mea nui te whakatikatika pāmahana tika, whakauru hoki mō tētahi pūnaha ā-roto pono e whakamahia ana i roto i ēnei taiao tairongo pāmahana nui. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā rerekētanga matotoru i puta mai i te pāmahana ka waihanga i ngā rohe geomechanical motuhake (kua ringihia, kua ringihia wāhanga, kāore i ringihia) e pā tika ana ki te rere o te wai me te whakarerekētanga o te puna wai, me te hiahia raraunga matotoru tika hei ārahi i te hoahoa kaupapa whakaora whai hua.
1.1.2 Te Whanoke Kore-Newtonian: Te Whakaiti-Kutikuti, te Thixotropy, me ngā Pānga Kutikuti
He maha ngā wai e kitea ana i roto i te whakaora rauemi rerekē e whakaatu ana i ngā āhuatanga kore-Newtonian. Ko ngā wai pakaru waipēhi e whakamahia ana i roto ite tango hinu kirikiri, he maha ngā wā he mea hanga ki te tiēre, he wai whakangāwari kutikuti noa iho, ka heke tere te matotoru whai hua i te pikinga ake o te tere kutikuti. Waihoki, ko ngā otinga polymer e whakamahia ana mō te Whakaora Hinu Whakarei (EOR) i roto i ngā puna hinu taumaha e whakaatu ana hoki i ngā āhuatanga whakangāwari kutikuti kaha, e inehia ana e te taupū whanonga rere iti (n), pērā i te n=0.3655 mō ētahi otinga polyacrylamide.
He wero nui te rerekētanga o te matotoru me te tere kutikuti mō ngā taputapu ā-roto. Nā te mea ehara te matotoru o te wai ehara i te Newtonian i te āhuatanga pumau engari e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mara kutikuti motuhake e pā ana ki a ia, he tonutaputapu ine matotoru hinuMe mahi i tētahi tere kutikuti kua tautuhia, he iti, he tino auau te tukurua, he rite tonu ahakoa ngā āhuatanga rere o te tukanga papatipu (whakakotahi, whakawhiti, turbulent rānei). Mena kāore te tere kutikuti e whakamahia ana e te pūoko i te pumau, he rangitahi noa te pānui matotoru ka puta, ā, kāore e taea te whakamahi pono mō te whakataurite tukanga, te au, te whakahaere rānei. Ko tēnei whakaritenga taketake e whakahau ana i te kōwhiringa o ngā hangarau pūoko, pērā i ngā taputapu orooro auau-tiketike, kua wehea ā-tauira mai i ngā hihiri macro-fluid o te paipa, o te oko rānei.
1.1.3 Te Pānga o te Taumahatanga Hua me te Uauatanga Maha-wāhanga
Haunga te whakangāwari noa i te kutikuti, ka taea e te hinu taumaha me te bitumen te whakaatu i ngā āhuatanga kirihou Bingham, ko te tikanga he Paepae Pēhanga Taumata (TPG) kei a rātou me wikitoria i mua i te tīmatanga o te rere i roto i ngā pāpāho porous. I roto i te rere o ngā paipa me te puna wai, ko te pānga ngātahi o te whakangāwari kutikuti me te ahotea hua ka tino whakawhāiti i te nekehanga me te pā ki te whai huatanga o te whakaora.
Hei tāpiri atu, he maha ngā āhua o ngā awa tangohanga rerekē, ā, he tino rerekē hoki. He maha ngā wā kei roto i ēnei awa ngā totoka iri, pērā i te onepu me ngā mea angiangi, inā koa ka tangohia he nui.hinu matotorumai i te kirikiri kirikiri ngoikore te whakapūmau. He mōrearea nui te rerenga o te onepu, ka nui te horo o ngā taputapu, ka purua te puna, ka hinga te raro o te poka. Ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā warowaihā tino matotoru, piri (te uku, te bitumen) me ngā totoka kohuke whakakoi ka hanga i tētahi tūmomo mōrearea rua ki te roa o te pūoko: te pakarite poke(te piri o ngā rauemi) me te hangaraute pakūtetahite ine i te matotoru ā-rotoMe pakari te pūnaha ā-mīhini, ā, me hangaia hoki ki ngā mata paninga mārō motuhake hei ātete i ngā āhuatanga waikura me te pirau, me te ātete hoki i te hanga o te matotoru teitei.ngā kiriata.
1.2 Ngā Rahunga o ngā Tauira Ine Tuku Iho
Ahakoa he paerewa ngā tikanga taiwhanga tuku iho, pērā i ngā inenga hurihuri, inenga kapiti, inenga pōro takahuri rānei, mō ngā tono motuhake, kāore i te pai mō te whakahaere tonu, wā-tūturu e hiahiatia ana e ngā mahi rerekē o ēnei rā. He pūmau tonu ngā inenga taiwhanga, ā, kāore e taea te hopu i ngā nekehanga rheological hihiri, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana e tohu ana i ngā tukanga whakaranu me te whakaora wera.
Ko ngā hangarau tawhito e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā wāhanga hurihuri tuku iho, pērā i ētahi ine mata hurihuri, he ngoikore ā-roto ina whakamahia ki te hinu taumaha, ki te ratonga bitumen rānei. Ko te whakawhirinaki ki ngā peera me ngā wāhanga nekeneke ngāwari ka tino ngawari ēnei taputapu ki te rahunga miihini, te kakahu wawe mai i ngā matūriki onepu kirikiri, me te paru nui nā te āhua matotoru teitei, piri o te hinu mata. Ko te paru nui ka tere te whakararu i te tika o ngā āputa whaiti, ngā mata pūoko rānei e hiahiatia ana mō ngā pānui matotoru tika, ka hua ake te mahi koretake me te utu nui o te tiaki. Ko te taiao uaua omatotoru o te hinu kirikirimete tango onepu hinue hiahiatia ana he hangarau i hangaia mō te whakakore i ēnei wāhi rahunga ā-mīhini.
II. Ngā Hangarau Ine Matatau: Ngā Mātāpono o te Viscometry Ā-Rārangi
Ko te taiao whakahaere o te hinu rerekē e kī ana me tino pakari te hangarau ine kua whiriwhiria, me tuku he whānuitanga hihiri, me whakarato i ngā pānui e kore e pā ki ngā āhuatanga rere nui. Mō tēnei ratonga, kua whakaatuhia e te hangarau viscometer wiri, viscometer orooro rānei te mahi me te pono pai rawa atu.
2.1 Ngā Mātāpono Hangarau o ngā Ine Matawai Wiri (Ngā Pūoko Āhuarangi)
Ko te mahi a ngā ine wiri e ahu mai ana i te mātāpono o te whakaiti i te oscillation. Ko te huānga oscillation, he maha ngā wā he resonator torsional, he marau whakahāngai rānei, ka peia e te hikohiko kia orohia i te auau tūturu (ωn) me te kaha pumau (x). Ka puta he pānga whakaiti i te wai e karapoti ana, me te hiahia ki tētahi kaha whakaoho motuhake (F) hei pupuri i ngā tawhā oscillation pumau.
Kua tautuhia te whanaungatanga hihiri kia rite ki te āhua, ki te mau tonu te kaha me te auau tūturu, ka ōrite tonu te kaha whakaoho e hiahiatia ana ki te tauwehenga matotoru (C). Mā tēnei tikanga ka tutuki ngā ine matotoru tino tairongo, me te whakakore i te hiahia mō ngā wāhanga miihini uaua, ngāwari ki te mau.
2.2 Te Ine i te Matotoru Hihiri me te Pūrongo Wā Kotahi
Ko te mātāpono ine haruru te mea matua e whakatau ana i te ātete o te wai ki te rere me te kore e taea te whakapūmau, ka hua ake he ine e whakaatuhia ana hei hua o te matotoru hihiri (μ) me te mātotoru (ρ), e tohuhia ana ko μ×ρ. Hei wehewehe me te ripoata i te matotoru hihiri tūturu (ρ), me tino mōhio te mātotoru wai (ρ).
He ahurei ngā pūnaha matatau, pērā i te whānau taputapu SRD, nā te mea kei roto i a rātou te kaha ki te ine i te matotoru, te pāmahana, me te mātotoru i te wā kotahi i roto i te kotahi tirotiro. He mea nui tēnei kaha i roto i ngā awa rerekē maha-wāhanga e rerekē ana te matotoru nā te hau e mau ana, te rerekētanga o te ihirangi wai, te rerekētanga rānei o ngā ōwehenga ranunga. Mā te whakarato i te āheinga whakahokinga matotoru iti iho i te g/cc, ka whakarite ēnei taputapu kia mau tonu te tika o te tatau matotoru hihiri ahakoa te rerekētanga o te hanganga wai. Mā tēnei whakaurunga ka whakakorea te uauatanga me te hapa e pā ana ki te kimi tahi i ngā taputapu motuhake e toru, ā, ka whakarato i tētahi waitohu āhuatanga wai wā-tūturu whānui.
2.3 Te Pakari o te Mīhini me te Whakaiti i te Para
He tino pai ngā pūoko wiri mō ngā āhuatanga uaua omatotoru o te hinu kirikiriratonga nā te mea he pakari, he kore pa hoki ō rātou wāhanga ine, e āhei ai rātou ki te mahi i raro i ngā āhuatanga tino kino, tae atu ki te pēhanga tae atu ki te 5000 psi me ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 200°C.
Ko tētahi painga matua ko te ātete o te pūoko ki ngā āhuatanga rere makaro. Ka wiri te huānga haruru i te auau tino teitei (he maha ngā miriona huringa ia hekona). Ko te tikanga o tēnei wiri auau teitei, iti te kaha, ka motuhake te ine matotoru i te tere rere papatipu, ka whakakore i ngā hapa ine e puta mai ana i te pōrearea o te paipa, ngā huringa rere laminar, ngā kōtaha rere kore-ōrite rānei.
Hei tāpiri atu, he nui te whai wāhi a te hoahoa ā-tinana ki te roa o te mahi mā te whakaiti i te paru. Ka ārai te oscillation auau-teitei i te piri tonu o ngā rauemi matotoru-nui pērā i te bitumen, te asphaltene rānei, e mahi ana hei tikanga horoi-ā-roto, ā-haurua-whakama. Ina honoa ki ngā mata paninga mārō motuhake, ātete-rakuraku, ātete-pakū, ka taea e ēnei pūoko te tu atu ki ngā pānga tino pirau o te onepu me ngā mea iti e kitea ana i roto i te...te tango onepu hinupara. He mea nui tēnei taumata pakari mō te roa o te ora o te pūoko i roto i ngā taiao whakakoi.
2.4 Ngā Aratohu Kōwhiri mō ngā Taiao Kino
Te whiriwhiri i te mea e tika anate ine i te matotoru ā-rotoKo te hangarau mō ngā ratonga rerekē me arotake marie i te roa me te pumau o te mahi, me te whakarite i ēnei āhuatanga i runga ake i te utu tīmatanga o te taputapu.
2.4.1 Ngā Tawhā Mahi Matua me te Awhe Kapinga
Mō te whakahaere pono o te tukanga, me whakaatu te ine matotoru i te kaha ki te whakahoki anō, me ngā whakaritenga kia pai ake i te ±0.5% o te pānui. Kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i tēnei tika mō ngā tono whakahaere porowhita kati, pērā i te werohanga matū, ina taea e ngā hapa iti o te tere rere te arahi ki ngā whiu utu me te mahi nui. Me whānui te whānuitanga matotoru hei whakauru i te whānuitanga katoa o te mahi, mai i te hinu whakarewa angiangi ki te uku matotoru, kāore i whakarewaina. Ka tukuna e ngā pūoko resonant matatau ngā whānuitanga mai i te 0.5 cP ki te 50,000 cP me te teitei ake, kia mau tonu ai te mahi a te pūnaha puta noa i ngā huringa me ngā raruraru o te whakaranu.
2.4.2 Te Kōpaki Whakahaere (HPHT) me ngā Rauemi
I runga i ngā pēhanga me ngā pāmahana teitei e pā ana ki te whakaora me te kawe rerekē, me whakatau te pūoko mō te whānuitanga mahi katoa, me te hiahia i ngā whakaritenga tae atu ki te 5000 psi, ā,inenga viscometer tukanga rainangā awhe pāmahana e hototahi ana ki ngā tukanga wera (hei tauira, tae atu ki te 200°C). Haunga te pēhanga me te pumau o te pāmahana, ko te rauemi hanga te mea nui. Ko te whakamahinga o ngā mata paninga mārō motuhake he āhuatanga nui, e whakarato ana i te tiaki e tika ana mai i te horo miihini i puta mai i ngā matūriki onepu me te whakaeke matū, kia mau ai te mahi mō te wā roa.
Kei roto i te Ripanga 1 tētahi tirohanga poto mō ngā painga whakataurite o ngā pūoko orooro i roto i tēnei tono uaua.
Ripanga 1: Tātaritanga Whakataurite o ngā Hangarau Ine Matao ā-Rāina mō te Ratonga Hinu Kāore i te Tikanga
| Hangarau | Te Mātāpono Ine | Te Whai Pānga ki ngā Wai Kore-Newtonian | Ātete ki te poke/te pakū | Auautanga Tiaki Noa |
| Te Wiri Hurihuri (Te Āhuatanga) | Te whakaiti i te huānga wiri (μ×ρ) | Tino pai (He iti te āpure kutikuti kua tautuhia) | Teitei (Kāore he wāhanga neke, he paninga mārō) | Iti (Ngā āheinga horoi-ā-koe) |
| Hurihuri (Rārangi) | Te taipana e hiahiatia ana hei huri i te huānga | Teitei (Ka taea te whakarato raraunga pihi rere) | Iti ki te Waenga (Me whai peera, ka ngawari ki te hanga/kakahu) | Teitei (Me horoi/whakatikatika auau) |
| Ngaru Ā-orooro/Orooro | Te whakaiti i te horapa o ngā ngaru oro | Waenga (He iti te whakamāramatanga kutikuti) | Teitei (Kore-pā, iti rānei te pā) | Iti |
E whakamārama ana te Ripanga 2 i ngā whakaritenga matua e tika ana mō te whakatinanatanga i roto i ngā ratonga taumaha, pērā i te tukatuka i te uku.
Ripanga 2: Ngā Whakatakotoranga Mahi Matua mō ngā Ine Matawai Tukanga Wiriwiri
| Tawhā | Ngā Whakatakotoranga e Hiahiatia ana mō te Ratonga Patumene/Hinu Taumaha | Awhe Noa mō ngā Pūoko Āhua Matatau | Te Hiranga |
| Awhe Matatini | Me whakauru ki te 100,000+ cP | 0.5 cP tae atu ki te 50,000+ cP | Me kapi te rerekētanga o te rerenga whāngai (kua whakaranua ki te kore kua whakaranua). |
| Te Whakahokinga o te Matotoru | Pai ake i te ±0.5% o te pānui | I te nuinga o te wā ±0.5%, pai ake rānei | He mea nui mō te whakahaere werohanga matū porowhita-katia. |
| Whakatauranga Pēhanga (HP) | Te iti rawa o te 1500 psi (he maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana he 5000 psi) | Tae atu ki te 5000 psi | He mea tika mō ngā paipa pēhanga teitei, mō ngā raina pakaru rānei. |
| Te Ine i te Kiato | E hiahiatia ana (I te wā kotahi a μ me ρ) | te auautanga o te g/cc | He mea nui mō te kimi i ngā wāhanga maha me te tatau i te matotoru hihiri.
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III. Te Whakamahinga o te Papa, te Tāutanga, me te Roa o te Mahi
Te angitu o te whakahaere mōte ine matotoru tonuI roto i te whakaora rauemi kore tikanga, ka whakawhirinaki anō hoki ki te hangarau pūoko matatau me te hangarau tono tohunga. Ka whakaitihia e te whakatinanatanga tika ngā pānga rere o waho, ā, ka karohia ngā wāhi e ngawari ana te noho pūmau, ā, ka whakahaerehia e ngā tikanga tiaki pakari ngā wero paru me te pakū e kore e taea te karo.
3.1 Ngā Rautaki Whakatakotoranga Tino Pai
3.1.1 Te Whakanoho Pūoko me te Whakaiti i te Rohe Taunga
Me ine tonu te wai i roto i te āhua rere e neke haere tonu ana te wai puta noa i te rohe e kitea ana. He mea nui tēnei hei whakaaroaro mā te hinu taumaha me te bitumen, e whakaatu pinepine ana i te āhua ahotea hua. Ki te tukua te wai kia noho pūmau, ka tino rerekē te pānui, kāore e rite ki te awa nui, ā, tera pea ka maha rau ngā wā ka teitei ake i te matotoru tuturu o te wai e neke ana.
Me whakakore rawa e ngā miihini ngā rohe pūmau katoa, tae atu ki ngā mea iti, inā koa kei te taha o te pūtake o te waeine pūoko. Mō ngā whakaurunga T-piece, e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i ngā paipa, he iti noa te wā e hiahiatia ana he pūoko poto. Hei whakarite kia kitea te waeine pūoko ki te rere tonu, ōrite, he mea nui kia whakamahia hepūoko whakaurunga roae toro atu ana ki roto i te pū o te paipa, ko te mea pai ko tua atu i te wāhi e puta atu ai te awa rere i te T-piece. Mā tēnei rautaki ka whakanoho te huānga tairongo ki roto i te ngākau o te rere, ka nui ake te pānga ki te wai tukanga e tohu ana. I roto i ngā tono e whai wāhi ana ki ngā wai me te ahotea hua nui, ko te aronga tāutanga pai ake ko te whakarara ki te ahunga rere hei whakaiti i te ātete me te whakatairanga i te kutikuti wai tonu i te mata o te pūoko.
3.1.2 Te Whakaurunga ki ngā Mahi Whakaranu me te Tāke
Ahakoa ko te whakapūmautanga o te rere i roto i ngā paipa te kaupapa matua, ko te tono ote ine i te matotoru ā-rotoHe mea nui anō hoki ngā viscometer i roto i ngā taiao tūmau. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā viscometer i roto i ngā tāke whakaranu e whakaranua ana ngā hinu mata, te bitumen, me ngā wai whakakōkī kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o raro. I roto i ēnei tono, ka taea te whakanoho i te pūoko ki roto i te tāke i tētahi aronga, mena ka whakamahia he taunga tukanga e tika ana. Mā ngā pānui wā-tūturu ka puta he urupare tonu mō te ōritetanga o te ranunga, kia tutuki ai te hua whakamutunga i ngā whāinga kounga kua tohua, pērā i te mea e hiahiatia ana.taupū matotoru.
3.2 Ngā Tikanga Whakamātautau me te Whakamana
Ka taea anake te pupuri i te tika mēnā he pakari, he taea hoki te whai i ngā tikanga whakatikatika. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whiriwhiri tupato i ngā paerewa whakatikatika me te whakahaere tupato i ngā taurangi taiao.
Ko te matotoru o te ahumahihinu whakahinuhinuka inehia i roto ite centipoise, te millipascal-hēkona rānei (mPa⋅s) te matotoru kinematic rānei i roto i ngā centistokes (cSt), ā, ka mau tonu te tika mā te whakatairite i ngā uara ine ki ngā paerewa whakatikatika kua whakamanahia. Me whai i ēnei paerewa ki ngā paerewa ine ā-motu, ā-ao rānei (hei tauira, NIST, ISO 17025) kia tika ai. Me whiriwhiri ngā paerewa kia kapi katoa te whānuitanga mahi, mai i te matotoru iti rawa e tumanakohia ana (hua kua waimeha) ki te matotoru teitei rawa e tumanakohia ana (whāngai mata).
Nā te tino aro o te matotoru o te hinu taumaha ki te pāmahana, ko te whakatutukitanga o te whakatikatika tika e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pupuri i ngā āhuatanga wera tika. Mena ka rerekē te pāmahana i te wā o te whakatikatika ahakoa he iti noa iho, ka heke te uara matotoru tohutoro o te hinu paerewa, ka whakakorea te paerewa tika i whakatūria mō te pūoko mara. Nō reira, ko te whakahaere pāmahana tino pakari i te wā o te whakatikatika he taurangi whakawhirinaki tahi e whakatau ana i te pono o tete ine matotoru tonupūnaha e whakamahia ana. He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakapai tukatuka ngā pūoko e rua kua whakatikatikaina i ngā pāmahana motuhake, pērā i te 40°C me te 100°C, hei tatau tika i te wā-tūturuTāurangi Matatini(VI) o ngā hinu whakahinuhinu.
3.3 Te Whakatau i ngā Raruraru me te Tiaki i ngā Taiao Tino Para
Ahakoa ngā pūoko tino kaha o te miihini, me tiaki tonu i ngā taiao e kitea ana he nui te paru mai i te bitumen, te asphaltene, me te toenga mata nui. He mea nui te tikanga horoi motuhake, matatau hoki hei whakaiti i te wā kore mahi me te ārai i te nekenekehanga o te ine.
3.3.1 Ngā Rongoā Horoi Motuhake
He maha ngā wā kāore e whai hua ngā whakarewa ahumahi paerewa ki ngā putunga uaua, piri rawa i hangaia e te hinu taumaha me te bitumen. Ko te horoinga whai hua me whakamahi i ngā otinga matū motuhake, hangaia e whakamahi ana i ngā kaiwhakamahana me ngā matū horoi kaha me te pūnaha whakarewa kakara. Ko ēnei otinga, pērā i te HYDROSOL, he mea hanga motuhake hei whakarei ake i te urunga putunga me te mākū o te mata, kia tere, kia whai hua hoki te whakarewa i te hinu taumaha, te hinu mata, te bitumen, te asphaltene, me ngā putunga paraffin, me te aukati hoki i te whakatakotoranga anō o ēnei rauemi ki ētahi atu wāhi o te pūnaha i te wā o te huringa horoi.
3.3.2 Tikanga Horoi
Ko te tikanga o te tukanga horoi ko te tohatoha i te whakarewa motuhake tuatahi, me te horoi i muri mai ma te whakamahi i te whakarewa tuarua tino kaha te hurihanga, pērā i te acetone. He pai te acetone mō tōna kaha ki te whakarewa i ngā toenga whakarewa hinu me ngā toenga wai. Whai muri i te horoinga o te whakarewa, me whakamaroke pai te pūoko me te whare. He pai ake te mahi i tēnei ma te whakamahi i te rere tere-iti o te hau ma, mahana. Ka taea e te mimiti tere o ngā whakarewa hurihanga te whakamatao i te mata o te pūoko i raro i te tohu tomairangi, ka meinga te hau makuku kia whakawhāiti i ngā kiriata wai, ka poke ai te wai tukanga i te tīmatanga anō. Mā te whakamahana i te hau, i te taputapu rānei ka whakaiti i tēnei mōrearea. Me whakauru ngā tikanga horoi ki roto i ngā huringa paipa, oko rānei kua whakaritea hei whakaiti i te whakararuraru mahi.
Ripanga 3: Aratohu Whakatau Rapanga mō te Ine i te Matotoru Tonu
| Āhua rerekē i kitea | Te Take Tūpono i roto i te Ratonga Kāore i te Tikanga | Te Aratohu Whakatikatika/Te Aratohu ā-Whare | Āhuatanga Pūoko e tika ana |
| He pānui matotoru ohorere, kāore i te whakamāramatia | Te paru o te pūoko (te uku, te kiriata hinu taumaha) te hanga matūriki rānei | Tīmatahia te huringa horoi matū mā te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa kakara motuhake. | Ka whakaitihia te tūponotanga o te poke e te wiri auau teitei. |
| Ka rerekē rawa te matotoru i runga i te tere rere | He rite tonu te pūoko kua tāutahia ki te rohe pūmau, ki te rere rānei, he laminar/kore-ōrite (ehara i te wai Newtonian) | Tāutahia he pūoko whakaurunga roa kia tae atu ki te pūtake o te rere; nekehia te tūnga kia whakarara ki te rere. | Pūoko Whakauru Roa (Āhuatanga Hoahoa). |
| Te pānui i te nekehanga i muri i te tīmatanga | Ngā pute hau/hau kua mau (ngā pānga maha-wāhanga) | Me whakarite kia tika te whakaputa hau me te taurite o te pēhanga; whakahaerehia he tātari rere rangitahi. | Ka taea e te pānui mātotorutanga ōrite (SRD) te kite i te wāhanga hau/korenga. |
| He iti tonu te matotoru, he iti hoki te matotoru, inā koa ki ngā whakamātautau taiwhanga. | Te whakahekenga/te angiangi o te polymer/tāpiri DRA teitei | Manatokohia te mahi iti-kutikuti i roto i ngā papu weronga; whakarerekētia ngā tukanga whakarite otinga DRA. | Te mana motuhake o te ine mai i te tere rere (Hoahoa pūoko). |
IV. Raraunga Wā-tūturu mō te Arotau Tukanga me te Tiaki Matapae
Ko te rere o ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mai i tētahi pūnaha tino ponote ine matotoru tonuKa hurihia e te pūnaha te mana whakahaere mai i te aroturukitanga tauhohe ki te whakahaere matatau, te whakahaere arotau puta noa i ngā āhuatanga maha o te tango me te kawe kore tikanga.
4.1 Te Mana Werohanga Matū Tika
4.1.1 Te Arotau i te Whakaiti Tōia (DRA)
He nui te whakamahinga o ngā Ākena Whakaiti Tō (DRA) i roto i te hinu mata.matotoru hinungā paipa hei whakaiti i te waku pōrearea me te whakaiti i ngā hiahia mana papu. Ko ēnei kaihoko, ko ngā polymer, ko ngā surfactants rānei, ka mahi mā te whakaoho i te whanonga angiangi kutikuti i roto i te wai. Ko te whakawhirinaki anake ki ngā inenga hekenga pēhanga hei whakahaere i te werohanga DRA he koretake nā te mea ka pāngia te hekenga pēhanga e te pāmahana, ngā rerekētanga o te tere rere, me te kakahu miihini whānui.
Ko te tauira whakahaere pai rawa atu e whakamahi ana i te matotoru kitea i te wā tūturu hei taurangi urupare matua mō te horopeta matū. Mā te aroturuki tika i te rheology wai e puta mai ana, ka taea e te pūnaha te whakarite tika i te tere werohanga DRA kia mau tonu te wai i te āhua rheological tino pai (arā, te whakatutuki i te whakahekenga whāinga i roto i te matotoru kitea me te whakanui ake i te taupū angiangi kutikuti, ). Mā tēnei huarahi ka tutuki te whakaiti tōia mōrahi me te iti o te whakamahinga matū, ka hua ake he penapena utu nui. Hei tāpiri, mā te aroturuki tonu ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te kite me te whakaiti i te pakaru ā-pūkaha o te DRA, ka puta pea nā te tere kutikuti rere teitei. Mā te whakamahi i ngā papu werohanga kutikuti iti me te aroturuki i te matotoru i raro tonu i te pūwāhi werohanga ka whakaū i te marara tika me te kore e pakaru te mekameka polymer kino e whakaiti ana i te kaha whakaiti tōia.
4.1.2 Te Arotau i te Werohanga Whakarewa mō te Kawe Hinu Taumaha
He mea nui te whakawaiwaitanga mō te kawe i te hinu mata matotoru me te bitumen, me whakaranu ngā wai whakawaiwai (ngā wai whakapūkara, ngā wai mata māmā rānei) kia puta ai he awa whakakotahi e tutuki ana i ngā whakaritenga o te paipa. Ko te kaha ki te kawete ine i te matotoru ā-rotoka homai he urupare tonu ki te matotoru o te ranunga (μm) e puta mai ana.
Mā tēnei urupare wā-tūturu ka taea te whakahaere pūmau, tonu hoki i te ōwehenga werohanga waiwhakarewa (). Nā te mea he hua nui te uara o ngā waiwhakarewa, ko te whakaiti i tō rātou whakamahinga me te piri tonu ki ngā ture rere o ngā paipa me te haumaru he whāinga ōhanga matua i roto i tete tango onepu hinuHe mea nui anō hoki te aroturuki i te matotoru me te mātotorutanga hei kimi i ngā taupatupatu mata kore e kitea i te wā e whakaranua ana, ka taea ai e ēnei te whakatere i te poke me te whakanui ake i ngā utu pūngao i ngā tukanga o muri mai.
4.2 Te Whakapūmau Rere me te Arotautanga o te Kawe Paipa
He uaua te pupuri i te rere pumau me te pai o te hinu mata tauhou nā te mea he ngāwari ki te huri i ngā āhua me te nui o te ngaronga o te waku. Ko ngā raraunga matotoru ā-wā tonu te tūāpapa o ngā rautaki whakapūmau rere o ēnei rā.
4.2.1 Tātaitanga Kōtaha Pēhanga Tika
He mea nui te matotoru mō ngā tauira waipēhi e tatau ana i ngā ngaronga waku me ngā kōtaha pēhanga. Mō ngā hinu mata, ina rerekē rawa ngā āhuatanga mai i tētahi mara ki tētahi atu, mā ngā raraunga tika, tonu ka noho tonu te matapae me te pono o ngā tauira waipēhi o te paipa.
4.2.2 Te Whakapai Ake i ngā Pūnaha Kitenga Tutuki
Ko ngā pūnaha kimi turuturu hou e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te tātari Tauira Whakawhiti Wā Tuturu (RTTM), e whakamahi ana i ngā raraunga pēhanga me te rere hei tautuhi i ngā āhuatanga rerekē e tohu ana i te turuturu. Nā te mea he pānga tika te matotoru ki te hekenga o te pēhanga me ngā nekehanga rere, ka taea e ngā huringa ā-taiao o ngā āhuatanga o te hinu mata te whakaputa i ngā nekehanga o te kōtaha pēhanga e rite ana ki te turuturu, ka hua ake he nui ngā whakaoho teka. Mā te whakauru i te wā-tūturute ine matotoru tonuraraunga, ka taea e te RTTM te whakarerekē hihiri i tana tauira kia aro ki ēnei huringa rawa tūturu. Mā tēnei whakatikatika ka tino whakapai ake i te aro me te pono o te pūnaha kimi turuturu, ka taea ai te tatau tika ake i ngā reiti me ngā tūranga turuturu me te whakaiti i te mōrearea whakahaere.
4.3 Te Papu me te Tiaki Matapae
He pānga nui tō te āhua rheological o te wai ki te utaina ā-pūkaha me te whai huatanga o ngā taputapu papu. Mā ngā raraunga matotoru wā-tūturu ka taea te arotau me te aroturuki i runga i te āhua.
4.3.1 Te Whai Hua me te Whakahaere i te Āhuatanga o te Pūwero
I te pikinga ake o te matotoru o te wai, ka piki ake hoki ngā ngaronga pūngao i roto i te papu, ka iti haere te pai o te waipēhi, ā, ka piki ake anō hoki te whakapaunga hiko e hiahiatia ana hei pupuri i te rere. Mā te aroturuki tonu i te matotoru ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whai i te pai o te papu me te whakarerekē i ngā puku tere rerekē hei whakarite i te mahi tino pai me te whakahaere i te whakapaunga hiko.
Hei tāpiri atu, ka whakanui ake te matotoru nui i te mōrearea o te cavitation. Ka whakanui ake ngā wai matotoru nui i ngā hekenga pēhanga i te momi papu, ka nekehia te pihi papu, ka whakapiki ake hoki i te Upoko Momi Pai Kupenga e Hiahiatia ana (NPSHr). Mena ka iti iho te NPSHr e hiahiatia ana—he āhuatanga noa ina whakamahia ana ngā raraunga matotoru pumau, whakaroa rānei—ka mahi te papu i te taha morearea o te pūwāhi cavitation, ka tūpono te kino ā-mīhini. Wā-tūturute ine i te matotoru ā-rotoe whakarato ana i ngā raraunga e tika ana hei tatau hihiri i te tauwehenga whakatikatika NPSHr e tika ana, kia mau tonu ai te tawhē mahi haumaru o te papu, me te ārai i te pakaru me te pakaru o ngā taputapu.
4.3.2 Te Kitenga i ngā Āhuatanga Kāore i te Tika
He paparanga horopaki kaha ngā raraunga matotoru mō te tiaki matapae. Ko ngā panonitanga rerekē o te matotoru (hei tauira, he pikinga ohorere nā te horomitanga o te matūriki, he hekenga rānei nā te pikinga ohorere o te waiwhakarewa, te pakarutanga rānei o te hau) ka tohu pea i ngā panonitanga o te uta papu, ngā take hototahi wai rānei. Mā te whakauru i ngā raraunga matotoru ki ngā tawhā aroturuki tuku iho, pērā i ngā tohu pēhanga me te wiri, ka taea te kimi wawe me te tika ake i ngā momo rerekētanga me te tautuhi hapa, ka ārai i ngā rahunga i roto i ngā taputapu nui pērā i ngā papu weronga.
Ripanga 4: Te Matatini Whakamahinga Raraunga Matatini Wā-Tūturu i roto i ngā Mahi Hinu Kāore i te Tikanga
| Rohe Whakahaere | Te Whakamārama Raraunga Matatini | Huanga Arotau | Tohu Mahi Matua (KPI) |
| Te Whakaiti i te Tōia (Paipa) | Ko te hekenga o te matotoru i muri i te werohanga he hononga ki te whai huatanga o te whakaitiiti kutikuti. | Te whakaiti i te nui rawa o te horomanga matū me te pupuri tonu i te rere pai. | Te Whakaiti i te Mana Papu (kWh/bbl); Te Whakaiti i te Hekenga Pēhanga. |
| Ranunga Whakarewa (Taputapu Ine i te Matotoru Hinu) | Mā te takahuri urupare tere ka tutuki te matotoru o te ranunga e hiahiatia ana. | Te whakamana i te piripono ki ngā whakaritenga o te paipa, me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakarewa. | Te ōritetanga o te Taupū Matatini Hua Putanga (VI); Te ōwehenga o te Kaiwhakarewa/Hinu. |
| Aroturukitanga Hauora o te Papu | Te rerekētanga matotoru, te wiri rānei kāore i te whakamāramatia. | He whakatūpato wawe mō te kore hototahi o te wai, te urunga mai, te mimiti rānei o te wai; he tawhē NPSHr kua whakapaitia. | Te whakaiti i te wā whakatā kore i whakamaheretia; Te whakapai ake i te whakapaunga hiko. |
| Te Whakapūmau Rere (Te Ine i te Matotoru Tonu) | He tika mō te tatau i te ngaronga o te waku me te tika o te tauira rangitahi. | Ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o te aukati i ngā paipa; ka whakanuia te aro ki te kimi turuturu. | Te Tika o te Tauira Whakapūmau Rere; Te Whakaiti i ngā Whakaoho Tūkino Hē. |
Whakatau me ngā Taunakitanga
Ko te pono me te tikate ine matotoru tonuo ngā warowaihā tauhou—ina koamatotoru o te hinu kirikirime ngā wai mai ite tango onepu hinu—ehara i te mea he whakaritenga tātari noa iho engari he mea nui mō te whai huatanga o te mahi me te ōhanga. Ko ngā wero ā-roto e pā ana ki te matotoru rawa, te whanonga uaua ehara i te Newtonian, ngā āhuatanga ahotea hua, me te riri takirua o te paru me te karawarawa ka kore e whakamahia ngā hangarau ine ā-roto tuku iho.
Whakaoho matatau,ngā ine wiriKoinei te hangarau tino tika mō tēnei ratonga nā runga i ō rātou painga hoahoa taketake: kāore he wāhanga neke, he ine kore pa, he ātete teitei ki te pakū (mā ngā paninga mārō), me te ātete ā-roto ki ngā rerekētanga rere nui. He mea nui te kaha o ngā taputapu hou ki te ine i te matotoru, te pāmahana, me te mātotoru i te wā kotahi (SRD) hei whakaputa i te matotoru hihiri tika i roto i ngā awa maha-wāhanga, me te whakahohe i te whakahaere whānui o ngā āhuatanga wai.
Ko te whakatinanatanga rautaki me aro nui ki te āhua o te tāutanga, me te whakamahi i ngā pūoko whakaurunga roa ki ngā wahi-T me ngā tuke hei karo i ngā rohe whakaroa e pā ana ki ngā wai ahotea hua. Ka mau tonu te roa o te mahi mā te tiaki whakahaunga ma te whakamahi i ngā whakarewa kakara motuhake i hangaia hei uru me te whakamarara i te paru warowaihā taumaha.
Ko te whakamahinga o ngā raraunga matotoru wā-tūturu ka neke atu i te aroturukitanga māmā, ka taea ai te whakahaere matatau i ngā tukanga nui. Ko ngā putanga arotau matua ko te whakaiti i te whakamahinga matū i roto i te whakaiti tō mā te whakahaere ki te āhua rheological ūnga, te arotau tika i te whakamahinga o te waiwhakarewa i roto i ngā mahi whakaranu, te whakakoi i te pono o ngā pūnaha kimi turuturu e hangai ana ki te RTTM, me te aukati i te rahunga miihini mā te whakarite kia mahi ngā papu i roto i ngā tawhā NPSHr haumaru kua whakatikatikaina kia hihiri mō te matotoru wai. Te haumi ki te pakari, te haere tonute ine i te matotoru ā-rotoHe rautaki nui tēnei mō te whakanui ake i te nui o te rere o te hinu, te whakaiti i ngā whakapaunga whakahaere, me te whakarite i te pono o te rere o te hinu i roto i te whakaputanga me te kawe waka rerekē.
Wā tuku: Oketopa-11-2025
