Te Mārama ki ngā Wai Whakamātao i roto i te Tukatuka Hinu me te Hau
Te Whakamārama i ngā Wai Whakamātao me ngā Wai Whakamātao Hau
Ngā waipūpū i roto i tete rāngai hinu me te hauhe warowaihā e huri ana mai i te āhua hau ki te āhua wai ina heke te pāmahana me te pēhanga i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te puna. Ko ēnei wai kua whakakōkītia he mea tito mai i ngā warowaihā māmā—ko te nuinga he alkane mekameka-tika mai i te ethane (C2) ki te hexane (C6+) me te taumaha ake, me te wāhanga iti o ngā matū kakara me ngā matū heteroatomic. Ko te noho mai o ngā warowaihā, tō rātou takenga mai, me tō rātou tono i raro iho he pānga nui ki ngā tukanga wehenga warowaihā me te uara mākete.
He mārama te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā wai whakapūhau hau me ngā wai whakapūhau. Ko ngā wai whakapūhau hau he wai e puta noa ana i te wai whakapūhau mai i ngā awa hau māori, i te nuinga o te wā ka tae ki te mata, ki ngā āhuatanga tata rānei o te mata. He rerekē, ko ngā wai whakapūhau he wai hauwaiora i hangaia mā te wai whakapūhau ātaahua—tērā pea i te wā e whakamahine ana, e tukatuka ana rānei i te hau. Ko te pūwāhi wehenga me te tikanga ā-tinana (te wai whakapūhau me te wai whakapūhau) e whakatau ana mēnā he wai whakapūhau, he wai whakapūhau rānei te awa.
Te Tukanga o te Whakatōtō Hautanga o te Hinu
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Ka ara ake ētahi atu rerekētanga i waenga i ngā wai whakapūngao rīhi me ngā wai whakapūngao tipu. Ka hopukina te wai whakapūngao rīhi i te puna puna, i te taha rānei o te puna, ka wehea mai i te hau i te pēhanga hau mā te whakamahi i ngā wehewehe mara. I te nuinga o te wā ka whakauruhia ki roto i te awa hinu mata mō te ine me ngā kaupapa arumoni, e whakaatu ana i te taumaha API mai i te 45 ki te 75. Ka puta te whakaora wai whakapūngao tipu i raro i ngā tipu tukatuka hau, ka puta te wehenga i te pēhanga teitei me te pāmahana iti iho. Ka pā te rerekētanga ki te kaute, te pūrongo, me te aromatawai mākete. Ko te wai whakapūngao rīhi he wāhanga o te hinu mata, ko ngā wai whakapūngao tipu ia ka whakarōpūhia ki ngā wai tipu hau māori (NGPL). Ko ngā tikanga whakahaere rerekē me ngā mahi mākete ā-rohe ka uaua ake te whakarōpūtanga, ka pā ki ngā mana pūrongo me ngā mana kaweake.
He mea nui te mahi a ngā wai whakakōkī i roto i te wehenga me te whakamahine i te warowaihā. He rauemi whāngai ēnei mō ngā whare whakamahine—he mea nui mō te nui o ngā wāhanga warowaihā māmā pērā i te penehīni, te naphtha, me te LPG—ā, hei waimeha hoki hei whakaiti i tete matotoru o ngā hinu mata taumahamō te kawe i ngā paipa. Nā te nui o te piki me te heke o te paru, ki te whakaritea ki ngā hinu mata taumaha ake, ka māmā ake te tukatuka me te whakaranu i te wā e whakatōngia ana te hinu, ka tautoko i te ngāwari o te whare whakapai me te arotau i te papa hua.
Ngā Āhuatanga Matū me te Ā-tinana e Hira Ana ki te Wehewehenga
Ko te whanonga me te wehewehenga o ngā waikura i roto i ngā mahi hinu me te hau e whakahaerehia ana e te huinga o ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū. I roto i ēnei, ka taea e te kaha o te API te ine i te mātotoru wai e pā ana ki te wai. Ko ngā waikura, me te kaha o te API i waenga i te 45 me te 75, he mama ake i te nuinga o ngā hinu mata, e pai ake ai te wehenga tere i te wā e tukatukahia ana te hinu me te hau. Ko te mātotoru, e pā tika ana ki te API, he mea nui mō te hoahoa paipa, te whakawhiti tiaki, me te whakahaere tukanga. Ko ngā taputapu ine mātotoru ā-roto, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia eMita Rona, ka whakamahia hei aroturuki me te whakarite i te whakahaere tika o ngā tawhā tukanga, inā koa i te wā e whakaranu ana, e whakamahine ana rānei i ngā awa mārama.
Ko te matotoru te mea nui ki te mahi whakahaere. Ko te nuinga o ngā wai whakapūkara he iti te matotoru, e āhei ai te rere pai, te wehewehe māmā ake i roto i ngā pūnaha maha-wāhanga, me te whakaiti i te whakaurunga pūngao i te wā e whakaranu ana me te papu ana. He hononga tata te matotoru ki te pāmahana, te hanganga matū, me te whanonga o te wāhanga; he mea nui tōna ine tika mō te arotau i te whakaputa me te whakaiti i ngā aukati o ngā paipa.
Ko te hanganga o te hauwaiwaro—ko te wāhanga matua o ngā parafini māmā, ngā mea kakara, me ngā poke iti—e whakatau ana i te whanonga āhua me te uara o te whakamahine. Ko te mana o te pito mārama (ngā butane, ngā pentane, ngā hexane) ka whakanui ake i te hāereere, engari ka taea hoki te whakauru i ngā mōrearea i te wā e whakahaeretia ana nā te pēhanga kohu teitei. Ko ngā wāhanga iti, pērā i te asphaltene, ngā kapia, me ngā ware pi, he pānga nui; ka taea e rātou te whakatō hei totoka i ngā pāmahana iti iho, ka arahi ki te whakatakotoranga ware pi me ngā raruraru whakahaere i roto i ngā paipa me ngā tereina wehewehe. Hei tauira, kua tuhia e ngā mara pērā i a Astrakhan me Altyguyi te whakatō parafini i ngā pāmahana e pā ana ki te tukanga, e hiahiatia ana he tātaritanga hanganga tupato me ngā rautaki tāpiri hei ārai i ngā wero whakapumautanga rere.
Ko te hiranga o te ine i ngā rawa kei tua atu i te whai huatanga o te mahi—he pānga tika ki te whakahaere kounga hua me te uara arumoni. Ko ngā raraunga pono mō te matotoru me te matotoru e tautoko ana i te tukanga tukatuka hinu me te tukatuka waikura, e tautoko ana i te wehenga tika o ngā wāhanga warowaihā, e hiahiatia ana i roto i te tukanga whakatō hinu. Ko ngā tikanga ine matotoru hou he wāhanga nui o te aroturukitanga tukanga, e whakarite ana i te tutuki i ngā paerewa whakawhiti tiaki me te whakahaere i te arotautanga o te rokiroki me te whakaranu i roto i ngā mahi whakarunga me ngā mahi whakararo.
Ko te hanganga ngota ngota anō hoki te mea e whakahaere ana i te taurite o te mamaoa-wai me te whanonga āhua, inā koa i roto i ngā wāhanga warowaihā māmā. I raro i ngā āhuatanga tukanga e rerekē haere ana, ka taea e ngā rerekētanga iti o te taumaha ngota, te hanganga rānei te whakaputa i ngā huringa nui i roto i te ōwehenga o te hau ki te wai, me ngā pānga tika ki te hoahoa wehewehe me te whakau, tae atu ki ngā taurite papatipu puta noa i te tipu. Mā te tātari auau o te whanonga takai āhua ka taea e ngā kaiwhakapaipai te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga whakatōtika-penehi tino pai e whakanui ana i te whakaora me te whakaiti i ngā utu pūngao me ngā ngaronga kounga.
Mā te aro atu ki ēnei āhuatanga—te taumaha API, te kiato ā-tinana, te matotoru, me te hanganga—ka hanga i te tūāpapa mō te wehenga whai hua me te whakamahine i ngā wai whakapūkara me ngā awa warowaihā māmā. Mā te ine tonu me te tika o ēnei āhuatanga wai whakapūkara ka akiaki i te whakahaere tukanga, ka tautoko i te whakahaere kounga wai whakapūkara warowaihā, ā, ka tautoko i te ōhanga o te mekameka uara hinu me te hau.
Ngā Tikanga Ine mō te Matū Wai Whakakōpikopiko
Ngā Tikanga Matatau mō te Tika Whakarei Ake
Hei whakatika i ngā wero e pā ana ki te ine i te mātotoru mō ngā waikura waro māmā me te taumaha, kua piki haere te rongonui o ngā tikanga whakakōkī. He maha ngā wā ka whakakōkīhia ngā wāhanga taumaha ki ngā whakarewa pēnei i te toluene, ka whakaiti i te matotoru me te whakaiti i te aro ki te pāmahana. Mā tēnei mahi ka taea te whakatau tika ake i te matotoru, i te mea ka pai ake te ōritetanga o te tauira me te whakaiti i ngā hapa tukanga mai i te whakahaere i ngā wai matotoru. He mea tino nui te huarahi whakakōkī-whakakōkī i roto i te whakaahua i ngā hua whakakōkī hinu uaua me ngā ranunga rakau taumaha, ina hiahiatia ngā matotoru mō te arotautanga tukanga me te whakatakotoranga hua.
Ngā tikanga hou, inā koa ko ērā e whakamahi ana i ngā mita kiato ā-roto e ahu mai ana i te wiri (pēnei iNgā taputapu mita roa), ka hinga i ngā herenga o ngā taputapu tuku iho. Ka whakahaere aunoa ēnei taputapu i te whakahaere pāmahana tauira, te kimi mirumiru, me te whakatikatika matotoru, he mea nui mō te ōritetanga o te aroturuki i te wai whakapūkara hinu me te hau. Ka taea hoki e ngā mita aunoa te whakaurunga ki ngā paipa ahumahi mō te ine tonu, e tautoko ana i te whakahaere kounga wai whakapūkara hauwai me te kore e aukati i ngā rere o te tukanga.
E whakaatu ana te tātari whakatairite he maha ngā wā ka puta he whakatau mātotoru i ngā taputapu taiwhanga tuku iho me ngā taputapu ā-ringa, ā, kāore e taea te whakamahine i ngā warowaihā māmā me ngā tikanga whakatō hinu e hiahia ana ki ngā rohe hanganga pakari. He rerekē, ko ngā mita aunoa ā-roto ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te rerekētanga o te mahi, engari ka tukuna hoki he putanga matihiko ka taea te whai, he mea nui mō te tutuki i ngā ture, te tuku pūrongo, me te wehenga matatau o ngā wāhanga warowaihā.
He uaua ake te ine i ngā wāhanga warowaihā māmā nā te mea he pōturi me te iti o te mātotoru. Ka taea e ngā ngaronga kohu, te mimiti o te tauira, me ngā nekehanga pāmahana iti te whakapōturi i ngā hua mātotoru. Ka whakaitihia ēnei pānga e ngā mita matatau mā te pupuri i ngā taiao ine katia me te whakahaere wera tika. I taua wā, ka tino whai hua ngā wāhanga taumaha mai i te maimoatanga whakarewa me te utu matotoru e whakauruhia ana ki te ine mamati.
Te Whakaurunga o ngā Taputapu Tātari ki te Aromatawai Matotoru
Mā te tātari hanganga ka hohonu ake te ine i te mātotoru tika. Mā te chromatography hau (GC), te chromatography wai mahi-teitei (HPLC), me te chromatography hau-papatipu spectrometry (GCMS) ka kitea ngā kōtaha warowaihā, ka tautuhia ngā wāhanga māmā me ngā wāhanga taumaha i roto i ngā tukanga whakatō hinu mata me te tango waikura. Mā ēnei taputapu tātari ka taea te hono tika i waenga i te mātotoru kua inehia me ngā āhuatanga hanganga, ka whakatairanga i te mana kounga waikura warowaihā me te tautoko i te kōwhiringa o ngā awa whakaranu mō te whakamahine, te hurihanga matū hinu rānei.
Mā ngā raraunga chromatographic me ngā inenga mātotoru ka āwhina i te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga wai kua whakakōpiritia i roto i ngā warowaihā, he mea nui mō te whakatikatika i te tirohanga whānui o te tukanga whakatō hinu me te wehenga o ngā wāhanga warowaihā. Hei tauira, ka whakamāramahia e ngā tapumati hanganga GCMS ngā whanaungatanga i waenga i te mātotoru me te tohatoha taumaha ngota i roto i ngā warowaihā kua whakatikatikaina, ka āwhina i ngā kaihanga tukanga ki te arotau i te wehenga hua, i te whakaranu rānei.
Pēhanga-rōrahi-pāmahana (PVT)Ka whakamahia te tātaritanga hei matapae i te mātotoru me te whanonga ā-wāhanga o ngā waikura i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere. Ka whakauruhia e ngā rangahau PVT ngā mātotoru ine me ngā matapae āhuatanga taurite, hei whakarei ake i te hoahoa tukanga me te tautoko i ngā tono i roto i te wehenga o ngā wāhanga warowaihā me te whakamahine i ngā warowaihā māmā.
I roto i te whakamahine hinu hou me te tukatuka waikura, mā te whakakotahi i ēnei tikanga ka puta he anga pakari mō te whakaahua i ngā awa waikura, te ine i te mātotoru o ngā waikura waikura, me te arotau i te tukanga wehenga me te whakahaere kounga ine puta noa i ia wāhanga. Ko tēnei huarahi whakauru—te hono i ngā taputapu ine mātotoru tika mō te waikura, pērā i ngā taputapu kaha ā-roto a Lonnmeter, me te tātari hanganga matatau—ka whakapakari i te āhua me te pono o te aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga waikura i roto i te mahi ahumahi.
Te Hiranga o te Ine Tika i te Kiato Wai Whakamātao
Pānga ki ngā Tukanga Wehewehenga me te Whakatōtō Waikawa
Whakapotohia tikate ine i te mātotoru waiHe mea nui te wehenga o ngā wāhanga warowaihā i roto i ngā tukanga wehenga warowaihā, inā koa i te wā e whakatōngia ana te hinu mata me te tango i te wai whakapūkara. Ko te wehenga o ngā wāhanga warowaihā e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā rerekētanga o te mātotoru hei ārahi i te whakatōngia, e pā ana ki te whai huatanga o te pou me te whakahaere i te pūwāhi tapahi. I roto i ngā tikanga whakatōngia hinu me te whakatōngia penehīni, ka pā tika te mātotoru ki te taurite o te kohu-wai (VLE). Ka whakarerekētia e ngā panonitanga o te mātotoru ngā ānau awhe kohua, ka puta he rerekētanga o te kounga hua me te putanga whānui.
Ka whakamahia ngā pānui mātotoru tūturu tika hei tatau i ngā āhuatanga whakatikatika mō te pāmahana me te pēhanga, e pā ana ki te huringa mai i te rerenga rōrahi ki te rerenga papatipu. He mea nui tēnei mō te ine tika i ngā awa waikura hinu me te hau i a rātou e neke ana i roto i ngā pou whakatō. Mā te whakatikatika e ārahihia ana e te mātotoru ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te arotau i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere mā te whakahohe i te whakahaere tika i ngā kōtaha whakamahana, ngā ōwehenga reflux, me ngā tere tangohanga mō ia paepae, ia awa taha rānei. Mā te whakatinana i ngā taputapu ine mātotoru kounga mō te waikura, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, ka taea te urupare tonu, he mea tika mō te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā tukanga hei urupare ki te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi whāngai, ki ngā nekehanga tono rānei.
He mea nui anō hoki te ine i te mātotoru ki te whiriwhiri taputapu puta noa i te mekameka tukatuka hinu me te waikura. Ka whakamōhio i te rahi o ngā roto o te pou, ngā whakawhiti wera, me ngā papu, me te ārahi hoki i te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi e tika ana mō ngā taiao waikura, pēhanga teitei rānei. Hei tauira, ko te waikura tukatuka pou me te ihirangi paraffinic teitei ake me whai mokowā motuhake i roto i te paepae, i te momo tākai rānei, ka taea anake te tautuhi mā te tātari mātotoru tika me ngā wāhanga warowaihā māmā.
Ko te matapae hua me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga i te wā e whakamahine ana i ngā warowaihā māmā e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā raraunga kiato. Ka whakamahia e ngā kaiwhakahaere te kiato hei tohutoro hei pupuri i ngā whakaritenga e hiahiatia ana mō ngā hua pēnei i te naphtha, te penehīni, te wahie jet rānei, ia mea e tautuhia ana e ngā matapihi kiato motuhake me te huringa. Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga iti i roto i te ine kiato te whakaputa rauemi kore-tikanga, ka arahi ki te whakahekenga ranunga, ki te tukatuka anō utu nui rānei. E whakaatu ana tēnei i te tūranga pūnaha o te kiato i roto i ngā tono wāhanga warowaihā māmā me te wehenga whānui o ngā wāhanga warowaihā.
Te Hiranga ki te Whakaahuatanga o te Puna Wai me te Aroturukitanga o te Whakaputa
Mā te ine i te mātotoru o ngā waikura warowaihā ka tautoko i ngā huarahi matatau ki te tautuhi i ngā puna wai. Ina whakauruhia ngā pānui mātotoru ki ngā raraunga hanganga me te hangarau, ka tino whakarei ake i te tika o ngā tauira matawhenua me ngā matapae whakaputa. I roto i ngā mara e whakaputa ana i te waikura hau, ka taea e ngā rerekētanga ngawari o te mātotoru wai kua mātotoru te tohu i ngā huringa o te hononga puna wai, ngā hononga wai, te whai huatanga rānei o ngā mahi whakaora tuarua.
Ka hanumihia ngā raraunga mātotoru māngai me ngā kitenga tātari matua, ngā urupare takiuru, me ngā tauira matū-hinu, e whakarato ana i ngā mahere taumira teitei o ngā tohatoha toka-wai. Hei tauira, ko te whakawhiti ira-porosity me te whakatauira PVT e whakahaerehia ana e te ako mīhini e whakamahi ana i ngā au o te mātotoru hei whakaahua i te rerekētanga o te wai. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te matapae pai ake i ngā au whakaputa, te arotau i te whakatakotoranga puna, me te whakapai ake i ngā rautaki whakaoti mō te whakaora warowaihā pai ake.
He mahi nui tā ngā tikanga ine i te mātotoru o te wai whakapūhau i roto i te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu, e āhei ai te whakarerekē i ngā rautaki whakamahi hei whakautu ki ngā nekehanga o ngā hanganga. E whakaatu ana ēnei raraunga i ngā huringa whanonga ā-wāhanga, he mea nui mō te pupuri i te pēhanga me ngā rautaki whakaheke, tae atu ki te tautuhi i ngā mōrearea o te mimiti o te puna wai, o te wā whakatā rānei. Hei whakamutunga, mā te ine tika ka taea te whakauru whānui ki ngā tauira hangarau puna wai me te whenua, e hono tika ana ki te uara rawa me te mahi whakahaere.
Te Mana Kounga me te Aromatawai i ngā Kaiora o te Whare Whakapaipai
Ko te whiriwhiri rauemi whāngai me te aromatawai ranunga e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te kounga o ngā awa waikura hinu me te hau, e tohuhia ana e te mātotoru me ngā raraunga hanganga. I roto i te horopaki o te whakahaere kounga waikura hauwai, ka whakamahia te mātotoru hei tirotiro tere mō te hototahitanga o te ranunga me te tohu whakakapi mō te whanariki, ngā konganuku, me te ihirangi kakara. He mea nui ngā pānui tika, wā-tūturu mai i ngā taputapu ine mātotoru ā-roto mō te waikura hei ārai i te whakaranu kore hototahi, ka taea te kino i ngā waeine whakarewa, te whakaheke rānei i te mahi whakatere.
Ka whakatinanahia te whakatutukitanga o ngā whakaritenga hua i roto i te mekameka tuku hinu whakapūkara mā te aroturukitanga pakari o te kiato i roto i ngā tikanga tauira noa me ngā tikanga tauira puranga. Me tutuki ngā hua i ngā rohe e hiahiatia ana mō ngā wāhanga ka taea te hoko—pērā i ngā roopu kiato kua whakaritea mō te naphtha, te kerosene rānei—kia tutuki ai ngā paerewa ture me ngā paerewa arumoni. Mā ngā whanaketanga tātari, tae atu ki ngā whakatauira wā-tūturu me te tātari hanganga, ka taea te kite i ngā au rerekē i te wā e whakawhiti ana i ngā rauemi kai me ngā raruraru tukanga.
Hei tāpiritanga, mā te whakauru i ngā pānui mātotoru ki ngā tātaritanga chromatographic me ngā tātaritanga huānga, ka matapaetia e ngā whare whakapai hinu te hua o te tukanga me te pakaru o ngā ranunga hinu tuku iho me ngā ranunga hinu whakahou. Mā tēnei huarahi ka taea te whakahaere pai ake i te tukanga, te whakapai ake i te arotahi hua, me te whakaiti i te mōrearea whakahaere mā te matapae i te poke, te coking, me ngā raruraru wae. Nō reira, ko ngā āhuatanga wai kua whakakōpirihia tika i roto i ngā warowaihā ka tautoko i te whakataetae o te whare whakapai hinu, ā, ka whakarite kia rite tonu puta noa i ia taahiraa o te whakapai hinu me ngā tukanga tukatuka condensate.
E whakaatu ana tēnei tūtohi kua āta hangaia ko te hua tino pai i roto i te tukatuka ira waro māmā ka puta i roto i ngā awhi kiato kikī, e whakaatu ana i te hiahia mō te whakahaere kiato tika puta noa i te tukanga wehenga. Ko ngā rerekētanga, ahakoa he torutoru kg/m³, ka arahi ki ngā ngaronga whai hua me ngā putanga kāore i te tino tika.
Ko te ine tika i te mātotorutanga wai kua whakakōpiritia te tūāpapa mō ngā tukanga wehenga hauwai i roto i te whakamahine hinu, mai i te whakatauira i ngā puna wai ki te arotautanga tukanga i roto i te wheketere, te aromatawai rauemi whāngai, me te whakahaere kounga, e whakaata ana i tōna tūranga matua i roto i te hiranga whakahaere me te angitu arumoni.
Ngā Whakaaro Whaihua me ngā Tikanga Pai rawa atu
Ngā Tikanga Tauira mō te Ine Pono
Ko te tauira tauira te tūāpapa mō te tātaritanga wai whakakōkī tika, inā koa i roto i ngā awa whakakōkī hinu me te hau e taea ai te whakanui ake i ngā hapa i raro iho. Hei aromatawai i ngā āhuatanga wai whakakōkī i roto i ngā warowaihā, hei whakahaere rānei i te tātaritanga wāhanga warowaihā māmā, me whakaata te tauira i ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga kia tata rawa atu. He mea nui tēnei hei aroturuki i ngā panonitanga hanganga e pāngia ana e te pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te tohatoha āhua puta noa i ngā tukanga wehenga warowaihā i roto i te whakamahine hinu.
Me tū te wāhi tauira ki te wāhi e pai ana te whakaranu o te wai, i mua i te wehenga o te āhua. Hei tauira, mā te whakauru i tētahi whakamātautau tauira ki roto i tētahi rārangi i mua tata atu i ngā wehewehe āhua ka puta he wāhanga tika ake o te wai kua tukatukahia. Me whakarite i mua ngā rārangi tauira me ngā oko kohikohi katoa, ā, me horoi ki te awa hua hei whakaiti i te poke mai i ngā toenga me te karo i te urunga mai o te hau, ka whakararu i te tātaritanga matotoru me te hanganga.
He mea nui te pumau o te pāmahana me te pēhanga i te wā e tangohia ana te tauira. Mēnā ka tere rawa te whakaheke i te pēhanga i te wā e tangohia ana te hinu mata me te waikura, ka mura pea ngā wāhanga māmā ake, ka whakarerekē i te hanganga o te wāhanga warowaihā māmā, ā, ka puta he hua kore pono mō ngā tikanga ine i te mātotoru o te waikura. Ka whakaitihia e ngā pūnaha kohikohinga porowhita-kati te pānga ki te hau me te ngaronga pūngāwerewere, ka tautoko i te hononga tika ake i waenga i ngā raraunga ine me ngā āhuatanga tūturu o te mara.
Mā te horoi auau, te whakawhiti tonu ki te tātari, me te pupuri hiri ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o te hapa me te poke. Mō te whakawhiti pupuri, te whakahaere kounga ture rānei, mā te whakarite i ēnei tikanga ka whakarite kia rite tonu, kia taea ai te whai i te ine i te mātotoru o ngā waikura warowaihā me ngā mahi whakahaere kounga waikura warowaihā.
Te Whakahaere Raraunga me te Whakauru ki ngā Tawhā Hangarau
Ko ngā raraunga matotoru me te hanganga i hopukina mai i ngā taputapu ā-roto pērā i ngā taputapu ine matotoru a Lonnmeter mō te waikura ka whāngai tika ki ngā tauira whakatauira me ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukanga, hei tautoko i te whakamahine hinu me te tukatuka waikura whai hua. He mea nui te ine taumira teitei ki te tirohanga whānui me te arotautanga o te tukanga whakatō hinu, inā koa i te wā e whakamahine ana i ngā warowaihā māmā me te whakahaere i te wehenga o ngā wāhanga warowaihā.
Hei whakamahi i ngā raraunga mātotoru mō te whakatauira tukanga, ka hono ngā miihini i ngā pānui taputapu taiwhanga, wā-tūturu rānei ki ngā tawhā matua o te miihini. Hei tauira, ka tatau tika te taumaha API mai i te mātotoru inehia, ā, he paearu nui mō ngā whakatau mahi, te whakaranu, me te tohatoha hua. Mā ngā aromatawai taumaha API tika ka whakatikatikahia ngā tikanga whakatō hinu hei whakanui ake i te whakaora me te kounga o ngā tono wāhanga warowaihā māmā.
Ko ngā ōwehenga hau-hinu, i ahu mai i ngā inenga mātotoru me ngā inenga hanganga, ka whakamōhio i te whakatauira o te puna wai whakarunga me te whakatikatika mahi tonu. Hei tauira, mēnā e tohu ana ngā pānui mātotoru i tētahi nekehanga nā te pikinga o te kawe i ngā wāhanga mārama, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē i ngā pūwāhi tapahi whakatōtō hei whakapai ake i te wehenga wāhanga me te whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga hua.
Mā te whakauru i ngā awa raraunga tonu ka whakarite i te whakahaere kounga hihiri. Ka uru pai ngā whakaurunga mātotoru aunoa—mai i ngā mita raina Lonnmeter—ki roto i ngā hanganga whakahaere tohatoha, ka whakarato i te taumira me te pono o te wā e tika ana hei whakahaere i ngā wehewehenga rere, ngā kohua hou, me ngā whakau. Ka whakaitihia te rerekētanga o te tukanga, ka whakaitihia te wawaotanga tauira, ā, ka whakakīkī i ngā matapihi whakatakotoranga hua, ka hua ake he whakahaere kounga pai ake o te hauota waro mā te urupare wā-tūturu.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko ngā mahi pai rawa atu e aro ana ki ngā rautaki tauira pakari me te whakaurunga raraunga tika. Ko ēnei te pūtake o te tātari tika o ngā wāhanga warowaihā māmā, te urupare mahi i roto i ngā tukanga wehenga warowaihā, me te whakahaere kounga whai hua puta noa i ngā paipa tukatuka hinu me te waikura - ina koa ka whakamahia ngā taputapu matatau kua hangaia hei whakatutuki i ngā paerewa e whanake ana o ngā rerenga mahi waikura hinu me te hau.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha ngā wai whakakōkī, ā, he aha i hiranga ai i roto i te tukatuka i te whakakōkī hinu me te hau?
Ko ngā wai whakapūpū he warowaihā e neke ana mai i te hau ki te wai i te hekenga o te pāmahana me te pēhanga ki raro i tō rātou ira tomairangi i te wā e tangohia ana te hau māori. He māmā ake ēnei wai, ā, he iti ake te matotoru i te hinu mata, he maha ngā wā ka whakarōpūtia e te wāhi kohikohinga—hei whakapūpū rīhi i te puna wai, hei whakapūpū tipu rānei mai i ngā tipu tukatuka. He rerekē ngā momo e rua i ngā wai hau māori (NGL) i roto i te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana. Ko tō rātou hiranga kei roto i tō rātou uara mākete teitei, tō rātou tūranga hei rauemi whakapūpū me te matū, me tō rātou awe ki ngā rautaki whakahaere mō te whakamahi, te tukatuka, me te kaweake i ngā puna wai. Nā te mea he pōturi, he mura hoki ngā wai whakapūpū, ka whakatinanahia ngā tikanga whakahaere tino pakari i roto i te whakahaere, te kawe, me te haumaru taiao. Ko ō rātou āhuatanga ā-tinana, inā koa te kiato me te taumaha ngota, ka pā tika ki te whai huatanga, ngā tere whakaora, me te waihanga uara i raro i ngā mahi whakapūpū hinu me te hau.
Me pēhea te ine i te mātotoru o te wai kua whakamātaotia i ngā tukanga wehenga hauwaiwai?
He mea nui te ine i te mātotoru wai whakakōpikopiko mō te whakahaere tukanga me te whakatakotoranga hua. Ko ngā tikanga ine tino noa ko ngā hydrometer, e whakamahi ana i ngā pōtae kua whakatikatikaina hei whakarato i te pānui mātotoru tika, i te pānui taumaha API rānei, me ngā pycnometer, e whakatau ana i te mātotoru i runga i te papatipu me te rōrahi e mōhiotia ana o te tauira wai. Tērā pea ka whakamahia hoki ngā tikanga tātari matatau, he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā whakarewa mō ngā aromatawai tika ake. Ko ngā tauira matapae pērā i te Hankinson-Thomson (HT) me ngā huarahi Hankinson-Brobst-Thomson (HBT) e whakatau ana i te mātotoru o ngā wai warowaihā kua kōpikopiko me ngā wai pēhi puta noa i ngā āhuatanga mahi. I te mara, he whānuitia te whakamahi i ngā taputapu tohutoro pērā i te Lonnmeter inline density meters mō te aroturuki mātotoru tonu me te tika, e tautoko ana i te arotautanga tukanga wā-tūturu. Ko ēnei tikanga katoa te pou tuara o ngā tikanga ine mātotoru wai whakakōpikopiko, e whakarite ana kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga ture me ngā whakaritenga arumoni mō ngā tukanga wehenga warowaihā i roto i te whakamahine hinu.
He aha te pānga o te mātotoru wai kua whakakōkīhia ki ngā putanga o te tukanga whakatōtika hinu?
Ko te mātotoru te āhuatanga ā-tinana matua e whakatau ana i te wehenga o ngā warowaihā i te wā o te tukanga whakatō hinu. Ko te mātotoru wai whakakōkī te whakatau i te wehenga o ngā rauemi i waenga i ngā wāhanga whakatō pērā i te naphtha, te penehīni, me te tīhiera. Ka pāngia te whai huatanga, te whakamahinga pūngao, me te hua o ia wāhanga whakatō, nā te mea he rerekē ngā āhuatanga reflux me ngā tikanga whakahaere mō ngā rauemi whāngai māmā ake, matotoru ake rānei. Mā te ine mātotoru tika ka taea te whakatikatika pai i ngā mahi pahu reflux me ngā kawa wehewehe wāhanga, ka hua ake te kounga me te ōritetanga o te hua. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau mā te pupuri i ngā mātotoru whāinga i roto i ngā rauemi whāngai ka whakarite kia tutuki ngā awa hua i ngā whakaritenga, ka whakaiti i te para me te arotau i ngā ōhanga o te whare whakapūkara. Mā te whakauru i te mātotoru ine pono o ngā whakatō warowaihā ka tautoko i te wehenga whai hua o ngā wāhanga warowaihā, ā, ka tautoko i te mahi ōrite puta noa i ngā wāhanga whakatō hinu mata me te tango whakatō.
He aha te hiranga o ngā raraunga mātotoru tika mō te whakamahine i ngā wāhanga hauwaiwai māmā?
Ko ngā wāhanga warowaihā māmā, i te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te awhe C5–C10, he mea nui ki te whakaputa hua uara nui pēnei i te penehīni me ngā matū hinu. He mea nui ngā raraunga mātotoru tika mō te whakatauira tukanga, te whakahaere kounga, me te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga hua. Ko te whakamahine i ngā warowaihā māmā me whakarite tika ngā wae wehenga i runga i te urupare mātotoru wā-tūturu—he maha ngā wā ka whakaratohia e ngā taputapu ā-roto pēnei i ngā mita Lonnmeter—kia mau tonu ai te whai huatanga o te mahi me te karo i te whakaputanga utu nui i waho o te whakaritenga. Ko ngā tikanga tātari, tae atu ki te chromatography hau me te tātari mātotoru, e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei aroturuki i te hanganga me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana. Mā tēnei huarahi tino tika ka taea te ngāwari o te tukanga me te whakapumautanga kounga i roto i te tātari wāhanga warowaihā māmā, ka hua ake ai te whakahaere pai me te whakahaere pūngao puta noa i ngā tukanga wehenga warowaihā i roto i te whakamahine hinu.
He aha ngā tikanga pai hei whai mā te tango tauira o ngā wai kua whakakōpakatia hei ine i te mātotorutanga?
Ko te kohi tauira wai kua whakakōkīhia me piri pono ki ngā tikanga pai hei whakarite i te pono me te āhua o te whakaaturanga. Me kohi tauira mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ma, kore poke—me horoi i mua i te whakamahinga—ā, me rongoa ki roto i ngā ipu kāore e mimiti, e mimiti rānei i ngā warowaihā. Ko ngā tikanga e aro nui ana ki te hopu i tētahi wāhanga matua o te rerenga wai e neke ana, kia kore ai e ngaro te tauira nā te mimiti, te mimiti rānei, inā koa mō ngā wāhanga e koropupū ana. Ka hiritia ngā ipu, ka tapaina tonutia kia iti ai te pānga. Ka whai ngā kaimahi i ngā tikanga haumaru pakari nā te āhua mura me te huri o ngā wai kua whakakōkīhia. Ko ngā paerewa ture, pērā i ngā mea i whakaputaina e ASTM International, e tautuhi ana i ngā tikanga motuhake mō te whakarite, te whakahaere, me te tiaki. He mea nui ēnei mana whakahaere pakari mō te whakahaere kounga warowaihā whai mana, ā, e tautoko ana i ngā hua tika, ka taea te mahi mai i ngā taputapu ine kiato mō te warowaihā.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-11-2025
