He mea nui te ine tika, tonu hoki i te mātotoru mō te hanga naphtha me ngā mahi ethylene cracker—e whakaata ana i ngā āhuatanga rauemi whāngai (te hanganga hauwai waro, te ihirangi whanariki, me ētahi atu), e ārahi ana i ngā whakatikatika tukanga wā-tūturu (te pāmahana oumu/te wā noho), e whakaiti ana i ngā mōrearea kore-tautuhinga, e whakaiti ana i te paru/te whakatakotoranga coke, ā, e tautoko ana i te tutuki me te whai huatanga o te tipu petrochemical, me ngā taputapu ā-roto pērā i ngā ine mātotoru ngongo wiri me te utu pāmahana/pēhanga e whakarite ana i te pono.
He Tirohanga Whānui mō te Hanga Naphtha me ngā Tukanga Pakaru Ethylene
Ko te tukanga hanga naphtha te pou tūāpapa o te rāngai matū hinu hou. Ko te naphtha, he ranunga hauwaiwai pūngāwerewere mai i te C5 ki te C12, e ahu mai ana i te nuinga o te wā mā te whakatō hinu mata me te tukatuka i ngā wai whakapūngao. Ko te hiranga o te naphtha e ahu mai ana i tōna whakamahinga maha: hei rauemi matua mō te hanga ethylene me te propylene, he mahi nui anō hoki ki te whakaranu penehīni, te hanga whakarewa, me te hanga matū motuhake.
Ngā Wāhanga Whakaputa Naphtha
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Ka tīmata te hanga naphtha ki te whakarite rauemi kai, e aro ana ki te tango i ngā poke mai i te hinu mata, i ngā waikura rānei. He mea nui te whakahaere i ngā poke, pērā i te tango whanariki, hei tiaki i ngā waeine tukatuka o raro, me te whakarite ki ngā ture taiao. Ko te taahiraa e whai ake nei ko te whakatō tuatahi—te whakamahi i ngā pou hauātea, korehau rānei hei tango i te naphtha hei wāhanga māmā. Whai muri i tēnā, ko te whakamahana wai, te whakamahine i te naphtha mā te tango i te whanariki toenga, te hauota, me ngā konganuku. Ka tino whakapai ake tēnei wāhanga i te kounga o ngā rauemi kai mō ngā taahiraa hurihanga matū e whai ake nei.
Ko ētahi atu whakapainga ko te whakahounga catalytic me te isomerization, e whakarite ana i te hanganga o te naphtha kia rite ki tana whakamahinga e tika ana. Ka whakarei ake te whakahounga i ngā whakatauranga octane mō te penehīni, ko te isomerization ka whakatika i te hanganga hauwaiwai kia pai ake ai te hanga matū. Mā ēnei mahi whakamahine ka tautuhia te pai o te hua whakamutunga mō te pakaru, te whakaranu rānei i raro iho.
Ko te tūranga o te Naphtha hei pūtake matua mō te oumu pakaru ethylene nā tōna hanganga ngota taurite. Ina whakaurua ki te tukanga pakaru mamaoa, ka tautokohia e te hanganga o te naphtha ngā hua hua kanorau—tae atu ki te ranunga o te ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, me te xylene. Ko tēnei ngāwari te pou here o ngā matū matatini whakauru, e hiahia ana ki ngā olefin nui me ngā hua tahi whai hua hei whakanui ake i te hua me te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia o te mākete.
I roto i te oumu ethylene cracker, ka puta te tukanga i roto i ētahi wāhanga e tino whakahaerehia ana:
- Te Whakamahana i mua i te Rauemi Whāngai:Ka whakaranua te naphtha ki te mamaoa waimeha, ko te tikanga hei aukati i te hanganga o te kōka. Ka tere te whakamahana i tēnei ranunga, ka whakarato i te pūngao wera e tika ana mō ngā tauhohenga pakaru.
- Te Pakaru o te Kohu (Rohe Hihiko):Ka tomo te awa kua whakamahanatia ki roto i ngā ngongo oumu, ka whakawetohia ki ngā pāmahana i waenga i te 850°C me te 950°C. I raro i ēnei pāmahana teitei me te wā noho poto, ka motu ngā here warowaihā, ka puta he ethylene, he propylene, me ētahi atu olefin māmā.
- Te Wehenga me te Whakaiti i te Hua:I te putanga mai, ka whakamataohia tonutia te hau pakaru i roto i te wāhanga tinei hei aukati i ngā tauhohenga tuarua kāore e hiahiatia, hei tiaki hoki i te hua ethylene. Ka wehea te awa hua mā te whakamahi i ngā pourewa wehewehe, ngā ipu whakapūkara, me ngā mea mimiti, ka wehea ngā olefin takitahi me ngā hua taha.
- Te Whakamaemaetanga o te Hua:Hei whakamutunga, ka purea ia rerenga hua ki ngā āhuatanga kua tohua, ka tangohia ngā paru toenga mā roto i ngā mea mimiti, ngā tātari ngota, me ngā pou whakahoromata.
Ko te momo rauemi whāngai pakaru te mea e hanga tika ana i te tohatoha hua. Ka hangaia e te Naphtha he kohinga hua tahi pakari engari he iti ake te hua ethylene—ko te tikanga he 25–35% te taumaha o te whāngai. He rerekē, ko ngā whāngai rerekē pērā i te ethane e tuku ana i ngā hua ethylene tae atu ki te 80% engari he iti noa ngā hua tahi. Ko tēnei rerekētanga te mea e hanga ana i te hoahoa o te tipu, ngā putanga ōhanga, me te uaua o ngā wero ine i te kiato wai.
Ko ngā pihikete ethylene e whakamahi ana i te naphtha me whai taputapu ine matotoru matatau me ngā taputapu whakamātautau matotoru wai puta noa i te tukanga. Ka aroturukihia e ngā taputapu ine matotoru te kounga o te whāngai naphtha, te tika o te whakaranu, me te āwhina ki te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te pihikete. Mā te ine matotoru wai tika ka whakamōhio i ngā tikanga hei ine i te matotoru wai, ā, ka tautoko i te whakatauira hua hua, e whakaatu ana i te whakaurunga mahi o ngā taputapu ine matotoru—he mea nui mō ngā kaiwhakahaere o ngā tipu ethylene nui.
Ko te mārama ki te tukanga hanga naphtha me tōna tūranga i muri mai i roto i te pakaru ethylene te mea nui ki te whakamahi i te whānuitanga o ngā hua me te mahi whakahaere o te umanga matū hinu. Ko te taunekeneke i waenga i te momo rauemi whāngai, te whirihoranga tukanga, me te hangarau ine ka akiaki i te arotautanga o te tipu, ā, ka hangai ki ngā whakaritenga o te mākete me te taiao e whanake haere ana.
Te Arotautanga Tukanga me ngā Tawhā Whakahaere Hiranga
Ko te whakahaere tika i ngā taurangi tukanga i roto i te oumu ethylene cracker ka whakatau tika i te hua ethylene me te whai huatanga o te tukanga. Ko te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi whāngai, te whakahaere i ngā āhuatanga o te oumu, me te whakahaere i ngā wā tauhohenga te tūāpapa o ngā tukanga hanga naphtha kua arotauhia.
Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi whāngai he mea matua. Ko ngā naphtha māmā me ngā whāngai rerekē pērā i te ethane he iti ake te kiato, ā, he nui ngā paraffin, e whakarei ake ana i te whiriwhiringa ethylene me te whakaiti i ngā hua taha kino me te hanganga coke. He rerekē, ko ngā rauemi whāngai pakaru he nui ake te kiato—nā te taumaha o ngā warowaihā—ka hua ake he iti ake te hua ethylene me te pikinga o ngā tukunga. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ko ia pikinga piki haere o te ihirangi C8+ e pā ana ki ngā ngaronga hua, e whakaatu ana i te hiranga o te tautuhi me te whakahaere tonu i ngā rauemi whāngai.
I roto i te oumu, he mea nui te pupuri i te pāmahana pai rawa atu o te putanga koiri (≈850°C) hei whakanui ake i ngā tauhohenga pakaru tuatahi. Mā ngā rerekētanga ka hua ake ngā tauhohenga tuarua kāore e hiahiatia, te nui rawa rānei o te whakatakotoranga kōka. Me tino whakarite te wā noho; ki te poto rawa, ka pāngia te huringa, engari ki te roa, ka pau te ethylene i ngā tauhohenga karapīpiti, ka whakaiti i te putanga. Ko te taunekeneke o te pāmahana me te wā noho, i whakaritea mō te mātotoru me te hanganga o te whāngai, koia te tūāpapa o te hiranga mahi.
Ko te ine i te mātotoru te tikanga matua e āhei ai tēnei taumata whakahaere. Mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine mātotoru matatau, pērā i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto a Lonnmeter, ka whiwhi ngā kaiwhakahaere i ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mō ngā āhuatanga o ngā rauemi whāngai wai. Ka tukuna e ēnei taputapu ine mātotoru he urupare tonu mō te hanganga o te naphtha e haere mai ana me ngā rauemi whāngai pakaru. Mā tēnei urupare ka whakamōhio i ngā whakatikatika oumu mō te rere o te mura, te pēhanga o te pahu mamaoa, me te hāora āwhata, ka tiakina te hua ahakoa ka rerekē ngā āhuatanga whāngai.
Ko ngā tikanga hei ine i te mātotoru wai i roto i tēnei horopaki ko te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu me ngā taputapu ine mātotoru motuhake mō ngā wai, ko te nuinga mā roto i ngā pūoko ā-roto e tu atu ana i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teitei e kitea ana i roto i ngā mahi ethylene cracker. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei taputapu te mōrearea o te rerekētanga o te whāngai e arahi ana ki te ngaronga hua, ā, ka taea te whakauru piri ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukanga.
Mā ngā tikanga ine tika i te mātotoru wai e tautoko te whakahaere matapae me te arotau. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere ngā taputapu ine mātotoru hei whakatau mēnā he pai ngā rauemi kai e haere mai ana mō te huringa whai hua, mēnā rānei e hiahiatia ana te whakaranu. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakarite me te whakaranu i ngā puranga naphtha i runga i ngā uara mātotoru inehia, kia mau tonu ai ngā āhuatanga o te oumu ki te āhua pai mō te hanga ethylene.
Ka pā tika ngā taputapu whakamātautau kiato wai ki te whakaritenga, te whiriwhiri rauemi mata, me te whakamahinga pūngao. Ina whakaatuhia e ngā ine densito te nekehanga ki te whāngai kiato teitei ake, ka taea e ngā kaihanga tukanga te wawao mā te whakarerekē i te pāmahana oumu, te ōwehenga mamaoa, te wā tauhohe rānei, ka whakahokia te tukanga ki te whai huatanga. I roto i ngā tipu hou, ka tautokohia hoki e ngā raraunga kiato wā-tūturu i ahu mai i ngā taputapu pakari te whakatauira maha-pūmua mō te tohatoha whāngai me te whakahaere putanga.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te arotautanga tukanga i roto i te hanga ethylene e whakawhirinaki ana ki te aroturuki tonu me te whakahaere i ngā taurangi tukanga matua: te kōwhiringa rauemi whāngai, ngā tawhā oumu, me te roa o te tauhohenga. Mā te whakatinanatanga o ngā taputapu ine kiato pono mai i Lonnmeter ka taea te mārama ki ngā tukanga mahi, te tiaki i te hua me te whakahohe i te mahi pumau, whai hua puta noa i ngā wāhanga katoa o te pakaru naphtha.
Ngā Mātāpono me te Hiranga o te Ine i te Kiato
Ko te ine i te mātotoru he tūāpapa mō te whakahaere i ngā tukanga hanga naphtha me ngā mahi oumu ethylene cracker. I roto i te pakarutanga o te naphtha-cosh, ka whakaratohia e te mātotoru he māramatanga tonu ki te takenga mai o ngā rauemi kai me tōna hītori whakamahine, ā, he mea nui mō te whakahaere tukanga. Ko te mātotoru o te naphtha—he maha ngā wā ka inehia e ngā tikanga ine mātotoru wai paerewa pērā i te ASTM D4052—e whakaatu ana ehara i te mea ko te hanganga hauwai anake engari ko ngā huringa hoki o te ihirangi whanariki, te kakara, me te tohatoha paraffin. Ka pā tika ēnei rerekētanga ki ngā hua hua, te whai huatanga o te mahi, me ngā ia o te poke i roto i ngā oumu ethylene cracker, e whakakaha ana i te mātotoru hei tohu matua mō te kounga o te kai me te pakaru.
Mā ngā inenga matotoru ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere tipu te aroturuki i te ōritetanga o ngā rauemi kai pakaru i te wā tonu. Mā te hopu i ngā rerekētanga matotoru, ka taea te whakarerekē tere i ngā pāmahana oumu me ngā wā noho, me te arotau i ngā tohatoha hua me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā awa kore-whakaritenga. He mea nui tēnei whakahaere ā-roto ki te whakanui ake i te hanga ethylene, te whakaiti i te whakatakotoranga coke, me te whakaroa i ngā huringa mahi o ngā oumu pakaru.
I tōna pūtake, ko te kīanga ko te papatipu mō ia wae rōrahi (ρ = m/V). Ko te ine i te kīanga i roto i te horopaki o te whare hanga hinu ko te whakatau i te papatipu me te rōrahi tika o te tauira wai i raro i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana me te pēhanga motuhake. Ko ngā taputapu ine kīanga ahumahi e arotahi ana ki te ine tika i te papatipu me te rōrahi mā te maha o ngā tikanga. Ko te ine kīanga ngongo oscillating, e whakamahia nuitia ana i roto i ngā mita kīanga inline Lonnmeter, ka tatau i te kīanga mā te kite i ngā huringa auau i roto i te ngongo-U wiri e kī ana i te wai tauira—ngā huringa e rite ana ki te kīanga o te tauira. Ka tutuki i tēnei tikanga ngā āwangawanga i raro i te 0.1% me te whakatikatika pakari, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana nā tōna pono me tōna putanga.
Ko ētahi atu huarahi matua ko te pauna wai-pūmau me te ine ine. Heoi, ko te nuinga o ēnei ka tukuna ki te tātari taiwhanga, ki te whakatauira kounga rānei, nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he wawaotanga ā-ringa, ā, kāore e taea te whakarato i ngā inenga tonu, wā-tūturu e hiahiatia ana i roto i ngā tautuhinga tipu hou. I roto i ngā tipu ahumahi, ka tāutahia ngā taputapu ine mātotoru tino tika ki ngā wāhi tino nui o te rere o te tukanga hei whakamātautau tonu i te mātotoru wai, ka taea ai te urupare tere ki ngā rerekētanga me te tautoko i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga hua.
He mea nui kia whakaarohia e ngā taputapu ine kiato ngā pānga o te pāmahana me te pēhanga, nā te mea ka taea e ngā rerekētanga taiao me ngā rerekētanga i puta mai i te tukanga te whakarerekē nui i te uara inehia. Ka whakauruhia e ngā taputapu matatau te utu pāmahana hei whakarite kia rite ngā pānui papatipu me te rōrahi ki ngā tikanga tohutoro paerewa, he mahi kua uaua ake engari kua tika ake hoki nā ngā auahatanga i roto i te hoahoa pūoko me ngā tikanga whakatikatika.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te ine tika me te haere tonu i te mātotoru wai mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pakari pēnei i ngā mita ngongo oscillating inline he mea nui ki te whakapūmau kounga me te arotau tukanga i roto i te tukanga hanga naphtha me ngā mahi oumu ethylene cracker. Mā ēnei tikanga ine mātotoru ka whakaratohia he raraunga nui hei pupuri i te pono o ngā rauemi whāngai, hei whakapai ake i te ōritetanga o te hua, ā, hei akiaki i te mahi ōhanga me te whakahaere o ngā tipu matū hinu.
Ngā Hangarau me ngā Utauta Ine Matotoru Matatau
Nā te nekehanga mai i te ine i te mātotoru wai tuku iho ki te ine i te mātotoru wai e ahu mai ana i te pūoko kua hurihia ngā ahumahi tukanga pēnei i te hanga naphtha, ngā mahi oumu ethylene cracker, me te aroturuki tonu i ngā rauemi kua pakaru. I whakawhirinaki ngā tikanga ine mātotoru o mua ki ngā tukanga ā-ringa, ā-haurua-aunoa rānei, e hiahia ana kia nui te whakahaere tauira me te roa o te wā e hiahiatia ana e te kaiwhakahaere. Ko ngā ine viscometer capillary, te tikanga hydrostatic, me te mātāpono a Archimedes he mea taketake engari he roa te wā, he maha ngā wā ka puta he raraunga taiwhanga kotahi-ira kaua ki te whakahaere tukanga wā-tūturu.
I pai ake te tika o ngā taputapu ine mātotoru tuku iho, pērā i ngā mita rere Coriolis, ngā mita viscometer ngongo oscillating rānei, engari i pā tonu ngā wero. Hei tauira, ka ngaro pea te tika o ngā mita Coriolis me ngā ranunga maha-wāhanga, te hau kua mau, ngā rere koretake rānei—ngā āhuatanga noa i roto i te umanga hinu. Ko te tikanga, me nui te tiaki, te whakatikatika, me te whakaroa i te tango tauira, te mahi ā-ringa rānei mō ēnei tikanga.
Kua whakauruhia mai e ngā taputapu ine kiato hou ngā pūoko kiato me te tukatuka matihiko whakauru e whakatairanga ana i te whakamātautau kiato wai ā-roto, ā-wā tūturu. Mā ngā hangarau pūoko pēnei i ngā ine kiato wai whakapūmau, ngā taputapu oro me te kaha, me ngā pūnaha mimiti hihi-X ka taea te ine tonu, ā-tūnga, ka whakakorea te hiahia mō te tauira o waho me te whakaiti i te hapa tangata.
Ngā Taputapu me ngā Utauta Ine Matotoru
Ngā taputapu ine kiatoka taea te wehewehe ki ētahi wāhanga matua, ia wāhanga e whakamahi ana i ngā mātāpono ā-tinana rerekē:
Ngā Tikanga Wiri (Mārau Whakatangi, Cantilever):
Ko ngā pūoko wiri, tae atu ki ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto Lonnmeter, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nekehanga o te auau orooro i te wa e haere ana te wai i roto, e taunekeneke ana rānei ki tētahi huānga wiri. I roto i ngā taputapu marau whakarārangi, e rua ngā peka kua whakaritea kia wiri; ka pā te mātotoru o te wai ki tō rātou auau tūturu. Ko ngā taiao rere pumau, pērā i ngā paipa i roto i ngā oumu ethylene cracker, ka whai hua mai i ēnei taputapu nā te pumau teitei me te urupare tere. He rite ngā mātāpono o ngā taputapu cantilever, me te aro e tika ana mō ngā wai Newtonian me ngā wai kore-Newtonian. He tino whai hua ēnei mō te whakahaere tonu i te whakaranu, te whakahou, me te aroturuki i te putanga, me te utu mō ngā huringa pāmahana me te pēhanga e whakarite ana i te mahi pono i roto i ngā āhuatanga matū hinu kino.
Ngā Pūoko Oro:
Ka ine ngā pūoko oro i te tere o te oro i roto i te wai, e rerekē ana i runga i te mātotoru me te hanganga o te wai. Mā te tuku i te pāorooro ultrasonic puta noa i tētahi ara kua tautuhia me te hopu i tōna wā whakawhiti, ka tatau tika te pūoko i te mātotoru. He pai ngā taputapu oro mō ngā awa kei roto ngā ranunga maha-wāhanga—pērā i te rauemi whāngai pakaru—kei reira ngā huringa tere o te wāhanga e kitea whānuitia ana. Mā te pūoko oro tohatoha (DAS) me ngā huinga muka whatu ka taea te mahere taipitopito o ngā tikanga rere me te rerekētanga mātotoru me te kore e aukati i te tukanga. He tino pai ēnei pūnaha i roto i ngā tono e hiahia ana kia iti te raruraru tauira, e mau tonu ana i te putanga nui me ngā ōwehenga wāhanga rerekē.
Ngā Tikanga Pēhanga me te Diaphragm:
Ka whakamahia e ngā taputapu e hangai ana ki te pehanga te rerekētanga o te pehanga puta noa i tētahi āhuahanga e mōhiotia ana hei tatau i te mātotoru. I roto i ngā taiao tino kino, pērā i te pakaru o te mata, i ētahi atu waeine naphtha pāmahana-tiketike rānei, ka tiakina e ngā hiri o te pehanga ngā wāhanga tairongo i te wā e tuku ana i ngā huringa pehanga tika ki ngā tuku mamao, ki ngā tuku ā-roto rānei. Ka pupurihia e ngā rauemi motuhake pērā i te kowiri tira me ngā wai whakakī pāmahana-tiketike te mahi a te taputapu i raro i ngā āhuatanga neke atu i te 400°C me ngā pehanga teitei, me te whakatikatika whakauru e whakarite ana i te whai me te pono o te ine. Ka pupurihia e te tiaki auau (hei tauira, ngā tauranga horoi) te tika i roto i ngā tukanga e nui ana te poke e kitea ana i roto i ngā awa whāngai toenga.
Ngā Pūrere e Hangai ana ki te Papa Aukume:
Ka whakamahia e ngā ine aukume ngā taunekeneke wai me te papa aukume—mā te wiri o te aukume i roto i te ngongo tohutoro, mā ngā pūoko pānga Hall rānei—ka hono ngā huringa o te kaha whakamātao ki te mātotoru o te wai. He pai ēnei mō ngā tauira kore-arataki, kore-waikura rānei; heoi, me āta whakatikatika ina whakamahia i roto i ngā awa he rerekē ngā hanganga, he nui rānei ngā pikinga pāmahana.
Ngā Tikanga Mimihanga Hiko-X:
I roto i ngā taiao rangahau me ngā tukanga motuhake e hiahia ana kia tino tika i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga tino kino, ka whakaratohia e te mimiti hihi-X he otinga pakari, kāore e pokanoa. Ka tukuna ngā hihi-X kaha-nui mā roto i te tauira, ā, ka inehia te ngoikore; ko te nui o te mimiti e pā tika ana ki te kiato me te matotoru o te tauira. Ina honoa ki ngā pūtau paepae taimana kua whakamahanahia e te laser, ka taea e tēnei huarahi te ine i ngā pēhanga i runga ake i te 20 GPa me ngā pāmahana i runga ake i te 2000 K—ngā āhuatanga e tūpono ana i roto i te rangahau rauemi matatau me ētahi rangahau matū hinu pēhanga-teitei. Ka puta mai i te tikanga he iti iho i te 0.01% te koretake, e kapi ana i ngā āhua totoka me te wai i te wā tūturu me raro i ngā whakawhiti pāmahana hihiri.
Ngā Āhuatanga Mahi Whakataurite
Kua arotauhia ngā hangarau ine kiato hou mō te whai huatanga o te mahi me te whakaurunga o ngā tukanga. He maha ngā painga o ngā taputapu me ngā taputapu ine ā-roto pērā i ngā mea e tukuna ana e Lonnmeter ki ngā tikanga tuku iho:
- Ine tonu, wā-tūturuka taea te urupare tika mō ngā whakatikatika tukanga aunoa i roto i ngā oumu parāoa ethylene, i ngā mahi whakaranu naphtha rānei.
- Te whakaiti i te whakahaere tauiramengā wā urupare terewhakaiti i te mōrearea o te poke me te whakapai ake i te haumaru o te tukanga.
- Ngā rauropi utu mamati me te whakatikatikawhakaitihia te rerekētanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaiwhakahaere, kia pai ake ai te ōritetanga o te hua me te mana whakahaere kounga.
- Ātete ki te poke, te pāmahana, me te pikinga o te pēhangaI roto i ngā taputapu hou, ka pumau te ine ahakoa ngā rerenga rauemi kai pakaru, ngā ranunga hauwaiwai matatini, ngā taiao kutikuti teitei rānei.
Ko ngā tikanga taiwhanga tuku iho tonu te paerewa tohutoro mō ngā take whakatikatika, inā koa ka hiahiatia te koretake o te ine mutunga, te whai rānei i ngā waeine SI. Heoi, mō te aroturuki auau-teitei o ngā awa tukanga, ko ngā taputapu ine kiato ā-roto te paerewa ahumahi.
Ngā Āhuatanga Mahi me ngā Take Whakahaere
Ko te pono o te ine i roto i ngā taiao ahumahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki ētahi tawhā. Ka pā te rahinga tauira ki te āhua whakaatu me te tere urupare o ngā pānui kiato. Me pupuri tonu e ngā taputapu e mahi ana me ngā rahinga tauira iti te mana whakahaere i te pono o te ine kia whai tikanga ai ngā raraunga, inā koa mō ngā tono ā-roto pērā i ngā taputapu ine kiato a Lonnmeter. He mea nui anō hoki te aro—ko te kaha ki te kite i ngā huringa ngawari o ngā āhuatanga he mea nui hei pupuri i te ōritetanga o te hua me te whakatau i ngā raruraru tukanga i roto i ngā rauemi kai pakaru, i ngā tukanga hanga naphtha rānei.
He mea nui te awhe pāmahana mō te whiriwhiri taputapu me te pumau o te ine. Me mahi ngā taputapu ine mātotoru mō ngā wai puta noa i te whānuitanga o ngā pāmahana, mai i te pāmahana taiao ki te pāmahana tino nui o te oumu i roto i ngā mahi ethylene cracker. Hei tauira, ko te ine tika i te >800°C, e kitea ana i roto i ngā oumu ethylene cracker, he arai tae atu ki te pirau o ngā rauemi pūoko, te nekeneke, me te whakapoto i ngā huringa whakatikatika. Ka tere ake te waikura i ngā pāmahana whakahaere teitei, ka puta te ngenge miihini, ā, ka akiaki i te whakamahinga o ngā paninga pūoko motuhake, ngā whare taputapu pakari rānei hei whakaroa i te roa o te mahi me te pupuri i te tika.
Ko te tika tonu he mahi nā te hoahoa taputapu me te kawa whakahaere. Ko ngā tikanga ine kiato hou mō ngā wai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakamana auau ki ngā paerewa tohutoro kua whakamanahia. Mō ngā tono rauemi kai pakaru, ka horapa ngā hapa iti i roto i te kitenga kiato ki ngā whakatikatika tukanga hē, ka whakaiti i te whai huatanga me te hua. Ko te piripono ki ngā tikanga whakatikatika me te whakaurunga o ngā pūwāhi tirotiro tātaritanga tonu te poutoko i te ine kiato wai tino tika i ngā whare hanga hinu.
He wero ahurei te ine i te mātotoru o ngā rauemi pakaru i roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua. He maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā awa tukatuka i roto i ngā oumu ethylene cracker me ngā tipu naphtha ngā matūriki, te rere maha-wāhanga, me ngā warowaihā tino tauhohe. Kua hangaia ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto lonnmeter kia tu atu ki ēnei taiao kaha me te hanganga whakapakari me ngā rauemi e ātete ana ki te ahotea matū me te wera. Ahakoa ēnei whanaketanga, ko te ranunga o te tere teitei, ngā huringa tere o te wāhanga, me te wera nui o roto i ngā koiri tukatuka ka puta he hapa ine wera me te miihini, ka hiahiatia he tikanga whakahaere tauira me te tāutanga pakari.
Ko te aromatawai hapa i raro i ēnei āhuatanga tino kino ka whakamahi i ngā tikanga tātari me te whakaahua maha. Ko ngā tikanga pūmau me te pycnometry tuku iho ka puta he hua pono i roto i ngā tautuhinga whakahaere engari kāore i te tino whai hua i ngā pāmahana teitei nā te whānui o te wera, te pōuri o te taha, me te nekenekehanga whakatikatika. Ko ngā tikanga matatau, tae atu ki te UV me te whakaahua wera, ka whakarei ake i te tika mā te whakaiti i ngā taonga irahiko me te whakapai ake i te rerekētanga i roto i te rohe ine. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ka taea e te arotautanga o ngā āhuatanga whakaahua—pēnei i te tango papamuri me te taunga porowhita—te whakaiti i te haurua o ngā tawhā koretake ahakoa kei te mahi i runga ake i te 3000 K. E whakaatu ana te tūtohi 1 i ngā pūtake matua o te hapa me ō rātou pānga ki te tika:
Ko te whakamana tika o te taputapu he huringa ine auau mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira tohutoro kua whakamanahia. I roto i ngā tono rauemi whāngai pakaru, me aro te whakatikatika ehara i te mea ko ngā pānga matotoru tauira me te hapa i puta mai i te pāmahana engari me te nekenekehanga pūoko mō te wā roa. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau take kua whakaputaina ko te whakatikatika anō i roto i te wāhi mā te whakamahi i ngā wai tohutoro ka taea te whai ake ka taea te whakanekeneke i te roa o te ratonga taputapu, te whakaiti i te auau whakatikatika anō, me te pupuri i ngā taumata hapa i raro iho i te 1% i raro i ngā āhuatanga uaua tonu. Ko te whakamana auau—me te whakanui ake e ngā tātaritanga whakauru—he mea nui tonu mō te oranga tonutanga o te tukanga me te haumaru i roto i ngā tautuhinga matū hinu.
Ko ngā taputapu ine kiato mahi-teitei, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, ka whakauru i ngā huinga pūoko, ngā mahi horoi aunoa, me ngā tirotiro whakatikatika mamao hei whakapai ake i te pono o te mahi. I roto i ngā taputapu whakamātautau kiato wai, ko te aromatawai hapa tere me te whakatikatika urutau he paerewa mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, te whakahaere tukanga, me te mahi tahi a te mākete. Hei whakamutunga, ko te ine kiato pono i roto i ngā taiao tino kino e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hoahoa taputapu pakari, te whakatikatika whānui, me te aroturuki hapa pūnaha—he pou matua ki ia tikanga hei ine i te kiato wai i roto i te umanga hinu matū.
Ngā Whakamahinga o te Ine i te Kiato i roto i ngā Tukanga Petrochemical
He mea nui ngā taputapu ine mātotoru ā-roto, pērā i ngā ine matotoru ngongo wiri, ki te hanga naphtha me te whakahaere i ngā oumu ethylene cracker. Ina tāutahia tika ki roto i ngā paipa tukatuka, ka whakaratohia e ēnei taputapu ine matotoru te aroturuki tonu, ā-wā-tūturu o ngā matotoru wai—he tawhā nui mō te whakahaere i te kounga o ngā rauemi mata me te urupare wawe ki ngā huringa o ngā āhuatanga tukatuka. Hei tauira, ka whakatauhia e ngā ine matotoru ngongo wiri te matotoru mā te ine i ngā nekehanga auau oro o tētahi ngongo kua whakakiia ki te wai tukatuka; i te mea ka huri te matotoru, ka huri anō hoki te auau oro, ka puta he raraunga tere me te tika ahakoa i raro i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga rerekē, tae atu ki ngā āhuatanga cryogenic e pā ana ki ngā wāhanga whakamatao rauemi pakaru. Mā te whakatikatika me ngā warowaihā pērā i te methane me te ethane ka noho tika tonu ēnei taputapu mō ngā wai matū hinu rerekē.
I roto i te tukanga hanga naphtha, ka taea e ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto te aroturuki i te pono o ngā rauemi whāngai me ngā taumata poke me te kore e whakaroa i ngā tauira ā-ringa. Ka kitea e ngā taputapu ine mātotoru ngā huringa ngawari e pā ana ki ngā pekapeka tukanga, ki te aroaro rānei o ngā poke kāore e hiahiatia—pērā i ngā tote me ngā konganuku—ka taea te whakakino i ngā ngongo oumu ethylene cracker. Ka taea e ngā pānui mātotoru wā-tūturu te whakarerekē i ngā tere tātari me ngā pūnaha purenga rauemi whāngai, ka āwhina i te whakaiti i te hanganga coke me te whakaroa i ngā wā oma oumu me te whakaiti i ngā utu tiaki kore i whakamaheretia. Mā te pupuri i te kounga rauemi whāngai rite tonu, ka whakapai ake hoki te taputapu ine mātotoru mō ngā wai i te pono o te mahi me ngā putanga taiao, e ai ki te tuhinga i roto i ngā rangahau maha me ngā pūrongo hokohoko.
Ko ngā raraunga pūoko kiato te mea nui ki te arotautanga tukanga hihiri i roto i ngā pihikete ethylene. Kei roto i ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Tohatoha (DCS), ka tukuna e ngā mita kiato ā-roto a Lonnmeter ngā raraunga tonu ki ngā kaiwhakahaere tukanga, hei whakamōhio i te pāmahana oumu me ngā whakatikatika tere rere o te rauemi whāngai. Hei tauira, ko ngā rerekētanga i roto i ngā pānui kiato ka tohu pea i te nekehanga o te hanganga tukanga, i te tīmatanga rānei o te poke; ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te urupare mā te whakatikatika i te kōtaha pāmahana oumu, te whakarerekē rānei i te putanga mahi, kia pai ake ai ngā hua hua me te whakamahinga pūngao. E whakaatu ana ngā tātaritanga ahumahi i ngā painga ka taea te ine: te whakapai ake i te putanga mahi, te whakaiti i ngā wā whakatā, me te penapena pūngao, me te hokinga mai o te haumi mō ngā taputapu ine kiato e kitea ana i roto i ētahi marama nā te pai ake o te whai hua.
Mō te haumaru, mā te aroturukitanga tonu o te mātotorutanga ka whakatūpato wawe i ngā āhuatanga rerekē ka pā kino ki te kounga o ngā taputapu i roto i ngā oumu ethylene cracker. E whakaatu ana ngā taunakitanga kua whakaputaina ko te ine i te mātotorutanga i te wā tūturu e tautoko ana i ngā rautaki tiaki ārai; ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te wawao i mua i te pikinga o te poke, te kohi kōka rānei hei pakaru utu nui, hei tūponotanga haumaru rānei. Ehara i te mea ka whakarite noa tēnei mahi matatau i te mahi haumaru engari ka whakaitihia hoki te pānga ki te taiao whānui mā te whakahaere i ngā tukunga e pā ana ki te tahunga koretake me te whakawhiti wera.
E whakaatu ana ngā tauira mai i ngā tipu matū hinu e mahi ana ko te whakamahi i ngā taputapu whakamātautau matotoru wai matatau ka hua ake he mahi oumu pumau ake, he kounga hua teitei ake, me te tutuki i ngā paerewa ture whakakaha. Ko ngā tikanga ine matotoru mō ngā wai—tae atu ki te ngongo wiri, te wiri, me ngā tikanga Coriolis—ka tukuna te tika e hiahiatia ana mō ēnei taiao uaua, he maha ngā wā ka tutuki te tika o te ±0.1 kg/m³, pai ake rānei i ngā tautuhinga pēhanga teitei, pāmahana teitei. Mā ngā rerekētanga mai i ngā kōtaha matotoru e tumanakohia ana ka taea te tautuhi tere i ngā raruraru tukanga, e tautoko ana i te arotautanga me te whakapumautanga kounga puta noa i te hanga naphtha me ngā waeine pakaru ethylene.
Ko te whakaurunga o ngā taputapu ine kiato a Lonnmeter ki roto i ēnei tukanga e whakaatu ana i te āheinga o ngā raraunga wā-tūturu ki te whakawhiti i te umanga matū mai i te whakamātautau ā-ringa ā-wā ki te whakahaere aunoa, hihiri hoki. I te mea ka uaua haere, ka whakahaeretia hoki ngā mahi hinu-matū, ka whakatūria ngā taputapu ine kiato hei mea nui mō te mahi ōhanga me te mahi haumaru.
Ngā Here me ngā Otinga
Kua roa ngā taputapu ine mātotoru tuku iho pērā i ngā pycnometer, ngā hydrometer, me ngā taputapu U-tube hurihuri ā-ringa e mahi ana ki te rāngai matū hinu mō ngā tekau tau. Heoi, ko ngā taiao whakaputa matū hinu—pērā i ngā oumu ethylene cracker me ngā tukanga hanga naphtha—he wero kei tua atu i ō rātou kaha. He nui te mahi hei whakahaere i ngā tauira mō ēnei tikanga, ā, he ngāwari ki te kore e taurite. Ka taea e ngā huringa pāmahana i te wā whakawhiti te whakarerekē i ngā hua, engari ko ngā take pērā i te mau o te mirumiru hau he maha ngā wā ka whakararu i te tika. Hei tauira, ko te ine i te mātotoru o te rauemi kai pakaru, o ngā awa naphtha e rere ana rānei me whai mana tika ki ngā āhuatanga me te parakore o te tauira, he āhuatanga kāore e taea te whakaputa anō i roto i te tautuhinga taiwhanga, inā koa me ngā tauira matotoru, ngā tauira maha-wāhanga rānei.
I raro i ngā āhuatanga tukanga—te pāmahana teitei, te pēhanga teitei, te aroaro rānei o ngā matū kaha, poke rānei—ka tere te pirau o ngā taputapu ine kiato tuku iho, ka kore rānei e puta he hua ka taea te whakahoki. Kāore e taea e ēnei taputapu te whai i ngā huringa tukanga i te wā tūturu, nō reira kāore i te tere, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā rōpū whakahaere. Hei tauira, i te wā e ine ana i te kiato wai o ngā rauemi kai ki roto i te oumu ethylene cracker, me whai tauira ā-ringa ngā tikanga tawhito, ka puta he whakaroa e aukati ana i te arotautanga tukanga hihiri. Ka taea e tēnei kore urupare wā te arahi ki ngā whakataunga mō te kaha o te pakaru kāore i te tino pai, me te whakaiti i te hua hua.
Ko te whakawhirinaki ki te ine ā-ringa ka whakawhāiti hoki i te whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha tipu aunoa. Ko te nuinga o ngā taputapu ine kiato tawhito mō ngā wai kāore e tuku raraunga tonu, ā, me wawao nui te kaiwhakahaere mō te whakatikatika me te tiaki. Ko te whakatikatika auau me te ngawari ki te nekeneke ka whai wāhi ki te koretake o te mahi me te nui ake o te whakamahinga rauemi. I roto i ngā tipu matū hinu hou e whakatairanga ana i te putanga me te haumaru, ka puta ko ēnei whakaroa me te koretake o te mahi ka piki ake ngā utu me te tūponotanga mōrearea.
Ko ngā taputapu ine matotoru wai matatau, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, ka aro atu ki ēnei herenga mā te tuku tātari tonu, ā-roto me te iti o te tiaki. He mea hanga motuhake ēnei taputapu kia taea ai te aro atu ki ngā taiao tukanga uaua—ngā pāmahana teitei, ngā rerekētanga pēhanga nui, me ngā momo tikanga rere e tūpono ana ki ngā taputapu matū hinu. Hei tauira, ka taea te tāuta tika i ngā ine matotoru ngongo wiri ā-roto me ngā mita matotoru oro matatau ki roto i ngā raina tukanga, whakawhiti rānei, ka whakakore i ngā hapa whakahaere tauira me ngā āhuatanga kāore i te ōrite i waenga i ngā awa taiwhanga me ngā awa tukanga. Ko tā rātou urupare tere ka tuku raraunga wā-tūturu, ka taea ai te urupare tere me ngā whakatikatika whakahaere tukanga, he mea nui mō te tukanga hanga naphtha me te arotau i ngā āhuatanga rauemi kai i roto i ngā oumu pakaru ethylene.
Ehara i te mea whānui te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu ine mātotoru tika; me whai whakaaro ki ngā whakaritenga o te tukanga me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te rauemi kai. Hei tauira, ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi tikanga ine mātotoru mō ngā wai i roto i te tukanga naphtha me whai taputapu tika, ngāwari ki te whakahoki, me te hototahi matū puta noa i te whānuitanga o te pāmahana me te pēhanga. Ko ngā mita ngongo wiri ā-roto e pai ana mō ngā awa wai kotahi-wāhanga, ma nā te mea he tino tika, ko ngā pūnaha ranu oro matatau, maha-pūoko rānei he pai ake ki te ine i te mātotoru i roto i ngā whāngai pakaru kei roto he hau, he matūriki rānei. I runga i ngā kaupapa matua o te tukanga—te kaha o te mahi, te pono, te ngāwari rānei o te tiaki—me arotake e ngā miihini ngā whakaritenga whakatikatika o te taputapu ine mātotoru, te uaua o te whakaurunga, me ngā hiahia tautoko tonu.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te whakarei ake i te pono o ngā taputapu whakamātautau kiato wai e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā taiao matū hinu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whiriwhiri i ngā otinga pakari e rite ana ki ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga me te rauemi whāngai. Ka honoa e ngā taputapu ā-roto hou te āputa i waenga i te tika o te taiwhanga me ngā tono tukanga tūturu, ka taea ai te mahi tika ake, te whai hua, me te haumaru puta noa i te mekameka uara matū hinu, mai i te tātari rauemi whāngai pakaru ki te manatoko kounga naphtha whakamutunga.
Ngā Tikanga Pai mō te Kōwhiri me te Whakamahi i ngā Taputapu Ine Matotoru
Ko te whiriwhiri i te taputapu ine matotoru tino pai mō ngā mahi matū hinu pēnei i ngā oumu ethylene cracker, i te tukanga hanga naphtha rānei, me āta whakataurite i ngā āheinga o te taputapu ki ngā tono tukanga me ngā whakaritenga ture. Me whai whakaaro ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te hototahitanga matū, te mātāpono ine, ngā tikanga tāutanga, ngā hiahia tika, me ngā utu huringa ora e tumanakohia ana i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā taputapu mō te whakamātautau matotoru wai—tae atu ki ngā ine matotoru ā-roto pēnei i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter.
Paearu mō te Kōwhiri i ngā Taputapu Ine Matotoru
Mō ngā tukanga e whai wāhi ana ki ngā rauemi kai pakaru, te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu rānei o te mātotoru wai i roto i ngā whare hanga hinu, ko ngā whakaaro matua ko:
Te Mātāpono IneKōwhiria ngā taputapu i runga i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te tauira. Ko ngā mita ine-ngūpu-U e oscillating ana, e whai ana i te ASTM D4052, ka whakarato i ngā inenga tino tika me te taea te whakahoki, inā koa mō ngā hauwaiwai wai. Ka whakaratohia e ngā mita ine-rauropi (gamma) he otinga pakari mō ngā āhuatanga pāmahana teitei, pēhanga teitei rānei e tūpono ana ki ngā putanga oumu ethylene cracker me ētahi awa tukanga naphtha, nā te mea kāore e pokanoa, ā, kāore e pāngia e ngā āhuatanga tino kino o te tukanga.
Tauira Hototahi: Whakatauritehia ngā rauemi kua mākūhia ki te taputapu ki ngā rauemi pāpāho—kia ātete ki te waikura me te pēhanga mō ngā taiao kino. Ko ngā whakaurunga ā-roto (tika tonu i roto i te rere o te tukanga) he mea tino pai mō te ine i te mātotoru tonu, ko ngā kōwhiringa karo ia e whakatutuki ana i ngā hiahia tauira mō ngā wai uaua.
Te Tika me te PonoKo te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu ka whakawhirinaki ki te tika e hiahiatia ana. Tērā pea me tika te ±0.001 g/cm³ mō ngā pūwāhi whakawhiti tiaki, engari ko te aroturukitanga tukanga whānui mō ngā wai kua whakaputaina ka taea te aro atu ki ngā whakaritenga whānui.
Ngā Whakaritenga Taiao o te TukangaArotakehia ngā whakatauranga o ngā taputapu mō te mahi tonu i raro i te pēhanga teitei, te huringa wera tere, me ngā matū kaha e kitea ana i ngā awa o te papaka me te whare whakapai. Me aro atu ngā taputapu ki te poke me te pupuri i te whakatikatika i te wā e rerekē ana te tukanga.
Whakaurunga me te AunoatangaMe āhei ngā taputapu ki te whakauru mamati kia pai ai te whakahaere tukanga, kia iti ai ngā wawaotanga ā-ringa, kia iti ai hoki ngā hapa a te kaiwhakahaere.
Ngā Tohutohu Tāutanga mō te Ine Tika i te Kiato
He mea nui te tāutanga tika mō te ine pono i te mātotoru i roto i ngā taiao pēnei i ngā mīhini whakahou mamaoa pēhanga teitei, ngā raina whāngai wai rānei i roto i ngā pihikete:
Te Whakanoho me te ArongaMe tāuta ngā ine ine i te nui o te wai tukatuka ki te wāhi e ōrite ana—kaua e whakaurua ngā wāhi e pāngia ana e te hau, e te paru rānei. Mō ngā tauira ā-roto, kia tika te roa o te rere o ngā paipa ki runga, ki raro hoki hei whakaiti i te raruraru o te rere. Mō ngā tāutanga poutū, kia tino rumakina te wāhanga pūoko i ngā wā katoa.
Te Wehenga Wera me te Wehenga MīhiniWhakamarumaruhia ngā paipa tukanga kia mau tonu te pāmahana o te tauira engari kaua e hipokina ngā hikohiko taputapu kia kore ai e wera rawa. Whakanohoia ngā pūoko kia matara atu i ngā pūtake tika o te wera hihi, te wiri rānei, ka taea ai te whakaputa i te nekenekehanga o te tohu.
Whakaurunga PūnahaWhakamahia ngā tī paipa me ngā tautoko kua whakatauria kua hangaia mō ngā āhuatanga pēhanga me te pāmahana o ngā raina hangarua oumu pihikete, ngā waeine maimoatanga wai naphtha rānei. Whakaūtia kua tutuki ngā hononga miihini katoa i ngā ture o te papa mō te kaha me te ārai i te turuturu.
Urunga TiakiWhakamaherehia te tāutanga me te urunga mārama mō te tirotiro ā-wā, te horoi, me te whakatikatika hei pupuri i te pono o ngā raraunga kiato puta noa i te roanga o te mahi a te taputapu.
Te Tiaki mō te Mahi Roa
Mā ngā arowhai auau me te tiaki kua whakatikatikaina ka tautokona te tika me te pono o ngā taputapu ine kiato i roto i ngā tautuhinga matū hinu taumaha:
Tirotiro me te HoroiTirohia tonutia ngā mata o te pūoko mō te puranga - ina koa kei roto ngā wai matotoru, ngā rauemi pakaru rānei kua poke. Horoia kia kore ai e hapa te ine.
WhakarerekētangaWhakamahia ngā wai tohutoro kua whakamanahia mō te whakatikatika ā-tūnga, ā-rua rānei puta noa i te awhe mahi katoa. Ko te whakatikatika hihiri me ngā wai tukanga tuturu te mea pai mō ngā tauira ā-roto. Tuhia ngā mahi whakatikatika katoa kia rite ki ngā aratohu o te ao kua whakamanahia hei pupuri i te whai i ngā whakaritenga.
Aroturuki RaraungaMe aro turuki tonu i ngā putanga ine mō ngā tohu o te hekenga. Whakamahia ngā tātaritanga au hei kimi i ngā take e puta ake ana i mua i te pānga ki te mana kounga, ki te pono rānei o te whakawhiti taonga.
Whakangungu KaiwhakahaereMe whakarite kia whakangungua ngā kaimahi ki ngā tikanga whakahaere taputapu me ngā tikanga ohorere, inā koa i te wā e whakahaere ana i ngā tono pēhanga teitei i roto i ngā wāhanga whakaputa ethylene cracker, naphtha rānei.
Ngā Whakaaro Haumaru i roto i ngā Horopaki Pāmahana Teitei/Pēhanga Teitei
He mea nui te haumaru i te tāutanga me te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine mātotoru i roto i ngā taiao pēnei i ngā raina whakawhiti putanga oumu:
Whakatakotoranga RauemiKōwhiria ngā taputapu kua manatokohia ngā whakatauranga pēhanga me te pāmahana. Whakamahia ngā takirere, ngā flange, me ngā tinana pūoko kua whakamanahia, ātete ana ki te ngoki, te waikura, me te ru wera.
Te Whakatūnga PūmauWhakamātauria ngā turuturu katoa, ā, kia rite ki ngā ture hanga e tika ana. Whakaūtia kei te wātea ngā pūnaha whakahaere pāmahana hei ārai i te wera nui me te kino o ngā taputapu.
Te Wehenga Tukanga me te PPEWhakamahia ngā takirere kati aunoa, ā, whakawhāitihia te urunga i te wā e mahi ana i ngā mahi tiaki. Me whakamahi i ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro, me te whakarite kia tika te hauhautanga mēnā ka pāngia koe e ngā awa wera, pēhanga hoki.
Te Tūnga PūokoWhakatakotoria ngā taputapu kia matara atu i ngā pūtake wera nui, ā, kia tika te wāhi hei puta atu mō ngā āhuatanga ohorere. Ki te taea, whakamahia te tāutanga mamao mō ngā taiao tino kino, pērā i te wāhanga hihi o te oumu ethylene cracker.
Ko te ine tika, haumaru, me te pono o te mātotoru wai i roto i ngā tipu hinu matū e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whiriwhiri i ngā taputapu tika—pērā i ngā mea e tukuna ana e Lonnmeter—e tāutahia ana, e tiakina ana hoki kia rite ki ngā tikanga tino pai. Mā te piri ki ēnei mātāpono ka whakarite kia pai te whakahaere tukanga, te kounga hua, me te haumaru o ngā kaimahi i roto i ngā tono tino hiahiatia.
Ngā Pātai Auau
Me pēhea te ine i te mātotoru o te wai i roto i te oumu ethylene cracker, i te tukanga naphtha rānei?
Ka taea te ine i te mātotoru o te wai i roto i te oumu ethylene cracker, i te wā rānei o te tukanga hanga naphtha mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine mātotoru ā-roto i runga i ngā mātāpono pēnei i te wiri, te oro, te pēhanga rānei. He whānuitia te whakatinanatanga o ngā densitometers U-tube oscillating mō te aroturuki mātotoru wā-tūturu i roto i ngā taiao tukanga uaua, me te ine tika i te nekehanga auau oro i puta mai i ngā huringa o te papatipu wai. He rite tonu te mahi a te marau whakahāngai me ngā pūoko oro mā te tātari i ngā tauira wiri hei whakatau i te mātotoru. Kua hangaia ēnei hangarau hei tu atu i ngā pāmahana me ngā pēhanga teitei o te pakaru ethylene, ā, kua tāutahia ki roto mō te aroturuki tonu i ngā awa wai, e whakarato ana i te urupare tonu mō te whakahaere tukanga. Mā te whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere hou ka āwhina i te whakarite i ngā pānui tika, pumau ahakoa i roto i ngā huringa tere o ngā āhuatanga tukanga. Hei tauira, ka taea e te mita mātotoru wiri ā-roto Lonnmeter te tuku raraunga pono mai i te whāngai naphtha tika ki te rūma whakahaere oumu.
He aha te mahi a te ine i te mātotorutanga ki te arotau i te hanga ethylene mai i ngā rauemi whāngai naphtha?
Ko ngā inenga mātotoru tika, ā-wā tonu, he mea nui ki te arotau i te hua ethylene mai i ngā rauemi whāngai naphtha. Ko ngā rerekētanga o te mātotoru o ngā rauemi whāngai e whakaatu ana i ngā panonitanga o te hanganga, ka pā ki te tere o te pakaru, te kaha o te oumu, me te tohatoha hua. Mā ngā taputapu ine mātotoru ā-roto ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē wawe i ngā tawhā whakahaere pēnei i te pāmahana, te tere whāngai, me te ōwehenga mamaoa-ki-waihāora. Mā ēnei whakarerekētanga ka āwhina i te whakanui ake i te putanga ethylene, te whakaiti i te hanganga hua taha, me te whakaū i te tukanga ki te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi whāngai. Hei tauira, mā te aroturuki tonu ka taea te kite wawe i ngā whāngai kāore i te tino tika ka arahi pea ki te mahi iti iho i te pai, te pikinga rānei o te paru, e tautoko ana i te ōritetanga o te hua me te kounga hua.
He aha ngā momo taputapu ine mātotoru matua e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā ahumahi hinu matū?
Ka whakamahia e ngā mahi matū hinu ngā taputapu ine matotoru hei aroturuki me te whakahaere i ngā tukanga wai. He mea noa ngā ine matotoru ngongo wiri ā-roto, e tuku ana i te tika teitei me ngā wā urupare tere e tika ana mō ngā taiao hihiri. Ka whakamahia e ngā mita matotoru oro ngā ine tere oro me te whakaiti, e whakarato ana i te pakari atu i roto i ētahi tono. Ka tātarihia e ngā taputapu marau whakahāngai te kaha me te auau o te wiri hei whakatau i te matotoru wai, me te mahi pono puta noa i te whānuitanga o te pāmahana me te pēhanga. Ahakoa he iti ake te noa o ngā pūnaha mimiti hihi-X mō ngā wai, ka whakamahia i roto i ngā tautuhinga motuhake e hiahiatia ana te ine kore-whakaeke. Ko te tikanga motuhake i whiriwhiria ka whakawhirinaki ki ngā tono tukanga, te hototahi matū, me ngā whakaritenga whakauru. Ka hangaia e Lonnmeter ngā ine matotoru wiri ā-roto pakari, e tino pai ana mō te aroturuki matotoru tonu i roto i ngā tukanga ethylene cracker me te naphtha.
He aha ngā painga o te ine mātotoru ki te haumaru me te whai huatanga o te tukatuka naphtha me te pakaru ethylene?
He mea nui te aroturukitanga tonu o te mātotorutanga i roto i te tukatuka naphtha me te hanga ethylene. Ko ngā rerekētanga o te mātotorutanga o te naphtha e tohu ana i ngā huringa o te hanganga, ka pā ki te whanonga tahunga, ka whakatairanga i te hanganga coke, ka whakarerekē rānei i ngā āhuatanga wehenga i roto i ngā taputapu o raro. Mā ngā raraunga mātotorutanga wā tika ka taea e ngā pūnaha whakahaere te urupare tonu mā te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā oumu, te whakarerekē i ngā tāpiringa pēnei i te mamaoa, te tīmata rānei i ngā mahi whakatika hei pupuri i te mahi haumaru. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei te mōrearea o ngā raruraru mahi, ka whakaitihia ngā kati kore i whakamaheretia, ā, ka roa ake te wā whakahaere i waenga i ngā wā tiaki. Hei tauira, ka āwhina te ine i te mātotorutanga wā-tūturu ki te aukati i te pakaru iti, te hanga coke rānei i roto i ngā koiri oumu—e pā ana ēnei ki te hua hua me te whakapaunga pūngao—mā reira ka tautoko i te whakaputanga tonu, whai hua.
He aha ngā mea hei whakaaroaro mā te whiriwhiri i tētahi taputapu ine mātotoru hei whakamahi i roto i te hanga naphtha, i ngā tukanga oumu ethylene cracker rānei?
Ko te whiriwhiri i tētahi taputapu ine mātotoru e tika ana mō ngā tukanga matū hinu he maha ngā paearu. Me mau tonu te tika me te auau o te taputapu i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere motuhake o te tukanga—te pāmahana teitei, te pēhanga teitei, me te pānga ki ngā matū kaha. Me hototahi ki ngā āhuatanga matū o te naphtha me ētahi atu rauemi whāngai, ā, me whakarato i ngā huringa ine tere hei tuku raraunga wā-tūturu ka taea te mahi. Me kapi te whānuitanga ine i ngā huringa tukanga katoa e tumanakohia ana. He mea nui te ngāwari o te tāutanga, te whakaurunga ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere tohatoha, me te tiaki tika mō te pono mō te wā roa. Ko ngā ine mātotoru wiri ā-roto, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, e whakatutuki ana i ēnei whakaritenga mā te whakarato i te ine mātotoru tika, tere, me te pakari i roto i te awa tukanga, e whakarite ana i te mahi tino pai me te ngāwari o te whakaurunga tukanga. Me whai wāhi hoki ngā tukanga whakatikatika, te tiaki i te poke, me te tutuki i ngā aratohu haumaru tukanga ki roto i te tukanga kōwhiringa.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-16-2025
