I. Te Whakamahinga Rautaki i roto i ngā Tukanga Ware Paraffin Rewa
1.1 Te Aroturukitanga o te Matotoru Wā-Tūturu: Te Kaupapa Matua o te Whakahaere Tukanga
Ko te hanga o te ware piro he whakahaere i te āhua ā-tinana o tētahi ranunga matatini o ngā wāhanga warowaihā kua mākū. Ko tētahi wero nui ko te whakahaere i te whakawhiti mai i te āhua rewa ki te āhua totoka, e tohuhia ana e te tīmatanga o te tioata i te hekenga o te pāmahana wai i raro i tōna pūwāhi kapua. Ko te matotoru he tohu nui, he tohu wā-tūturu o tēnei whakawhiti, ā, koinei te ine tika rawa atu o te āhua me te ōritetanga o te wai.
Te aroturuki i te matotoru i te wā tūturu me teIne āwhataHe nui ngā painga o te tango tauira ā-ringa i ngā tikanga tuku iho. He tirohanga hītori noa iho o te tukanga te tango tauira ā-ringa, ā, ka puta he whakaroa wā nui, he hapa tangata, me ngā mōrearea haumaru ina mahi tahi me ngā wai wera, pēhanga. He rerekē, ka whakaratohia e te mita viscometer Lonnmeter he rerenga raraunga tonu, e āhei ai te tauira whakahaere matatau me te tika.
Ko tētahi tono matua kote whakatau i te mutunga o te tauhohengaI roto i ngā tukanga whakapūhui, whakaranu rānei, ka piki ake te matotoru o te ranunga i te roa haere o ngā mekameka ngota me te hononga whakawhiti. Mā te aroturuki i te kōtaha matotoru i te wā tūturu, ka taea e te mita matotoru Lonnmeter te kite i te wā tika ka tae ki te matotoru ūnga, hei tohu i te mutunga o te tauhohenga. Mā tēnei ka whakarite i te kounga hua ōrite mai i te puranga ki te puranga, ā, he mea nui hoki mō te aukati i ngā tauhohenga werawera ohorere, te whakapakeketanga kāore e hiahiatia rānei o te hua i roto i te tauhohenga.
Hei tāpiritanga, he mea nui te mita viscometer Lonnmeter kite whakahaere tioataHe tino tairongo ngā āhuatanga rheological o te paraffin rewa ki te pāmahana. Mā te huringa pāmahana o te 1°C noa iho ka taea te whakarerekē i te matotoru tae atu ki te 10%. Hei whakatika i tēnei, kei roto i te Lonnmeter viscometer he pūoko pāmahana kua hangaia. He mea tino nui tēnei āhuatanga nā te mea ka taea e te pūnaha whakahaere te whiwhi i te pānui matotoru kua whakatikatikaina e te pāmahana. Kātahi ka taea e te pūnaha te wehewehe i waenga i te huringa matotoru i puta mai i te pikinga pāmahana noa me te huringa pono o te āhua ngota o te paraffin, pērā i te hanganga tuatahi o ngā tioata ware pi. He mea nui tēnei rerekētanga kia taea ai e te pūnaha whakahaere te whakatau whakaaro nui, pērā i te whakarerekē i te tere whakamatao kia mau tonu te wai i runga ake i tōna pūwāhi kapua me te kore e puta he totoka me te whakatakotoranga ki ngā pakitara paipa.
1.2 Te Aroturukitanga o te Kiato mō ngā Awa Āwhina: Te Whakamārama "Wai Rua"
Ahakoa he kaha te mita LONNMETER600-4 ki te ine i te mātotoru o tētahi wai, ko tōna whakamahinga i roto i te hanga ware pi paraffin rewa he mea tino whai hua, ā, he mea tika hoki mō ngā tukanga āwhina motuhake. Ko te mea nui ki tēnei whakatinanatanga rautaki ko tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā horopaki e whakarato ana te mātotoru i tētahi ine tika, mārama hoki mō tētahi taurangi tukanga matua kotahi.
Nā te iti o te matotoru mōrahi o te ine matotoru, arā, ko te 2000 cP, ehara i te taputapu tika mō te raina tukanga paraffin matua matotoru-teitei, engari koinei tonu te mea e pai ai mō ētahi atu awa iti ake te matotoru.
Ko tētahi o aua tono kongā arowhai parakore o ngā rauemi mataI mua i te urunga o te whāngai parafini ki te tauhohenga matua, ka taea te whakamahi i te LONNMETER600-4 hei aroturuki i tōna mātotoru. Mēnā he rerekētanga mai i te mātotoru e tumanakohia ana o te rauemi mata, ka tohu pea kei reira ngā poke, ngā rerekētanga rānei i roto i te whāngai, ā, ka taea e ngā kaihanga tukanga te mahi i ngā mahi whakatika i mua i te tukatuka i tētahi puranga kino.
Ko tētahi atu tono tino whai hua kei roto iranunga tāpiri. He maha ngā wā e hiahiatia ana te werohanga o ngā tāpiri matū mō ngā tukanga parafini, pērā i ngā mea whakaiti i te ira ringihanga (PPD) me ngā mea whakaiti matotoru, hei ārai i te whakatiotanga me te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga rere. Ko ēnei tāpiri ka tukuna i roto i te whakarewa, ka hanga he pūnaha wai rua māmā, kua tautuhia pai. I tēnei take motuhake, ko te matotoru o te ranunga he rite tonu ki te kukū o te tāpiri. Ko teLONNMITERmita mātotoru ā-rotoNā te tika teitei o te ±0.003 g/cm³ ka taea te aroturuki tika, i te wā tūturu o tēnei kukū. Mā tēnei ka taea e tētahi pūnaha whakahaere aunoa te whakahaere i te rere o te tāpiri me te pono teitei, me te whakarite kia rite te hua whakamutunga ki ngā āhuatanga matū e hiahiatia ana me te kore e moumou rauemi utu nui. E whakaatu ana tēnei tono kua arotahihia i tētahi māramatanga matatau ki ngā kaha o te hangarau me tōna tūranga hei taputapu rautaki mō te whakahaere kounga i roto i tētahi taiao whakaputa uaua.
Te Whakarite i ngā Emulsions Ware Paraffin
IINgā Mātāpono Taketake o te Ine i te Wai Wiriwiri
2.1 Te Ahupūngao oMita RonaTe Ine Matawai Wiriwiri
Ko te Lonnmeter LONN-ND ipurangi viscometer e mahi ana i runga i te kaupapa o te vibrating viscometry, he tikanga tino pakari me te pono mō te tātari wai i te wā tūturu. Ko te kaupapa matua o tēnei hangarau he huānga pūoko totoka, he āhua tokotoko, kua hangaia kia ohooho i te taha tuaka i te auau pumau. Ina rumakina tēnei huānga ki roto i te wai, ka puta he kaha kutikuti i runga i te taiao e karapoti ana i tana nekehanga. Ka puta he tōia matotoru i tēnei mahi kutikuti, ka marara te kaha mai i te huānga wiri. Ko te nui o tēnei ngaronga kaha he rite tonu ki te matotoru me te mātotoru o te wai.
Kei te pūnaha Lonnmeter tētahi ara iahiko hiko matatau e aroturuki tonu ana i te kaha e ngaro ana ki te wai. Hei pupuri i te kaha wiri pumau, me utu e te pūnaha tēnei mararatanga kaha mā te tuku i te nui o te kaha ōrite. Ko te kaha e hiahiatia ana hei pupuri i tēnei kaha pumau ka inehia e tētahi tukatuka iti, ka whakamāoritia te tohu mata ki tētahi pānui matotoru. Ka whakangawaritia te whanaungatanga i roto i te pukapuka ā-ringa ko μ=λδ, ko μ te matotoru wai, ko λ he tauwehenga taputapu kore-rahi i ahu mai i te whakatikatika, ā, ko δ te tauwehenga pirau wiri. Heoi, ko tēnei tātai he tauira kua whakangawaritia. Ko te kaha me te tika pono o te taputapu, kua tohua i te ±2% ki te ±5%, e ahu mai ana i ana rauropi tukatuka tohu ā-roto me tētahi pihi whakatikatika uaua, kore-raina. Mā tēnei tukatuka tohu matatau ka taea e te taputapu te whakarato i ngā inenga tika ahakoa mō ngā wai kore-Newtonian, e whakaatu ana i ngā huringa matotoru i runga i te tere kutikuti. Ko te ngāwari o te hoahoa—te kore o ngā wāhanga neke, ngā hiri, ngā peera rānei—he mea tino pai mō ngā taiao ahumahi uaua e tohuhia ana e ngā pāmahana teitei, te pēhanga teitei, me te kaha o te wai ki te whakapakeke, ki te pupuri rānei i ngā poke.
1.2 Te Mātāpono Whakaohooho o te Whakatakotoranga o te Marau Whakatū:LONNMETER600-4
Ka whakamahia e te mita whakakī LONNMETER te kaupapa o te marau whakahāngai wiri hei whakatau i te mātotoru wai. Kei roto i tēnei taputapu he wāhanga marau whakahāngai e rua ngā mata e akiakihia ana ki te haruru e te tioata piezoelectric. Ina wiri te marau whakahāngai i roto i te korehau, i te hau rānei, ka pērā i tōna auau haruru tūturu. Heoi, ina rumakina ki roto i te wai, ka whakaurua mai e te reo e karapoti ana he papatipu tāpiri ki te pūnaha. Ko tēnei āhuatanga, e mōhiotia ana ko te papatipu tāpiri, ka whakaiti i te auau haruru o te marau. Ko te huringa o te auau he mahi tika o te mātotoru o te wai e karapoti ana i te marau.
Ka ine tika te pūnaha Lonnmeter i tēnei nekehanga auau, ka honoa ki te mātotoru o te wai mā te whanaungatanga kua whakatauritea. Ko te kaha o te pūoko ki te whakarato i tētahi inenga tino tika, me te tika o te ±0.003 g/cm³, he hua tika mai i tēnei kitenga auau haruru. Ahakoa e taea ana e te kaupapa ā-tinana o ngā inenga marau whakahāngai te whānuitanga o ngā tono, tae atu ki te ine i te mātotoru o ngā paru me ngā hau, ka whakaatuhia e te patai a te kaiwhakamahi tētahi tono motuhake mō tētahi pūnaha "wai rua anake". Ko tēnei taupatupatu kitea i waenga i te kaha o te hangarau me tana tono e whakaarohia ana he whakaaro nui. Kāore te inenga marau whakahāngai i te herea ā-tinana ki ngā wai rua. Engari, ko tōna whai huatanga mahi i roto i tētahi tukanga uaua, maha-wāhanga pērā i te hanga ware piro rewa ka arotauhia ina taea te hono pono i tētahi uara mātotoru kotahi ki tētahi taurangi tukanga matua kotahi. He maha ngā wā ka puta tēnei i roto i tētahi pūnaha rua ngāwari e mahi ana te mātotoru hei tohu mō te kukū. Mō te ranunga warowaihā matatini pērā i te paraffin rewa, he iti noa te whai huatanga o te pānui mātotoru kotahi, ā, he pai ake te taputapu Lonnmeter LONN-ND viscometer mō te awa tukanga matua. He rerekē, ka kitea e te densimeter tōna uara teitei rawa atu me te tino tika i roto i ngā awa āwhina, iti ake te uaua.
1.3 Ngā Whakatakotoranga Taputapu me ngā Tawhā Whakahaere: He Tātari Whakataurite
Mā te whakataurite whānui i te mita viscometer LONN-ND Lonnmeter me te mita densimeter LONN600-4 ka kitea ō rāua āhua mahi motuhake, ā, ka whakanuia hoki ō rāua tūranga tautoko i roto i tētahi taiao whakaputa uaua. Kei te ripanga e whai ake nei ngā whakatakotoranga hangarau matua, mai i ngā tuhinga kua whakaratohia.
| Tawhā | Ine Matawai LONN-ND | Inenga Densimeter LONN600-4 |
| Te Mātāpono Ine | Rākau Wiri (Whakaiti i te Kutikuti) | Te Whakaoho i te Marau Whakatū |
| Awhe Ine | 1-1,000,000 cP | 0-2 karamu/cm³ |
| Te tika | ±2% ki te ±5% | ±0.003 karamu/cm³ |
| Te Matotoru Mōrahi | Kāore i te rite (Ka taea te whakahaere i te matotoru teitei) | <2000 cP |
| Te pāmahana whakahaere | 0-120°C (Paerewa) / 130-350°C (Mahana-Tiketike) | -10-120°C |
| Te Pēhanga Whakahaere | <4.0 MPa | <1.0 MPa |
| Ngā Rauemi Kua Mākū | 316, Teflon, Hastelloy | 316, Teflon, Hastelloy |
| Tohu Putanga | 4-20mADC, RS485 Modbus RTU | 4-20mADC |
| Whakatauranga Ārai-Pahūtanga | Ex dIIBT6 | Ex dIIBT6 |
E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga i runga ake nei i tētahi rerekētanga hangarau nui e whakatau ana i te whakamahinga rautaki o ia taputapu. Ko te kaha o te mita waikeri LONN-ND ki te mahi i ngā pāmahana teitei me te whakahaere i ngā waikeri tino teitei, koinei te whiringa tino pai mō te raina tukatuka ware paraffin rewa matua. Mā tēnei taipitopito hangarau ka whakakaha ake i te whakatau rautaki ki te whakamahi i te mita waikeri i roto i ngā awa āwhina, waikeri iti iho.
III. Te Whakaurunga Maeneene ki ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere Ahumahi
3.1 Ngā Atanga Raraunga Ronnmeter: 4-20mA me te RS485 Modbus
He taahiraa nui te whakaurunga maeneene o ngā taputapu Lonnmeter ki roto i ngā pūnaha whakahaere ahumahi hou i roto i tētahi rautaki aunoatanga tukanga angitu. E rua ngā LONNMITA-Ngā mita viscometer ND me te LONNMITAE rua ngā atanga whakawhitiwhiti raraunga matua e whakaratohia ana e te mita 600-4: he putanga anaro 4-20mADC tuku iho me te kawa Modbus RTU matihiko RS485 matatau ake.
He paerewa ahumahi pakari, e māramahia ana te tohu 4-20mADC. He mea tino pai mō te hononga tika ki tētahi kaiwhakahaere PID, ki tētahi kōwae tāuru anaro rānei o tētahi PLC. Ko tōna herenga matua ko te taea anake te tuku i tētahi uara tukanga kotahi, pērā i te matotoru, te mātotoru rānei, i te wā kotahi. He painga tēnei māmā mō ngā koropiko whakahaere māmā engari ka whakawhāiti i te momonatanga o te awa raraunga.
He otinga whānui ake tā te atanga RS485 Modbus RTU. E whakamārama ana ngā pukapuka Lonnmeter i te kawa Modbus. Mā tēnei kawa matihiko ka taea e te taputapu kotahi te whakarato i ngā tohu raraunga maha i te wā kotahi, pērā i te pānui matotoru kua whakatauritea ki te pāmahana me te pāmahana wai, mai i te taputapu kotahi.
3.2 Ngā Tikanga Pai mō te Whakaurunga DCS, SCADA, me te MES
Ko te whakauru i ngā taputapu Lonnmeter ki roto i tētahi pūnaha whakahaere tohatoha (DCS), te whakahaere tirotiro me te kohikohi raraunga (SCADA), te pūnaha whakahaere hangahanga rānei (MES) me whai huarahi hanganga, maha-paparanga.
Papa Pūmārō:Me pakari, me haumaru hoki te hononga ā-tinana. E taunaki ana ngā pukapuka a Lonnmeter kia whakamahia ngā taura kua āraia, kia tika hoki te whenua hei whakaiti i te pokanoa o te tohu, inā koa i ngā wāhi e tata ana ki ngā motuka mana-tiketike, ki ngā kaitahuri auau rānei.
Papa Arorau:I roto i te PLC, i te DCS rānei, me mahere ngā raraunga pūoko mata ki ngā taurangi tukatuka. Mō te tohu 4-20mA, ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te tauine i te tāuru anaro ki ngā waeine hangarau e tika ana. Mō Modbus, me whirihora te waeine whakawhitiwhiti raupapa a te PLC kia tukuna ngā waehere mahi tika ki ngā wāhitau rēhita kua tohua, te tiki i ngā raraunga mata, kātahi ka huri ki te whakatakotoranga pūwāhi-mīti tika. Ko tēnei paparanga te kawenga mō te whakamana raraunga, te kimi i ngā mea kei waho, me te arorau whakahaere taketake.
Papa Whakaaturanga:Ko te pūnaha SCADA, MES rānei, hei atanga tangata-mīhini (HMI), e whakarato ana i ngā māramatanga mahi ki ngā kaiwhakahaere. Kei roto i tēnei ko te hanga i ngā mata e whakaatu ana i ngā raraunga pūoko wā-tūturu, ngā raraunga hītori o mua, me te whirihora i ngā whakaoho mō ngā tawhā tukanga nui. Ka hurihia e ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mai i ngā taputapu Lonnmeter te tirohanga a te kaiwhakahaere mai i te tirohanga tauhohe, hītori ki te tirohanga matatau, wā-tūturu, e āhei ai rātou ki te whakatau whai whakaaro me te urupare ki ngā raruraru tukanga me te tere ake.
Ko tētahi wero nui i roto i te whakaurunga koharuru hiko, ka pā pea ki te pono o te tohu. E whakatūpato ana te pukapuka ā-ringa a Lonnmeter mō tēnei, ā, e kī ana kia whakamahia ngā taura kua āraia. Ko tētahi atu wero ko
whakaroa raraungai roto i ngā whatunga Modbus uaua. Ahakoa he tere te wā urupare a te Lonnmeter, ka taea e te haere o te whatunga te whakaroa. Mā te whakarite i ngā mōkihi raraunga nui ki te whatunga ka taea te whakaiti i tēnei raruraru, ā, ka whakarite kia whiwhi wawe ngā koropiko whakahaere wā-tairongo i ngā raraunga.
3.3 Te Pono o ngā Raraunga me te Wātea i te Wā Tūturu
Ko te uara o te hangarau aroturuki ipurangi a Lonnmeter e hono pū ana ki te pono me te wātea o tana rerenga raraunga. Ko te tauira ā-ringa tuku iho e whakarato ana i tētahi raupapa o ngā whakaahua pūmau, hītori o te āhua o te tukanga. Nā tēnei whakaroa wā tūturu ka tata kore e taea te whakahaere i tētahi tukanga hihiri me te tika, ā, he maha ngā wā ka arahi ki te kounga hua koretake, ngā pito mutunga tauhohenga kua ngaro, me ngā ngoikoretanga whakahaere.
He rerekē, ko te kaha o te mita matao Lonnmeter ki te whakarato i tētahi awa raraunga tonu, wā-tūturu, ka huri i te tauira whakahaere mai i te tauhohe ki te matatau. Mā te wā urupare tere o te taputapu ka taea e ia te hopu i ngā huringa hihiri o ngā āhuatanga wai i a rātou e puta ana. Ko tēnei "kiriata" tonu o te āhua tukanga, kaua ko tētahi raupapa o ngā "whakaahua" motumotu, te whakaritenga taketake mō te whakatinana i ngā rautaki whakahaere matatau. Ki te kore ēnei raraunga pono-teitei, iti-roa, kāore e taea te whakamahi i ngā ariā pēnei i te whakahaere matapae, te whakatikatika aunoa rānei o te PID. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he taputapu ine noa te pūnaha Lonnmeter engari he kaiwhakarato awa raraunga nui e whakaara ake ana i te tukanga whakaputa katoa ki tētahi taumata hou o te aunoatanga me te whakahaere.
IV. Te Whakamahi i ngā Raraunga Wā-Tūturu mō te Whakahaere Tukanga Matatau
4.1 Te Arotautanga o te Mana PID me ngā Raraunga Wā-Tūturu
Mā te whakatinanatanga o ngā raraunga matotoru me te matotoru o Lonnmeter i te wā tūturu ka taea te whakapai ake i ngā takahuri whakahaere ōwehenga-whakauru-whakaputa (PID) tikanga. Ko ngā kaiwhakahaere PID he mea nui o te aunoatanga ahumahi, e mahi ana mā te tatau tonu i te uara hapa hei rerekētanga i waenga i te pūwāhi tautuhinga e hiahiatia ana me te taurangi tukanga inehia. Kātahi ka whakamahia e te kaiwhakahaere he whakatikatika i runga i ngā kupu ōwehenga, whakauru, me ngā kupu tauwhitinga hei whakaiti i tēnei hapa.
Mā te matotorutanga wā-tūturu hei taurangi urupare matua, ka taea e te porowhita PID te whakahaere tika i te tere whakamatao i roto i te tukanga paraffin rewa. I te tīmatanga o te whakamatao o te wai, ā, i te pikinga ake o tōna matotorutanga, ka taea e te kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē i te rere o te wai whakamatao kia mau tonu ai te matotorutanga ki tētahi pūwāhi kua whakaritea, kia kore ai e taea te whakapūmau me te whakatōtika i roto i ngā paipa.7Waihoki, i roto i te tukanga whakaranu āwhina, ka taea e te koropiko PID te whakamahi i ngā raraunga kiato wā-tūturu hei whakahaere i te tere rere o te tāpiri, kia tika ai, kia ōrite ai hoki te kukū.
Kei roto i tētahi tono matatau akeWhakatūnga aunoa a PIDMā te rerenga raraunga tonu o te mita Lonn ka taea e te kaiwhakahaere te mahi i tētahi whakatikatika-ā-whaiaro, i tētahi whakamātautau taahiraa rānei, i runga i te tukanga. Mā te hanga i tētahi huringa iti, whakahaeretia ki te putanga (hei tauira, te rere o te wai whakamatao) me te tātari i te urupare a te tukanga (hei tauira, te huringa o te matotoru me te whakaroa wā), ka taea e te autotuner PID te tatau aunoa i ngā hua P, I, me te D tino pai mō taua āhua tukanga motuhake. Mā tēnei āheinga ka whakakorea te hiahia mō te whakatikatika "whakaaro-me-te-tirotiro" ā-ringa, e pau ana te wā, ka kaha ake te porowhita whakahaere, ka aro atu hoki ki ngā raruraru tukanga.
4.2 Mana Matapae me te Mana Urutau mō te Whakapūmau Tukanga
Haunga te whakahaere PID whakapiki-pūmau, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā raraunga mātotoru me te matotoru wā-tūturu hei whakatinana i ngā rautaki whakahaere matatau ake, pērā i te whakahaere urutau me te matapae.
Mana urutauHe tikanga whakahaere e whakarerekē ana i ngā tawhā whakahaere (hei tauira, ngā pikinga PID) i te wā tūturu hei utu mō ngā huringa o ngā mahi tukanga. I roto i te tukanga paraffin rewa, ka tino rerekē ngā āhuatanga rheological o te wai me te pāmahana, te hanganga, me te tere kutikuti. Ka taea e te kaiwhakahaere urutau, e whāngaihia ana e ngā raraunga tonu a te Lonnmeter, te kite i ēnei huringa me te whakarerekē aunoa i ōna pikinga hei pupuri i te mana pumau puta noa i te puranga katoa, mai i te āhua wera, iti-matao tuatahi ki te hua matao whakamutunga, teitei-matao.
Mana Matapae Tauira (MPC)Ko te nekehanga mai i te mana whakahaere tauhohe ki te mana whakahaere matatau. Ka whakamahia e te pūnaha MPC tētahi tauira pāngarau o te tukanga hei matapae i te whanonga ā muri ake nei o te pūnaha i runga i tētahi "pae matapae". Mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mai i te mita viscometer me te mita densimeter (te matotoru, te pāmahana, me te mātotoru), ka taea e te MPC te matapae i ngā pānga o ngā mahi whakahaere rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea e ia te matapae i te tīmatanga o te tioata i runga i te tere whakamatao me te ia o te matotoru o nāianei. Kātahi ka taea e te kaiwhakahaere te arotau i ngā taurangi maha, pērā i te rere o te wai whakamatao, te pāmahana koti, me te tere whakaoho, hei pupuri i tētahi pihi whakamatao tika, kia kore ai e totoka te hua, kia whakarite rānei i tētahi hanganga tioata motuhake i roto i te hua whakamutunga. Ka nekehia e tēnei te tauira whakahaere mai i te tauhohe ki ngā raruraru ki te matapae me te whakahaere kaha i a rātou.
4.3 Te Arotautanga e Arotauhia ana e te Raraunga
Ko te uara o te awa raraunga wā-tūturu o te Lonnmeter he nui atu i tōna whakamahinga tonu i roto i ngā porowhita whakahaere. Ka taea te kohikohi me te tātari i ēnei raraunga kounga teitei, tonu, kia hohonu ake ai te māramatanga ki ngā mahi tukanga me te iriti i ngā whai wāhitanga mō te arotautanga e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga.
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā raraunga kua kohikohia hei whakangungungā tauira ako mīhinimō ngā kaupapa matapae. Ka taea te whakangungu i tētahi tauira ki ngā raraunga matotoru o mua me ngā raraunga pāmahana hei matapae i te kounga whakamutunga o tētahi puranga, ka whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā tirotiro kounga muri-hanga utu nui me te roa. Waihoki, ka taea te hanga i tētahi tauira tiaki matapae mā te hono i ngā au o ngā raraunga pūoko ki te mahi a ngā taputapu. Hei tauira, ko te pikinga āta haere o te matotoru i tētahi wāhi motuhake o te tukanga he tohu matua pea kei te tata te pakaru o tētahi papu, ka taea ai te tiaki wawe i mua i te mutunga o tētahi kati utu nui.
Hei tāpiri atu, mā te tātari raraunga ka taea te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te tukanga me te whakamahinga rauemi. Mā te tātari i ngā raraunga mai i ngā puranga maha, ka taea e ngā kaihanga tukanga te tautuhi i ngā whanaungatanga ngawari i waenga i ngā tawhā whakahaere me ngā āhuatanga o te hua whakamutunga. Mā tēnei ka taea e rātou te whakatikatika i ngā tautuhinga me te arotau i te horopeta tāpiri, te whakaiti i te para me te whakapaunga pūngao me te whakarite i te kounga hua pumau.
V. Ngā Tikanga Pai mō te Tāutanga, te Whakatikatika, me te Tiaki Wā Roa
5.1 Ngā Tukanga Tāutanga Pakari i roto i ngā Taiao Wero
He mea nui te tāutanga tika o ngā taputapu Lonnmeter kia tika ai, kia pono ai hoki ngā inenga i roto i te taiao uaua o te ware paraffin rewa. Me āta tupato te āhua o te wai ki te totoka me te piri ki ngā mata i ngā pāmahana i raro iho i tōna pūwāhi kapua.
Ko tētahi whakaaro nui mō te mita waikeri LONN-ND ko te whakarite kia noho tonu te wāhanga pūoko hohe ki roto i te wai rewa i ngā wā katoa. Mō ngā tauhohenga me ngā oko nui, ko ngā kōwhiringa tirotiro whānui a te Lonnmeter, mai i te 550mm ki te 2000mm, he mea hanga motuhake kia tutuki ai tēnei whakaritenga, e āhei ai te pito pūoko ki te whakanoho hohonu ki roto i te wai, kia matara atu i ngā taumata wai e piki haere ana. Me noho te wāhi tāutanga ki tētahi wāhi e rere ōrite ana te wai, me te karo i ngā rohe pūmau, i ngā wāhi rānei ka uru pea ngā mirumiru hau, nā te mea ka taea e ēnei āhuatanga te arahi ki ngā pānui hē. Mō ngā tāutanga paipa, e taunakihia ana he whirihoranga paipa whakapae, poutū rānei, me te whakanoho i te tirotiro pūoko ki te ine i te rere o te wai matua kaua ki te wai e neke puhoi ana i te pakitara paipa.
Mō ngā taputapu e rua, mā te whakamahi i ngā kōwhiringa whakairi flange kua tūtohutia (DN50, DN80 rānei) ka whakarite he hononga haumaru, ātete-pēhanga ki ngā oko tukatuka me ngā paipa.
5.2 Ngā Tikanga Whakatikatika Tika mō ngā Viscometer me ngā Densitometer
Ahakoa te pakari o te hoahoa, ko te tika o ngā taputapu e rua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakatikatika auau me te tika.
Temita waikeriKo te tukanga whakatikatika, e ai ki te pukapuka ā-ringa, ko te whakamahi i te hinu silicone paerewa hei wai tohutoro. Ko te tukanga e whai ake nei:
Te whakarite:Tīpakohia he paerewa matotoru kua whaimana e whakaatu ana i te awhe matotoru e tumanakohia ana mō te wai.
Whakahaere Pāmahana:Me whakarite kia pumau, kia tika hoki te whakahaere i te pāmahana o te wai paerewa me te pūoko. He mea nui te pāmahana ki te matotoru, nō reira he mea nui te taurite pāmahana.
Whakapūmautanga:Tukua kia tau te pānui o te taputapu mō tētahi wā, kia mōhio kei te neke atu i te rua tekau o ngā hauwhā o te waeine, i mua i te haere tonu.
Manatoko:Whakatauritehia te pānui a te taputapu ki te uara kua whakamanahia o te wai paerewa, ka whakarerekē i ngā tautuhinga whakataurite ina hiahiatia.
Mō teine matotoru, e whakarato ana te pukapuka ā-ringa i tētahi whakatikatika ngāwari mō te kore-ira mā te whakamahi i te wai parakore. Ahakoa he tirotiro watea tēnei i te wāhi mahi, mō ngā tono tino tika, he tikanga pakari ake te whakatikatika maha-ira mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi tohutoro whaimana me ngā kiato e horapa ana i te awhe mahi e tumanakohia ana.
I roto i te taiao ware parafini rewa, ka taea e te ware piro i te mata o te pūoko te whakanui ake i te papatipu me te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga wiri, ka puta he hekenga āta haere o te tika o te ine. Me whai tirotiro whakatikatika auau ake tēnei i roto i te taiao kore-paru kia mau tonu ai te pono o ngā raraunga mō te wā roa.
5.3 Te Tiaki Ārai me te Whakatau Rapanga mō te Roa o te Ora
Nā te hoahoa o te Lonnmeter, kāore he wāhanga neke, he hiri, he whāriki rānei, ka whakaitihia te tiaki ā-mīhini. Heoi, ko ngā wero ahurei e pā ana ki te ware piro rewa e hiahia ana ki tētahi rautaki tiaki ārai motuhake.
Ngā Tirotiro me te Horoi Auau:Ko te mahi tiaki tino nui ko te tirotiro me te horoi i te pūoko pūoko kia tangohia ai te ware paraffin kua kohia. Ka taea e te ware kua kohia te whakararuraru nui i ngā wiri o te pūoko, ka hua ake he pānui hē, he rahunga rānei o te pūoko. Me whakawhanake, me whai hoki i tētahi tikanga horoi ōkawa kia kore ai he toenga i te mata o te pūoko.
Te Whakatau Rapanga:Kei roto i ngā pukapuka tohutohu ngā aratohu mō ngā take noa. Mena kāore he whakaaturanga, he putanga rānei o te taputapu, ko ngā mahi matua mō te rapurongoā ko te tirotiro i te pūtake hiko, te waea, me te tirotiro i ngā ara iahiko poto. Mena he koretake te pānui putanga, he nui rānei te rerekētanga, ko ngā take pea ko te hanga ware pi i runga i te tirotiro, te noho mai o ngā mirumiru hau nui i roto i te wai, ngā wiri o waho rānei e pā ana ki te pūoko. He mea nui te rārangi tiaki kua tuhia pai, tae atu ki ngā tirotiro katoa, ngā mahi horoi, me ngā tuhinga whakatikatika, hei aroturuki i te mahi a te taputapu me te whakarite kia tutuki i ngā paerewa kounga. Mā te whai i tētahi huarahi matatau ki te tiaki me te aro atu ki ngā wero motuhake o te taiao ware pi paraffin rewa, ka taea e ngā taputapu Lonnmeter te whakarato raraunga pono me te tika mō ngā tau e mahi ana.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-22-2025
