Tetukanga whakakoi kirika huri i ngā kiri kararehe mata hei hiako pakari, ngāwari, he mahi toi kua whakapaia mō ngā rautau engari kei te whanake tonu me te hangarau hou. He mea nui tēnei tukanga, inā koa i roto i te ao whānui e whakamahia whānuitia anate tukanga whakakoi hiako chromium, ko te whakahaere tika i ngā kukū matū, pērā i tekonutai whanariki, kia pai ai te kounga o te hiako me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao. Mā ngā rerekētanga o ēnei kukū ka pā kino ki ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te hiako, ka piki ake hoki ngā utu whakaputa, engari he maha ngā wā ka kore e taea e ngā tikanga aroturuki tuku iho te aro atu ki ngā wero o ngā pāpāho waikura me ngā tono wā-tūturu. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga te tūranga matua ote kukū o te konutai whanarikii roto i te whakakoi kiri kōroma, ngā āhuatanga uaua o te tukanga, ngā herenga o te aroturuki tikanga, me ngā painga whakarerekētanga o ngā mita kukū ā-roto matatau, pērā i te Lonnmeter, hei whakatutuki i te tika me te whai huatanga.
Te Kukū o te Chrome: Te Poutokomanawa o te Kounga Hiako
Ko te chromium, i te nuinga o te wā i roto i te āhua o te chromium sulfate taketake (BCS), te pou tuara o te whakahinuhinu hiako hou, e 80-90% o te hanga hiako o te ao nā tōna kaha ki te whakaputa hiako me te pumau waiariki, te ngāwari, me ngā āhuatanga tae tino pai. Ko te kukū o te chromium i roto i te wai whakahinuhinu ka pā tika ki te pāmahana whakaheke (Ts) o te hiako, te kaha kume, me te ngawari. Hei tauira, e whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ko te pikinga 10.8% o te ihirangi Cr₂O₃ i roto i te hiako ka taea te whakarei ake i te tohatoha muka collagen me ngā āhuatanga miihini. Heoi, ko te whai huatanga o te whakapiri chromium e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā matū tautoko, inā koakonutai whanariki, e whakau ana i te pH o te kaukau tanning, ā, e āwhina ana i te urunga o te chromium. Kāore i te ōritete kukū o te konutai whanarikika taea e tēnei te whakararuraru i tēnei taurite ngawari, ka hua ake he kiri parauri koretake, he ngoikore te mimiti o te chromium, ā, ka ngoikore te kounga o te hiako. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he whakaritenga hangarau noa iho te pupuri i ngā kukū tino pai engari he mea nui hei whakatau i te roa me te ataahua o te hua whakamutunga.
TeTe Tukanga Whakatā Hiako
Tetukanga whakakoi kiriHe raupapa matatini o ngā mahi matū me ngā mahi ā-ringa i hangaia hei huri i ngā hiako pirau hei hiako pumau, whai hua. Ka tīmata ki ngā mahi whare kurupae—te whakamaroke, te rumaki, te whakakōhatu, te tango huruhuru, te whakakī kiko, te wehewehe, te whakapūmau, me te whakapūkara—te whakarite i te hiako mō te whakatā mā te tango i ngā huruhuru, ngā ngako, me ngā pūmua me te whakarite i tōna pH. Ka whai ake ko te wāhanga whakatā, te wāhi e whakarerekētia ai ngā muka collagen o te hiako mā te matū hei whakarei ake i te roa me te ātete ki te pirau. Ko ngā tukanga i muri i te whakatā, tae atu ki te whakatā anō, te tae, me te whakamomona, ka whakapai ake i te āhua me te kakano o te hiako. I roto i ngā tikanga whakatā, ko tete tukanga whakakoi hiako chromiumKo tōna tere me tōna kaha ki te whakaputa hiako kounga teitei, ka taea te totoro, e tika ana mō ngā mahi pēnei i ngā putea, ngā kākahu, me ngā whakapaipai.
Tirohanga whānui o teTe Tukanga Whakatā Hiako Chromium
Tete tukanga whakakoi hiako chromiumhe tikanga māmā, whai hua hoki e oti ai te whakatā i raro i te rā kotahi, he rerekē rawa atu ki ngā wiki, ki ngā marama rānei e hiahiatia ana mō te whakatā huawhenua. He maha ngā mahi matua e whai wāhi ana ki tēnei:
- Te Whakamakuku me te WhakakīkīKa rumakina ngā hiako ki te wai hei whakamakuku anō, hei tango i te tote e mārō ana, ā, muri iho ka pania ki te konupūmā hauwai me te konutai whanariki hei wewete i te makawe, hei whakarite hoki i te hanganga kolagen.
- Te pīkaraKa rumakina ngā hiako ki roto i tētahi wai waikawa kei roto ko te konutai pūhaumāota (6-8% te taumaha) me te waikawa whanariki, te waikawa formic rānei hei whakaheke i te pH ki te 2.5-3.0, hei tiaki i te collagen mai i te pupuhi waikawa, hei āwhina hoki i te urunga o te chromium.
- Te whakamākūkūKa tāpirihia te chromium sulfate taketake (6-8% te taumaha o te kiri, kei roto ~25% Cr₂O₃), ka uru ki roto i te kiri hei hanga i ngā matatini me te collagen. Kātahi ka whakanuia te pH ki te 3.8-4.0 mā te whakamahi i te konutai paikāponate hei taahiraa whakapūmau hei whakatairanga i te hononga whakawhiti, ka hua ake he hiako "kikorangi mākū" e tohuhia ana e tōna tae hina-kikorangi.
- I muri i te Whakatā-TanningMā te whakatāuri anō, te tae, me te whakamomona i te kiri ka whakarei ake i ngā āhuatanga o te hiako, mekonutai whanarikihe mahi nui tā rātou ki te whakatau i ngā otinga me te āwhina i te piri o ngā kaihoko kiri parauri.
Konutai Whanawhai roto i te Maimoatanga i muri i te Whakatā-Tanning
konutai whanarikiHe mea nui ki te tango tote me te pupuri i te kiri kia rite ki te āhua o muri i te whakamāoritanga, kia mau ai te kounga o te hiako me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao.
- Te Tukanga Whakakore ToteKo te nui o te tote mai i te whakapūkara, ko te konutai pūhaumāota te nuinga, ka nui ake te nui o ngā totoka rewa katoa (TDS) i roto i ngā para, ā, ka puta he wero ki te taiao.konutai whanarikie whakamahia ana mō te tango tote hei whakaiti i ngā taumata pūhaumāota, hei whakakapi i te 80% o te pūhaumāota konutai i roto i ētahi tukanga. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei whakakapinga te TDS, me ngā rangahau e whakaatu ana i ngā whakahekenga tae atu ki te 97% i roto i ngā pūnaha tanning e pai ana ki te taiao, e whakaiti ana i te tote o te wai para e tukuna ana ki roto i ngā wai para tūmatanui.
- Te Tukanga Whakamau i te Ārai Whakamakuku:konutai whanarikika whakau i te pH o te kaukau tanning, ā, ka whakarei ake i te mimiti o te chromium mā te whakaōrite i te tauhohenga o te collagen me ngā matū chromium. Ka ārai i te tere o te tanning o te mata, ka whakarite kia ōrite te urunga. Hei tauira, ko te pupuri i te ōritetangate kukū o te konutai whanarikika taea te whakapai ake i te mimiti o te konukōre mā te 28.5%, ka whakaiti i te toenga konukōre i roto i ngā para mai i te 2000-5000 mg/L ki raro iho i te 300 mg/L, kia rite ki ngā ture taiao pakari ake.
Ngā Pānga o ngā Hurihanga Kukū ki te Tukanga me te Kounga
Ngā rerekētanga i roto ite kukū o te konutai whanarikika pā nui ki tetukanga whakakoi kirime te hua ka puta. Mā te nui rawa o ngā kukū ka nui rawa te tote, ka pupuhi te collagen, ka matotoru te kiri, ka ngoikore te ngākau, engari ki te kore e ranea te kukū, ka kore e ranea te piri o te chromium, ka kore e taurite te kiri, ka ngoikore hoki te hiako. Ka piki ake te tere o te mimiti nā ēnei momo rerekētanga—e ai ki ngā rangahau he pikinga mai i te 1.3% ki te 5.2% me te kore e tika te whakahaere tote—ā, ka piki ake ngā taumata chromium para, ka nui ake te parahanga taiao. Hei tāpiri, ko te TDS teitei mai i te tango tote kore e tika te whakararu i ngā pūnaha maimoatanga wai para, ka piki ake ngā utu whakahaere. Tikate aroturuki i te kukū o te otinga tanningnō reira he mea nui kia mau tonu te kounga o te hiako, kia tutuki hoki i ngā paerewa taiao, pērā i te rohenga 20 mg/L o te chromium katoa mō te tukunga para.
Ngā wero i roto iTe Aroturuki i te Kukū o te Wairewa Whakatā
Aroturukite kukū o te konutai whanarikii roto i tete tukanga whakakoi hiako chromiumhe arai nui nā ngā āhuatanga uaua me ngā herenga o ngā tikanga tuku iho.
- Ngā Huakore o te Ine Tuku IhoKo ngā tikanga tuku iho, pērā i te tātari ira-whakapūmau, te tātari ine taumaha rānei, he nui te mahi, he roa te wā, ā, he ngāwari ki te hapa tangata. Ko ēnei tikanga tuimotu me whakamahi i te tauira me te tātari taiwhanga, ka whakaroa i ngā whakatikatika tukanga, ā, ka tūpono pea te rerekētanga o te kounga.
- Pāpāho WaikuraHe tino waikura ngā wai whakahinuhinu, he iti te pH (2.5-4.0) me te nui o ngā waikawa, ngā tote, me te chromium, ka kino ngā pūoko tuku iho, ā, me tiaki tonu, me whakakapi rānei.
- Ngā Whakaritenga mō te Aroturuki TonuKo te āhua hihiri o te tanning e hiahia ana kia tere te whakarerekē i ngā whakaurunga matū. Kāore e taea e te tauira puranga te hopu i ngā huringa tere ote kukū o te konutai whanariki, ka hua ake te kiri parauri koretake me te nui haere o te para.
- Te Whakatikatika me te TikaHe maha ngā wā ka raru ngā taputapu tuku iho ki te whakatikatika i te aroaro o ngā iona maha, ka hua ake he pānui hē me te kore e pono te whakahaere tukanga.
- Te Whakatutukitanga TaiaoKo ngā ture pakari, pērā i ngā ture e whakawhāiti ana i te TDS me te chromium i roto i ngā para, me aroturuki tika kia kore ai e utua he utu nui, kia mau tonu ai hoki ngā mahi.
Ine Kukū Lonnmeter Matatau
Te Mita Ronamita kukū matūhe tohu i tētahi putanga nui i roto ite aroturuki i te kukū o te otinga tanning, i hangaia hei aro atu ki ngā wero o te pāpāho waikura me te aroturuki tonu. Ka whakamahia e tēnei taputapu matatau ā-roto te hangarau pūoko pakari, ātete ki ngā taiao waikawa me te tote, hei tuku i ngā inenga tika, wā-tūturu ote kukū o te konutai whanariki. He rerekē i ngā tikanga tuku iho, ka whakauruhia pai te Lonnmeter ki roto i ngā pūwero tanning, ka whakarato raraunga tonu me te kore e hiahiatia he tauira ā-ringa. Mā ōna pūoko tino tika ka whakarite kia pono te whakatikatika, ahakoa i roto i ngā wai uaua, ā, mā tōna hoahoa pakari ka whakaitihia te tiaki, ka whakaitihia te wā kore mahi me ngā utu. Mā te whakahohe i te whakahaere tika o ngā whakaurunga matū, ka whakarei ake te Lonnmeter i te mimiti chromium, ka whakaitihia ngā poke para, ā, ka tautoko i te tutuki i ngā paerewa taiao.
Ngā Painga o te Ine Kukū ā-Rārangi
Mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine kukū ā-roto pērā i te Lonnmeter ka huri tetukanga whakakoi kirimā te tuku:
- Te Whai Hua o te TukangaMā te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu ka taea te whakarerekē tonu, te whakaiti i te para matū me te arotau i te wā whakatā. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ka taea e ngā pūnaha ā-roto te whakapoto i te roa o te whakatā tae atu ki te hautoru, me te whakapai ake i te mimiti o te konupora mā te 13.8-28.5%.
- Kounga Hiako Whakapai Ake: Pūmaute kukū o te konutai whanarikika whakarite kia ōrite te urunga o te chromium, ka whakarei ake i te kaha kume o te hiako, te ātete ki te haehae, me te ngawari, me ngā reiti whakahekenga he iti iho i te 1.3%.
- Te Oranga TaiaoMā te whakaiti i te toenga chromium me te TDS i roto i ngā para, ka tautoko te aroturukitanga ā-roto i te tanning e pai ana mō te taiao, ka whakaiti i te BOD, COD, me te TDS tae atu ki te 88%, 89%, me te 97%, ia, i roto i ngā tukanga matatau.
- Ngā Penapena UtuMā te whakaiti i te whakamahinga matū, te whakaiti i ngā utu maimoatanga para, me te whakaiti i ngā whakapaunga tiaki ka pai ake te hua o te whakahaere.
- Te Whakatutukitanga o ngā TureKo te whakahaere tika e hangai ana ki ngā ture taiao pakari, e karo ana i ngā whiu, ā, e tautoko ana i te hanga hiako tauwhiro.
- Te Whakataunga e Aromatawai ana i ngā RaraungaMā ngā whāngai raraunga tonu ka taea te tiaki matapae me te arotau i ngā tukanga, ka whakarei ake i te mahi whakairo kiri whānui.
Mō ngā kaihanga kiri e hiahia ana ki te whakapai ake i ā rātoute tukanga whakakoi hiako chromium, ka tukuna e te Mita Kukū Lonnmeter he otinga kua whakamātauhia hei rangatirate kukū o te konutai whanarikiwhakahaere.Whakapā mai ki a mātou i tēnei rā ki te tono utu (RFQ) mō te Lonnmeter, kia kitea ai me pēhea te hurihanga o ō mahi tanning mā te ine kukū ā-roto. Hono atu ki te taha mua o te hanga hiako tauwhiro me te hangarau e whakaputa hua ana.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-01-2025
