Ko te ine i te kukū ā-roto te mea nui ki te whakahaere me te arotau i ngā tukanga i roto i te hanga butadiene. Mā ēnei tikanga ka taea te aroturuki tonu i ngā taumata hua me te whakarewa i ngā wā tino nui pēnei i te tangohanga tuarua, te whakahoro, me te purenga. I roto i ngā tipu tukanga hou, ka tukuna tika ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mai i ngā taputapu ā-roto ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere, e tautoko ana i te whakatauira tukanga hihiri me te whakatikatika i ngā taurangi mahi pēnei i te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te tāpiri whakarewa, me te taurite wai. Ka whakarei ake tēnei whakaurunga piri i te pono o te tangohanga, ā, ka whakaitihia te hanganga o ngā "pūmua pōporo" kāore e hiahiatia, ētahi atu kaihoko poke pūmua rānei.
He Kupu Whakataki ki te Tukanga Hanga Butadiene
He mea nui te 1,3-Butadiene i roto i te umanga rapa hangai o te ao, inā koa i roto i te hanga rapa butadiene (BR) me te rapa styrene-butadiene (SBR), e hia miriona tana o te paunga ia tau. Ka horapa ōna whakamahinga ki ngā potae motuka, ngā taonga ahumahi, me ngā polymer hanga, me te tono e aro nui ana ki ngā rohe pēnei i a Āhia-Moana-nui-a-Kiwa nā te tipu haere o ngā rāngai hanga me te hanga waka.
Tangohanga Butadiene
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Ka tīmata te tukanga hanga mā te whiriwhiri i ngā rauemi whāngai e tika ana. Ko ngā rauemi mata matū hinu pēnei i te naphtha me te butane te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana. He nui ngā hua ka puta mai i ēnei hauwaiwai i roto i ngā tukanga tuku iho, ā, ka whai hua mai i ngā mekameka tuku kua whakatūria. Heoi, ko te aro nui ki te oranga tonutanga kua akiaki i te hiahia ki ngā rauemi whāngai rerekē, pēnei i te bioethanol i ahu mai i ngā puna whakahou me te koiora kore-kai. Kei te piki haere te aro o ngā hangarau hurihanga catalytic mō te etanoru ki te butadiene mō tō rātou kaha ki te whakaiti i te tapuwae waro me te whakanui ake i ngā whakaurunga rauemi, ahakoa kei te mau tonu ngā arai nui me te ōhanga.
Ko te tikanga ahumahi matua mō te hanga butadiene ko te pakaru mamaoa. Mā tēnei tukanga ka tukuna ngā naphtha, ētahi atu warowaihā māmā rānei ki ngā pāmahana teitei (tata ki te 750–900°C) i te aroaro o te mamaoa. Mā ngā āhuatanga wera ka pakaruhia ngā ngota nui ki ngā olefin me ngā diolefin iti ake, ka puta te butadiene me te ethylene, te propylene, me ētahi atu hua taha whai hua. I muri i te pakaru, ka ārai te tinei tere i ngā tauhohenga tuarua kāore e hiahiatia, ā, ka whai ake ko te raupapa wehenga hau uaua. Ko te tikanga ka tangohia te butadiene mā te whakamahi i te whakatōtō tango, e whakamahi ana i ngā whakarewa porotaka pēnei i te DMF, te NMP rānei hei wehe i te butadiene mai i ngā warowaihā C4 rite. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pou pakitara wehewehe, te pēhanga mamaoa rānei hei whakanui ake i te pai o te pūngao me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere.
Ko ngā tikanga "whai-kaupapa" e puta ake ana, pērā i te hurihanga whakatere o te etanoru i roto i ngā tauhohenga maha-pūwero, moenga wai rānei, he huarahi kē atu hei whakakapi i te pakaru mamaoa. Ka whakamahia e ēnei tukanga ngā whakatere rerekē maha-mahi kua hangaia mō te whiriwhiringa teitei me te pumau. He mea nui te whirihoranga whakatere me te tauhohenga ki te arotau i ngā reiti hurihanga me te whakaiti i ngā hua taha kāore e hiahiatia.
Ko te rere whānui o te tukanga whakaputa butadiene ka tīmata mā te whakarite rauemi whāngai, ka haere tonu mā te pakaru (te hurihanga whakatere rānei), ā, ka haere tonu mā te tinei hua, te wehenga hau, me te whakatō whakamutunga hei whakaputa butadiene parakore. I roto i te katoa, he mea nui te aroturuki pakari—pēnei i te ine tonu i te kukū butadiene—me ngā pūnaha whakahaere matatau hei whakanui ake i te parakore o te hua, te hua, me te haumaru mahi. Ka whakahaerehia te poke o ngā taputapu tawhito, te pirau o te whakarewa, me ngā raruraru tukanga mā roto i ngā wawaotanga hangarau me ngā whanaketanga whakapainga whakarewa—kia whakarite ai i te whakaputa butadiene pono, whai hua puta noa i ngā whare matū hinu hou.
Ngā Hipanga Matua i roto i te Tukanga Tango Butadiene
Te Pakaru Wera me te Whakarite Whāngai
Ko te pakaru wera te tūāpapa o te tukanga whakaputa butadiene. Ko ngā rauemi whāngai pēnei i te naphtha, te butane, me te ethane te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana; he rerekē ngā hua o ia rauemi. Ko te naphtha, e wātea whānuitia ana, ka whakaputa i ngā wāhanga C4 whānui ake me ngā hua butadiene taurite, ko te butane me te ethane te tikanga ka nui ake te whiriwhiringa ki ngā hua e hiahiatia ana.
He mea nui ngā āhuatanga mahi i roto i ngā oumu pakaru. Me āta whakahaere ngā pāmahana i waenga i te 750° me te 900°C, me te pupuri i te āhuarangi kore mahi hei ārai i te waikura kāore e hiahiatia. He mea nui te roa o te wā noho: ko ngā wā noho poto rawa me te tinei tere ka ārai i ngā tauhohenga tuarua e whakaiti ana i te whiriwhiringa butadiene me te whakaputa hua taha. Hei tauira, mā te whakanui ake i te pāmahana i roto i tēnei awhe ka taea te whakanui ake i te hua engari ka piki ake hoki te whakapaunga pūngao me ngā tauhohenga taha kāore e hiahiatia. Nō reira, me taurite te tukatuka tino pai i te pāmahana, te tere rere o te whāngai, me te tere tinei kia nui rawa te tango butadiene.
Ko te maimoatanga-mua mō ngā rauemi kai, inā koa mō ngā rauemi kai rerekē, ngā rauemi hou rānei pērā i te bioethanol, te 1,3-butanediol rānei, ka uru atu ki ngā tikanga hydrolysis, fermentation rānei. Ka whakamahia ngā tikanga pērā i te pahūtanga mamaoa, te maimoatanga-mua wai wera rānei mō te koiora, ka hangaia he papa ka taea te whakapūpū, ka whakapai ake i ngā reiti tahuritanga whānui. Ka awehia ēnei mahi e te hoahoa tauhohenga: ka tautokohia e ngā tauhohenga maha-pūwero te whakawhiti wera me te papatipu, engari ka āwhinahia e ngā pūnaha adiabatic maha-moenga te tauine me te whiriwhiri i te tukanga.
Te Wehenga Hau, te Tangohanga Tuatahi me te Tangohanga Tuarua
Kia oti te pakaru, ka uru te rerenga hau mata ki tētahi raupapa o ngā mahi wehenga. Ka tīmata te wehenga hau mā te tinei me te wehenga tuatahi hei tango i ngā warowaihā taumaha, kātahi ka whakaitihia te rōrahi e ngā wae kōpeketanga me te whakanui ake i te pēhanga kia māmā ake ai te whakahaere. Mā te whakamaroke ka tangohia te makuku, ka pā kino pea ki te mahi whakarewa me te kounga o te hua.
Ka whakamahia e te tangohanga tuatahi ngā mea mimiti, ngā whakarewa whiriwhiri rānei i roto i ngā pourewa pēhanga teitei. I konei, ka wehea te butadiene mai i ētahi atu matū C4 i runga i ngā rerekētanga o te wairewatanga. Ka whiriwhiria ngā whakarewa pēnei i te N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), te dimethylformamide (DMF), ngā momo hou ake rānei e pumau ana pēnei i te 1,2-propylene carbonate (PC) nā runga i tō rātou kaha ki te butadiene, te pumau, me te āhua haumaru. Ka rewa whiriwhiria e te whakarewa te butadiene, kātahi ka tangohia mai i te whakarewa mā te mamaoa, te pēhanga iti rānei.
Ka whakatinanahia te tangohanga tuarua hei whakanui ake i te whakaora, mā te hopu i te toenga butadiene mai i te wāhanga wai, whakarewa rānei i ngaro i te wāhanga tuatahi. Tērā pea ka uru atu ki tēnei tukanga he whakapā atu anō ki te whakarewa, he mahi pou kaha ake rānei. Mō te whakaora butadiene kua arotauhia (tae atu ki te 98%) me te parakore (tata ki te 99.5%), ka tino whakatikatikahia ngā tawhā pēnei i te ōwehenga whakarewa-ki-whāngai (te tikanga 1.5:1) me te ōwehenga reflux (he maha ngā wā tata ki te 4.2:1). Mā te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā wāhanga pou ariā ka whakanui ake i te pai o te wehenga me te iti o te pūngao tāpiri. Ka taea e te whakaurunga o ngā whatunga whakaora wera i waenga i ngā wāhanga pou te whakaiti i te whakamahinga pūngao tukanga katoa mā te 12%.
Ko te whakaurunga o ngā mahi purenga—te whakamaroke, te tango i ngā hua taha pēnei i te acetylene me te saturates—he mea nui kia mau tonu ai te whai huatanga o te whakarewa me te whakatakotoranga o te hua. Ko ngā hoahoa tukanga matatau, pēnei i ngā pou pakitara wehewehe, ngā kohua waenga rānei me ngā papu wera, kua whakaatuhia he whakaiti i te hiahia pūngao (tae atu ki te 55%) me te whakaiti i ngā utu whakahaere whānui me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaora butadiene.
Te Whakatōtō Tango me te Whakamaemae Hua
Ko te whakahorohoro tango te tikanga matua mō te wehe i te butadiene parakore-teitei mai i ngā wāhanga warowaihā C4. I tēnei taahiraa, he mahi nui tā te whakarewa kua tīpakohia mā te whakanui ake i te rerekētanga o te piki me te heke i waenga i te butadiene me ōna poke e tata ana ki te kohua, kia pai ai te wehenga.
Ko te kōwhiringa whakarewa e whakatauhia ana e ētahi paearu: te whiriwhiringa o te butadiene, te pumau matū me te wera, te tere whakaora, ngā take taiao me te haumaru, tae atu ki te utu. Ko te NMP me te DMF te mea nui i mua engari kei te whakakapia inaianei e ngā whakarewa matomato pēnei i te 1,2-propylene carbonate, e whakarato ana i te pai o te wehenga, te kore paitini, me te whakaaetia e te ture. Ko ngā whakarewa hohonu eutectic (DES) e whakaatu ana i te tumanako, e tuku ana i te pumau me te hangarua katoa me te pupuri tonu i te mahi tango teitei.
Ka kohia ngā whakarewa me te hangarua mā roto i ngā pūnaha whakahoro me te tātari kiriuhi, e tango ana i te tā me ngā poke, ā, e whakaroa ana i te ora o te whakarewa. Ka whakaitihia te wā kore mahi mā te whakaurunga o ngā kōwae kiriuhi hei tango i te tā, ā, ka tautokona te mahi porowhita kati.
Ka whakamahia e te purenga hua ētahi atu whakahorohoro, ā, i ētahi wā ka whakamahia ngā raupapa tango-whakahorohoro ranu. Ko ngā rautaki purenga matatau, pērā i te wehewehenga maha-wāhanga, ngā pou whakahorohoro tāpae rānei, ka whakarite kia eke, kia neke atu rānei i te 99.5% te parakore o te hua butadiene whakamutunga. Mā te aroturuki tonu—he maha ngā wā mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine kukū ā-roto, pērā i ngā mita mātotoru me te matotoru mai i Lonnmeter—ka āwhina i te whai i te ihirangi butadiene i roto i ngā awa me te arotau i ngā mana whakahaere tukanga. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei taputapu ine kukū ā-roto ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mō te arotau i te hanga butadiene, ka taea ai e ngā kaiwhakahaere te pupuri i te parakore o te hua me te whakaiti i ngā taumata poke.
Mā te huinga whai hua o te kōwhiringa whakarewa, te whakaurunga tukanga, me te ine i te kukū butadiene tonu ka puta he tukanga hanga butadiene pakari e taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā tono kounga me te pumau.
Te Ine i te Kukū ā-Rārangi: Ngā Mātāpono me te Hiranga
Ko te ine kukū ā-roto i roto i te tukanga hanga butadiene te whakatau tonu i ngā hanganga matū i roto tonu i te awa tukanga. He mea nui tēnei huarahi ki te whakahaere me te arotau i te tukanga tango butadiene katoa, kia mau ai te haumaru me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga puta noa i ia wāhanga matua.
He aha te mea e inehia ana?
Ko te tukanga tango butadiene e hiahia ana kia tino tika te ine i ngā matū maha. Ko ngā whāinga matua ko te butadiene tonu, me eke, me neke atu rānei i te 97% ngā taumata parakore, tae atu ki ngā whakarewa pēnei i te furfural me te N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, he mea nui ki ngā mahi tango wai-wai me te tango tuarua. Hei tāpiri, ka whakamahia ngā taputapu ine kukū ā-roto mō te butadiene hei tautuhi me te whai i ngā poke pēnei i ētahi atu matū waro pūngāwerewere me ngā hua taha kino—he maha ngā wā tae atu ki ngā tohu e kitea ana i roto i ngā awa propylene, i roto rānei i ngā tukunga mai i ngā pou whakaora whakarewa. He mea nui te aroturuki i ngā kukū hua me ngā poke kia tutuki ai te whakaritenga me te pupuri i te mahi tino pai.
Te Ine ā-Ringine me te Ine Tuimotu: Ngā Pānga Whakahaere
He nui ngā hua whakahaere o te whiriwhiri i waenga i ngā tikanga ine kukū butadiene ā-roto me te tuimotu. Ka tāutahia ngā taputapu ā-roto—pērā i ngā ine āwhata, ngā pūoko, me ngā mita—ki roto tonu i ngā awa tukanga, e whakarato tonu ana i ngā raraunga ka taea te mahi. Mā tēnei urupare wā-tūturu ka taea te whakatikatika wawe tonu, te whakahaere pakari ake i te kukū butadiene, me te whakatikatika pai i ngā rere whakarewa me ngā tawhā tango. Hei whakataurite, me whai tauira ā-ringa te ine tuimotu, te tukatuka taiwhanga, me ngā hua whakaroa. Ka taea e ēnei wā whakaroa te whakanui ake i ngā mōrearea o te hua kore-tautuhinga, te koretake o te tukanga, me te maumau, nā te mea he tauhohe ngā whakatikatika kaua ki te matapae.
Mā te ine ā-roto tūturu, mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mita kiato ā-roto, ngā mita matotoru ā-roto rānei mai i Lonnmeter, ka tautokohia ngā mahi pai rawa atu mō te aroturukitanga kukū butadiene tonu. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei tikanga te mōrearea o te hapa tangata me te poke o ngā tauira, ā, ka āwhina hoki i ngā whakahaere tukanga aunoa e tino hira ana mō ngā whare matū hinu nui. Hei tauira, kua whakamātauhia he mea nui ngā tikanga ine kukū hau ā-roto i roto i te hauwai whiriwhiri, ka āwhina te urupare tonu ki te whakarerekē i te tauhohenga hei whakaiti i ngā hua taha me te pupuri i te parakore.
Ka tukuna ngā raraunga e ngā tātari kukū ā-roto i roto i ngā hēkona, ka taea ai te whakahaere matatau. He roa te wā e whakaroahia ana te tauira tuimotu, ka tūpono ai te koretake o te tukanga.
Te Mātāpono me te Tūranga i roto i te Whakahaere Tukanga
Hei tauira, mā ngā tauira whakatauira pakari kua whakamanahia me ngā raraunga kiato me te matotoru ā-roto ka taea e ngā kaihangarau te arotau i te pai o te wehenga me te kounga o te hua—te whakanui ake i ngā hua butadiene me te whakaiti i te kaha me te whakamahinga whakarewa. Ka tautokohia hoki e te ine ā-roto te tutuki i ngā ture mā te aroturuki tonu i ngā putanga hau me te parahanga mō ngā poke, he huarahi kua whakamanahia e ngā whatunga pūoko kua whakatauhia ā-wāhi me ngā kitenga kua arotakehia e ngā hoa tata.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, mā ngā taputapu ine kukū ā-roto mō ngā warowaihā—tae atu ki ērā i hangaia mō te butadiene—ka taea ai te urupare whakahaere tonu e hiahiatia ana mō te hua nui, te para iti, me te pānga iti ki te taiao. Inaianei, e kiia ana tēnei rerenga raraunga tika, kore e mutu, he mea nui i roto i te tukanga hanga butadiene, hei tautoko i te anga katoa o te arotau me te whakahaere tangohanga.
Ngā Pūrere Ine Kukū me ngā Taputapu i roto i te Tangohanga Butadiene
Te Whakatinanatanga i roto i te Tangohanga Butadiene Ahumahi
I roto i te tukanga tango butadiene, ka whakanohoia ngā taputapu ki ngā wāhi tauira rautaki hei aroturuki i te rere me te whakawhiti rauemi. Ko ngā wāhi whakauru noa ko ngā putanga o te wae tango, ngā tomokanga me ngā raro o te pou whakatō, me ngā tāke rokiroki hua. Mā te whakanoho ka kitea wawetia ngā huringa tukanga, pērā i te hanganga whāngai, te pai rānei o te wehenga.
Ka tukuna ngā hua e ngā whatunga kohikohi raraunga ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere tohatoha (DCS) ki ngā kaiwhakahaere arorau hōtaka rānei (PLC), ka taea ai e ngā kaihanga tukanga te tirotiro i ngā tohu mahi matua me ngā paepae whakaoho. Ka whakauruhia ngā mita mātotoru me te matotoru ā-roto o te mita Lonnmeter ki roto i ēnei anga mā roto i ngā kawa paerewa ahumahi (Modbus, Ethernet/IP), e tautoko ana i te takiuru raraunga aunoa me te ia.
He mahi nui tā ngā taputapu ine kukū kua whakamanahia, kua whakatikatikaina hoki i roto i te aroturukitanga tukanga. Mā te whakatikatika auau ki ngā paerewa tohutoro kua whakamanahia, ki ngā tikanga taiwhanga rānei e hono ana, pērā i te chromatography permeation gel kore-aho, ka whakaū i te tika o te ine, ka whakarite i te pono o ngā whakataunga whakahaere tukanga.
Mā te hononga tika o ngā tikanga ine kukū butadiene ā-roto ki ngā papaaho aunoa ka puta he hua tūturu. Ka pai ake te ōritetanga o te whakaputanga i te mea ka kitea tonutia ngā pekapeka, ka whakaitihia te whakaputanga para me ngā hua kāore i te tino tika, ā, ka arotauhia ngā hua tukanga mā te whakahohe i ngā mahi whakatikatika i te wā tika. Ka tautokohia e tēnei huarahi ngā mahi o ia rā me te arotau tukanga matatau, me te whakanoho i ngā whare tango butadiene mō te pai me te haumaru.
Arotau Tukanga Mā te Whakamahi i te Ine Arotahi ā-Rārangi
Ko te ine i te kukū ā-roto-tūturu te poutokomanawa o te arotautanga tukanga i roto i te tukanga hanga butadiene. Mā te hopu me te tuku raraunga tonu mō ngā taumata butadiene me te whakarewa, ka whakaratohia e ngā taputapu pēnei i te Lonnmeter inline density me ngā mita matotoru he whakaurunga nui mō te arotautanga e hangai ana ki te tauira me ngā rautaki whakahaere matatau. Mā te whakaurunga o ēnei awa raraunga ki roto i ngā tūāpapa whakatauira ka taea te whakatau whai whakaaro me te whakatikatika i ngā tawhā tango, ka whakaiti i ngā raruraru tukanga me te rerekētanga.
Ina whakauruhia ngā kōtaha kukū wā-tūturu, tika ki roto i ngā koropiko whakahaere—ina koa i roto i te tukanga tango butadiene me te tukanga tango tuarua—ka taea e ngā tauira hihiri te whakarerekē i ngā ōwehenga whakarewa-ki-whāngai, ngā tere reflux, me ngā mahi pou me te tino tika. Hei tauira, ka whakamanahia e ngā rangahau whakatauira ka piki ake te hua butadiene mā te whakahohe i te whakatikatika urupare o te rere whakarewa me te pāmahana tango i te wā tonu ka kitea ngā rerekētanga, kaua i muri i ngā wā tauira puranga ā-wā. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā pou tango te mahi tata atu ki te taurite wāhanga tino pai, me te whakarite kia neke ake te parakore o te hua ūnga i te 99%–he whakapainga nui atu i ngā huarahi ā-ringa, ā-tuimotu rānei.
Mā tēnei taumata teitei ake o te whakahaere tukanga ka whakaiti tika i te whakapaunga pūngao. Mā te kaha ki te pupuri i ia wāhanga whakahorohoro, tango rānei ki tōna "wāhi reka" - e arahina ana e te kukū me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana i inehia - ka ārai i te mahi nui rawa (e moumou ana i te mamaoa me te pūngao hiko) me te mahi iti (e hua ake ai te wehenga iti rawa, ngā huringa tukatuka anō, me te whakamahinga whakarewa nui rawa). E whakaatu ana ngā kēhi kua whakaputaina i ngā penapena pūngao mai i te 12% ki te 30% ina whakakotahihia te whakahaere kukū ā-roto me te whakaurunga papu wera, ngā rautaki whakamahana waenga rānei. Hei tauira, kua whakaaturia te mahi whakahou iti rawa i roto i ngā pou whakahorohoro e tango ana i te butadiene, e hua ake ai he penapena utu nui me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga CO₂.
Ko te arotau i te whakaora whakarewa tētahi atu painga nui. Mā ngā taputapu ine kukū ā-roto mō ngā warowaihā ka taea te aroturuki tonu i te kawenga whakarewa i roto i ngā awa o raro me runga. Mā te tautuhi i ngā kukū iti o te whakarewa, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē hihiri i ngā rerenga whakahoki me te horoi, ka whakaora i te nui ake o te whakarewa i mua i te ngaronga ki te para, ki ngā tukunga rānei. Ko ngā huarahi ranu e whakamahi ana i ngā pou pakitara wehewehe me te wehenga āwhina-kirihou, i aroturukihia i te wā tūturu me ngā taputapu ine kukū hau ā-roto, kua hua ake te hekenga o ngā whakaritenga whakamahana o waho tae atu ki te 80% me te pikinga ake o te pai o te whakaora whānui.
Ko te whakanui i te hua me te whakaiti i te poke e whakawhirinaki ana ki te urupare pakari e whakahohea ana e te ine kukū butadiene ā-roto. Mō te arotau i te hanga butadiene, ka pāngia ia wāhanga mai i te whakarite whāngai ki te wehenga hua whakamutunga. Mā ngā raraunga ine ka taea te aroturuki tonu i te kukū butadiene, nō reira ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā tukatuka kia pai ake ai ngā āhuatanga tauhohenga, wehenga rānei tino whiriwhiri. Hei tauira, ko te arotau i te whakatōtō tangohanga mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga mai i ngā taputapu ine kukū ā-roto mō te butadiene i tautoko i tētahi take kua whakaputaina i reira i tutuki ai te 98% whakaora butadiene me te 99.5% parakore i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakahaere urutau.
Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, he pānga nui tō te ine kukū ā-roto ki ngā utu whakahaere me te kounga o te hua. Mā te whakaiti i te auau o te tauira ā-ringa me ngā aituā whakaputa kore-motuhake, ka penapenahia e ngā whare te mahi, ngā rauemi mata, me te whakakorenga para. Ka whakaitihia e te whakahaere urupare pakari te maha o ngā raruraru tukanga me ngā aituā wā kore mahi. Ka whai hua te kounga o te hua mai i te hanganga ōrite me te whakaiti i ngā taumata poke, ka whakapai ake i te whakapono o te kiritaki me te tutuki i ngā ture. Ka whakaitihia tika te rerekētanga o te taumata mā te aroturuki kukū warowaihā tika, ka iti ake te whakakorenga puranga me te whakapiki ake i te hokohoko.
I roto i ngā tukanga e whakamahi ana i te kaha nui pērā i te hanga butadiene, ka puta he hua nui mai i ia whakapainga ā-whakahaere. He mea nui tonu ngā tikanga ine kukū butadiene ā-roto hei whakatutuki i te taurite pai i waenga i te hua, te kaha, me te utu. Ko ngā taputapu a Lonnmeter, e arotahi ana ki te kimi i te mātotoru me te matotoru, he mahi nui tā rātou i roto i tēnei rautaki whakapai tonu mō te whakanui ake i te hua butadiene, te whakaora whakarewa, me te kounga hua, me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga pūngao me ngā poke.
Ngā Whakaaro mō te Whakapūmau Kounga me te Whakapūmautanga
Ko te aroturuki tonu i te kukū o te butadiene ā-roto te pou here mō te whakapūmautanga kounga i roto i te tukanga tango butadiene. Ko ngā taputapu ine kukū hau ā-roto kua whakauruhia tika ki roto i te awa tukanga—pērā i ērā e tutuki ana i te ASTM D2593-23—ka tukuna ngā raraunga wā-tūturu e tika ana mō te pupuri i te parakore o te hua kua whakaritea me te tutuki i ngā ture. Mā te whakarato i te ine kore e mutu, ka tiakina e ēnei pūnaha te piri ki ngā whakaritenga parakore me te poke kua tohua mō te taumata polymerization 1,3-butadiene.
Hei tauira, mā te aroturuki tonu ka taea te ine tere i ngā poke o te butadiene me te hauwaiwai, ka hopu i ngā huringa tere o te tukanga e ngaro pea i te tātari tuimotu tuku iho. Mā tēnei ka taea te mahi whakatikatika tere, ka whakaiti i ngā huihuinga hua kore-tautuhinga me ngā takahi ture. Mā te whakaurunga ki ngā tikanga whakahaere tukanga tatauranga (SPC) ka huri te ine wā-tūturu hei matauranga mahi, ka whakaiti i te rerekētanga me te pupuri i te ōritetanga puranga-ki-puranga i roto i te tukanga tango tuatahi me te tuarua i roto i te hanga butadiene.
Mai i te tirohanga pumau, he mahi nui anō hoki ngā taputapu ine kukū butadiene ā-roto ki te whakaiti i ngā tukunga me ngā ngaronga whakarewa. I roto i te tukanga hanga butadiene, he ngāwari ngā wae tango e ahu mai ana i te whakarewa ki te ngaronga mā te mimiti me ngā tukunga rere, e kiia ana he VOC. Ka taea e ngā ine ā-roto te whakarerekē tonu i ngā tawhā whakahaere, ka whakawhāiti i te matapihi mō te tango nui rawa, te moumou rānei o te whakarewa. Hei tauira, mā te ine tonu i te mātotorutanga me ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter ka taea te kite tika i ngā kukū whakarewa me ngā rohe wāhanga tukanga. Mā ngā raraunga mātotorutanga tere, tika hoki ka akiaki i te arotautanga wā-tūturu o te hangarua whakarewa, ka whakaiti tika i te pānga ki te taiao me te whakarite i ngā mahi ki ngā paerewa tukunga VOC e whanake haere ana.
Mā te pupuri i te mana whakahaere tukanga tino pai mā roto i ngā raraunga wā-tūturu ka tautoko hoki i ngā whāinga whānui mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao. Ehara i te mea ka whakaiti noa i te mōrearea o ngā tukunga VOC tūpono ngā tikanga ine kukū hau ā-roto, engari ka whakarite hoki kia mau tonu ki ngā herenga pānga mahi me ngā whakaritenga whakaaetanga taiao.
Ka tino kaha ake te haumaru o te tukanga mā te kimi tonu i ngā āhuatanga rerekē. Hei tauira, ka taea te tautuhi i te pikinga ohorere o te kukū butadiene—nā te hē o te takirere, te pakaru rānei o te whakarewa—i roto i ngā hēkona mā roto i ngā tātaritanga ā-roto, e āhei ai te urupare tere a te kaiwhakahaere. He rerekē rawa tēnei ki te whakamōhiotanga whakaroa mai i te tauira puranga me te huringa taiwhanga. Heoi anō, ka whakaitihia e te ine ā-roto aunoa te auau me te hiahia o te tauira ā-ringa i ngā wāhi morearea, ka whakaitihia te pānga tika o ngā kaimahi ki ngā warowaihā paitini i roto i te tukanga tango butadiene.
Ehara i te mea ko ngā taputapu ine kukū ā-roto tūturu mō te butadiene e arotau ana i te whakaputanga me te whakapūmau i te kounga o te hua anake, engari he taputapu pai hoki mō te ine kukū butadiene mā te tautoko i ngā whāinga pumau, te haumaru tukanga, me te whakaiti i te kawenga taiao. I te mea ka kaha ake te kaha o ngā whakaritenga ture me ngā whakaritenga a te kiritaki, ko ēnei āheinga te mea nui ki te whanaketanga tonu o te arotau whakaputa butadiene.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te tukanga tango butadiene?
Ko te tukanga tango butadiene e arotahi ana ki te wehe me te purenga o te butadiene mai i ngā ranunga hauwaiwai, ko te nuinga o te wā i ahu mai i te pakaru mamaoa o te naphtha, i ētahi atu rauemi whāngai rānei. Ko te whakahorohoro tango me te tangohanga e ahu mai ana i te whakarewa ngā tikanga matua e whakamahia ana. Ka whakawhirinaki ēnei tikanga ki ngā whakarewa pēnei i te dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), ngā whakarewa e pai ake ana ki te taiao pēnei i te 1,2-propylene carbonate (PC), e tutuki ai te pai o te wehenga me te tautoko i ngā whāinga pumau. Ka ārahi ngā whakatauira tukanga thermodynamic i te kōwhiringa o ngā āhuatanga tino pai, te whakaiti i te whakamahinga pūngao me te whakanui ake i te parakore me te hua o te butadiene. Ko ngā mahi purenga tuarua, tae atu ki te hangarua whakarewa e ahu mai ana i te membrane, ka whakapakari i te pono o te mahi mo te wa roa me te whakaroa i te huringa ora o te whakarewa mā te tango i ngā poke e kohia ana i roto i te porowhita tango. Mā te whakamahi i te arotautanga tukanga e ahu mai ana i te tauira ka hua ake he hua tae atu ki te 98% me te parakore o te hua neke atu i te 99.5%, me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga pūngao mā te whakauru wera rautaki me te whakahaere whakarewa.
He aha ngā painga o te ine kukū ā-roto ki te tukanga hanga butadiene?
Mā te ine kukū ā-roto ka tino whakarei ake i te mana whakahaere i te tukanga whakaputa butadiene. Mā ngā pūoko e tāuta tika ana ki te awa tukanga ka whakaratohia he raraunga tonu, ā-wā-tūturu mō ngā taumata butadiene. Ka tere ake te urupare ki ngā pekapeka tukanga, ka whakaiti i ngā ngaronga rauemi me te whakapai ake i te hua. Mā te porowhita urupare tonu e whakahohea ana e ngā taputapu ā-roto ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga—pēnei i te pāmahana, ngā ōwehenga whakarewa, me ngā tawhā whakatōtō—i runga i te tere, ka tiakina te kounga o te hua me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao. Ka whakaitihia e te aroturuki ā-roto te hiahia mō te tauira ā-ringa me ngā tātari taiwhanga utu nui, e tautoko ana i te tutuki i ngā paepae ture mō te pānga o te butadiene me te whakatairanga i ngā taiao mahi haumaru ake. He mea nui tēnei rautaki ina hiahiatia he whakahaere tika, tere hoki te pōturi o te butadiene me te āhua morearea hei whakaiti i te mōrearea me te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa ahumahi mō te parakore me te haumaru.
He aha ngā momo taputapu ine kukū e whakamahia ana i roto i te tango butadiene?
Ko ngā taputapu ine kukū noa mō te tango butadiene ko ngā tātari tata-infrared (NIR), ngā ine papatipu (MS), me ngā chromatograph hau (GC). Ka taea e ngā tātari NIR te ine tere, kore-whakangaro i roto i ngā matrices hauwaiwai matatini, mā te whakamahi i ngā tauira chemometric me te iti o te whakarite tauira. Mā ngā chromatograph hau—he maha ngā wā ka honoa ki te ine papatipu—ka taea te wehewehe me te tautuhi taipitopito i te butadiene i roto i ngā ranunga waro pūngāwerewere. Ka tukuna e ēnei he whiriwhiringa teitei me te arotau, he mea nui mō te tutuki me te arotau tukanga. Hei tāpiri, ka whakamahia e ngā tātari VOC motuhake te hangarau kimi whiriwhiri, pērā i ngā rama ultraviolet (UV) me ngā ngongo tātari, hei whakarato i te aroturuki kukū tonu me te ātete-whakararuraru. Ka whiriwhiria ēnei taputapu mō tā rātou mahi pakari i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē me ā rātou putanga pumau, pono, e tautoko ana i ngā rerenga mahi tipu noa me ngā tono ture.
He aha te hiranga o te tangohanga tuarua i roto i te hanga butadiene?
He mea nui te tangohanga tuarua i roto i te hanga butadiene hei whakanui ake i te whakaora me te whakaiti i te ngaronga o te hua. Whai muri i te tangohanga tuatahi, kei roto tonu i ngā awa e toe ana ngā nui o te butadiene ka taea te whakaora. Mā te tukatuka i ēnei me ngā mahi whakarewa, te whakatō rānei ka whakanui ake i te hua whānui me te whakamahinga rauemi. Mā te whakatauira matapae tika—mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga pēnei i te NRTL-RK, COSMO-RS rānei—ka āwhina ki te whakatau i ngā huinga tino pai o te whakarewa, te pāmahana, me te ōwehenga reflux mō te tangohanga tuarua, ka tutuki ai ngā parakore e hiahiatia ana mō ngā tono ahumahi. Mā te whakatinana i te tangohanga tuarua ka whakaitihia te para, ka whai wāhi hoki ki ngā ōhanga tukanga pai, ka tautoko i ngā whāinga tutuki me te pumau mā te whakarei ake i te whakamahinga o ngā rauemi whāngai me ngā whakarewa me te whakaiti i ngā tono pūngao me ngā taputapu.
He aha ngā wero kei roto i te ine kukū mō ngā tukanga butadiene?
He maha ngā wero hangarau me ngā wero whakahaere mō te ine kukū i roto i ngā tukanga butadiene. Ko te ranunga matatini o ngā warowaihā, me te rerekētanga me te kaha ki te mate pukupuku o te butadiene, e hiahia ana ki ngā taputapu he tino motuhake me te aro nui - he maha ngā wā kei raro i te ppm. Me pupuri tonu te tika o te whakatikatika i te mea ka rerekē ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga; ka pā pea ngā nekehanga pāmahana, te pēhanga, me te haumākū ki ngā pānui me te pumau o te pūoko. Ka whakaatuhia ngā taputapu ine e te taiao ahumahi ki ngā taumahatanga matū me te tinana kino, e hiahia ana ki te hoahoa pakari me ngā tirotiro whakahaere kounga auau. Ko te aro atu ki te pokanoa mai i ngā matū e noho tahi ana i roto i te awa kohu - pēnei i te benzene me ētahi atu momo C4 - he mea nui mō te ine pono. Ko ngā mahi pai ko ngā mahi whakatikatika auau, te whiriwhiri i ngā pūoko he ātete ki te poke, me te whakauru i ngā taputapu ine ā-roto ka taea te tu atu i ngā uauatanga whakahaere me te kore e ngaro te tika, te pono rānei o te ine. Mā ēnei otinga ka taea te aroturuki tonu i te kukū butadiene me te arotau whakaputa me te whakarite i te haumaru o ngā kaimahi me te tutuki i ngā tukanga.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-16-2025
