He Tirohanga Whānui mō te Whakaiti i te Chrome i roto i te Wai Para Whakakikorua Ahumahi
He mea poke nui te chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)) i roto i te tukanga whakakikorua hiko ahumahi. Ka whakaurua te nuinga mā roto i ngā kaukau waikawa chromic me ngā mahi whakaoti mata e hangai ana ki te chromate. Ko ngā wai para ka puta mai ka nui ake te kukū o te Cr(VI) mai i ngā tekau ki ngā rau mirikaramu ia rita, he nui ake i ngā rohe tukunga kua whakaritea e te ao.
He tino wairewa te Cr(VI), he pumau tonu i roto i ngā taiao wai, ā, kua whakarōpūtia hei matū whakaputa mate pukupuku Rōpū 1. Ko ngā mōrearea hauora tangata ko te pāwera o te kiri, ngā whara puku, ngā raruraru manawa, ngā whakarerekētanga ira, me te pikinga o te tūponotanga o te mate pukupuku. I roto i te taiao, ka whakararuraru te Cr(VI) i te mahi whākōkī i roto i ngā tipu, ā, he paitini ki ngā rauropi wai i ngā kukū iti iho i te 0.05 mg/L. Nā tōna nekehanga ka taea te heke ki roto i te oneone me te wai whenua, ka hua ake he parahanga pumau me te whānui.
I runga i te paitini o te Cr(VI) me te kaha o ngā ture, he taahiraa nui te tukanga whakaiti chrome i roto i te whakamaroke hiko i ngā wai para. Kei roto i tēnei tukanga te huri matū i te Cr(VI) paitini ki te chromium trivalent (Cr(III)), he iti ake te mōrearea, ā, ka taea te whakapūtā me te tango haumaru. He mea whakaiti te otinga sodium bisulfite e whakamahia pinepine ana, ka aroturukitia tōna kukū hohe mō te whai huatanga pai. Ka tutuki te ine tika mā te ine i te mātotoru o te sodium bisulfite wai; mā te ine mātotoru ā-roto, mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā mita mātotoru oscillating, ka tika te whakahaere tukanga, ka whakaiti hoki i ngā para matū.
Ko te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao mō ngā whare whakakikorua hiko e hiahia ana kia whakaitihia tonutia te chromium hexavalent ki raro i ngā rohe ture i mua i te tukunga o te wai para. Ko ngā ture mai i te US EPA me te EU e whakawhāiti ana i ngā kukū Cr(VI) e whakaaetia ana ki raro iho i te 0.05 mg/L i roto i te wai para. Ko te piri ki ēnei paerewa e hiahia ana kia aroturukihia te katote chromium i te wā tūturu, kia inehia te mātotoru aunoa, me ngā rerenga mahi maimoatanga pakari. He mea nui te ine tonu i te mātotoru ā-roto mō ngā ara iahiko whakakikorua hiko, nā te mea ko te kukū bisulfite kāore i te tika, ko te whakaiti kāore rānei i oti ka waiho ngā taumata Cr(VI) ki runga ake i ngā paepae tutuki, ka arahi ki te kawenga taiao me ngā whiu ture pea.
Ko ngā mahi whakahaere para hikohiko e whakauru ana i ngā taputapu aroturuki mai i ngā kaihanga pēnei i a Lonnmeter, he tohunga ki ngā mita kiato ā-roto. Ka whakaratohia e ēnei taputapu ngā raraunga aunoa, wā-tūturu mō te aroturuki kukū konutai bisulfite, ā, ka āwhina i te whakahaere matatau o te tukanga whakaiti chrome. Te whakauru i ngā taputapu ā-rotomatotorumematotoruMā te aroturuki ka whakaitihia te mōrearea, ka whakarei ake i te haumaru mahi, ā, ka tutuki hoki te whakaritenga pakari mō te tukunga waipara. Koinei te tūāpapa o te whakahaere parahanga chromium hexavalent hou me te maimoatanga waipara mō te chromium i roto i ngā horopaki ahumahi.
Te Maimoatanga Wai Para Whakakikorua Chrome
*
Te Huringa Matū: Te Konukōmiuma Hexavalent ki te Konukōmiuma Trivalent
Te Tikanga me te Matū
Ko te huri i te chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)) ki te chromium trivalent (Cr(III)) he taahiraa nui i roto i te tukanga whakaiti chromium mō te tukanga whakakikorua hiko ahumahi me te maimoatanga wai para whakakikorua hiko. Ko te otinga konutai bisulfite me te konutai bisulfite wai he matū whakaiti paerewa e whakamahia ana hei whakakore i te chromium hexavalent, he tino paitini, he wairewa, he nekeneke hoki, mai i te wai para tukanga. Ka puta te whakaiti i raro i ngā āhuatanga waikawa, me te mahi tino pai i te pH iti (<4).
Ko te konutai bisulfite te mea pai ake i te hauhā whanariki nā te mea he māmā ake te whakahaere, kāore e hiahiatia he pūnaha pēhanga, ā, he pai ake mō te whakahaere inenga pai. He whai hua te hauhā whanariki hei kaiwhakaiti; heoi, he uaua te whakahaere nā tōna āhua hau me te paitini. I roto i ngā rangahau taiwhanga me ngā rangahau ahumahi, ka tutuki i te konutai bisulfite te tango Cr(VI) pumau me te whai hua, i runga i te pH me te whakahaere inenga tika, engari ko te hauhā whanariki ka taea te tuku i ngā reiti whakahekenga rite engari me te pikinga ake o ngā whakaritenga whakahaere me te haumaru.
Ko te whai huatanga o te whakaiti e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te pH. Ko te pH i roto i te awhe 2-3 te mea tino pai hei whakanui ake i te tere me te otinga o te huringa Cr(VI) me te whakaiti i te nui o te kai bisulfite me te hanganga tuarua o te sulfate. I te pikinga ake o te pH i runga ake i te 4, ka heke tere te tere tauhohenga me te whai huatanga, ka hua ake te whakaiti kore me te utu matū teitei ake. Nō reira, ko te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto me te hangarau mita mātotoru oscillating, pērā i hangaia e Lonnmeter, kei te whakamahia haeretia mō te aroturuki mātotoru wā-tūturu o ngā otinga konutai bisulfite, kia tika ai te kukū o te matū hei whakatutuki i ngā whāinga tango chromium hexavalent me te arotau i te utu me te whakaiti i te para.
Mā te aroturuki i te kukū o te konutai bisulfite ka taea te whakarerekē i te tere whāngai, ā, ka whakaitihia te whakamahinga nui rawa, he mea nui tēnei hei pupuri i te tutuki o ngā whakaritenga tuku wai para me te whakaiti i te taumahatanga o ngā awa wai para whai kiko i te whanariki.
Te Ua me te Tango
Kia whakaitihia te chromium hexavalent ki te chromium trivalent, ko te taahiraa e whai ake nei ko te whakapūnga. Ka hangaia e te Cr(III) te chromium hydroxide kore-rewa ina piki ake te pH o te otinga, mā te tāpiri i te kawakore pērā i te konutai hydroxide.
Me āta whakahaere te pH kia puta he matūriki whai hua. Ko te pH tino pai mō te matūriki chromium hydroxide kei roto i te 7.5 ki te 9.0. Mena he iti rawa te pH, kāore te hydroxide e hanga, e memeha anō rānei; ki te teitei rawa te pH, ka puta pea te memeha amphoteric, ka piki ake te chromium i roto i te wairewa. Ka pā anō hoki te kukū o te chromium trivalent ki te hanganga matūriki me te taunga; ka whakatairangahia e ngā kukū Cr(III) teitei ake te tipu matūriki pakari ake, ka whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga paru me te ngāwari o te wehenga.
Mō te whakahaere pai o te paru i roto i te whakahaere para hiko, he mea nui te wehewehe pai i te toenga hauwai chromium. Ka whakamahia ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakatōnga taumaha, te whakamārama, me te tātari. Ko ngā mahi pai ko te pupuri i te pH ōrite, te arotau i te tāpiri flocculant, me te whakamahi i te ine kiato aunoa hei aroturuki i te ōritetanga o te paru, e hono ana ki te tutuki me te pumau o te tukanga i roto i te maimoatanga wai para mō te chromium.
Te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto mō te whakakikorua hiko, mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i tengā mita mātotoru wiri(mātāpono o te oscillation mita kiato), ka hoatu he urupare wā-tūturu ki ngā kaiwhakahaere mō te ihirangi totoka, ā, ka āwhina i ngā whakatikatika tukanga kia pai ai te tango paru me te kore he wai nui, he iona chromium kāore anō kia whakaitihia. Mā te wehenga tika me te whakahaere i te matūriki ka whakaiti i te parahanga tuarua, ā, ka āwhina i te whakatutuki i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao mō ngā whakaurunga hiko.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko te whakakotahitanga o te tono tika o te konutai bisulfite i roto i te whakakikorua hiko, te whakahaere pH pakari, me te aroturukitanga tukanga wā-tūturu—e āwhinahia ana e ngā taputapu matatau pēnei i ngā mea mai i Lonnmeter—koinei te pou tuarā o ngā tikanga whakaiti chromium hou i roto i te whakakikorua hiko, ā, ka whakarite kia haumaru, kia tutuki hoki ngā mahi maimoatanga wai para.
Whakahaere Tukanga me ngā Taputapu
Ngā Tawhā Aroturuki Matua
He mea nui te aroturuki tonu i te whakaiti i te chromium hexavalent mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o ngā tukanga whakakikorua hiko ā-umanga me te tiaki taiao. Ko ngā tawhā whakahaere matua ko te pH, te pūmanawa whakaiti-waikura (ORP), me te kukū katote chromium. Mā te pupuri i te pH i roto i te awhe tino pai o te 2.0–3.0 ka whakanui ake i te whai huatanga whakaiti o te chromium hexavalent, ā, ka taea te whakahaere tika i te whakawhiti ki te chromium trivalent, ka whakaiti i ngā mōrearea parahanga me te whakarite kia tutuki ngā whakaritenga ture mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga tukunga wai para.
Mā te aroturuki ORP ka tere te urupare ki te āhua redox, hei tohu wawe mō te tangohanga o te chromium hexavalent kāore i oti. Ko ngā irahiko koura, e paingia ana mō tō rātou koretake matū me te pumau, ka whakarato i te mahi pai rawa atu i roto i ngā matrices wai para uaua. Kāore i rite ki ētahi atu konganuku, ka ātete te koura ki te poke, ā, ka pupuri tonu i ngā tohu ORP tika, inā koa ka raru pea ētahi atu rauemi irahiko i ngā kukū tiketike o te chloride, ngā konganuku taumaha, ngā poke rauropi rānei. Hei tauira, i roto i ngā tukanga whakaiti chrome tere-rahi, ka pupuri tonu ngā irahiko koura i te whakatikatika i roto i ngā mahi roa, ā, ka tukuna ngā hua ka taea te whakaputa anō ahakoa kei raro i ngā kawenga matū rerekē.
Mā te aroturuki i te katote chromium, e mahia ana me ngā tātaritanga wā-tūturu, ka ine i te ahunga whakamua o te whakahekenga, ā, ka whakarite kia tino oti te huringa. He mea nui tēnei taahiraa nā te mea he nui ngā mōrearea hauora me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga o te chromium hexavalent e toe ana i roto i te maimoatanga me te whakahaere wai para i roto i te whakakikorua hiko.
Ngā Utauta Ine ā-Rāina me ngā Utauta Ine Aunoa
He mea nui te aroturuki tika i te kukū o te konutai bisulfite hei whakahaere i te tukanga whakaiti, nā te mea he mea whakamahi noa te konutai bisulfite hei kaiwhakaiti mō te tango i te chromium hexavalent. Me taurite te inenga o te konutai bisulfite wai ki te kawenga poke, ā, he mea nui te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto mō te maimoatanga waipara ā-umanga.
Ka tukuna e te mita mātotoru wiriwiri he ine aunoa, ā-roto mā te whakatau i te mātotoru o te otinga mā te mātāpono o te wiriwiri o te mita mātotoru. I te mea he hononga tika te kukū o te otinga konutai bisulfite ki te mātotoru, ka whakaratohia e ēnei taputapu he ine tonu, kāore e pokanoa. Hei tauira, he whai hua ngā mita mātotoru wiriwiri a Lonnmeter.ngā huringa kiato ara, e āwhina ana i ngā whakarerekētanga tere o te horopeta hei arotau i te tono konutai bisulfite i roto i ngā āhuatanga whakakikorua hiko.
Ko ngā mita mātotoru hou, tae atu ki ērā mai i Lonnmeter, ka whakaputa i tētahi tohu paerewa 4–20 mA, ka taea ai te whakauru pai ki ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukanga aunoa. Ina honoa ki ngā taputapu pH me te ORP ā-roto, ka hangaia he tikanga urupare porowhita-katia. Ka whakatikatikahia e tēnei pūnaha te inenga matū me ngā tawhā whakahaere i te wā tūturu, ka ārai i te kai nui rawa, te iti rawa o te inenga, te takahi ture rānei i roto i ngā tukanga whakaiti chrome. Ka whakamahia hoki ngā raraunga mai i ēnei taputapu mō te tuhi tonu me te tuku pūrongo ki ngā mana whakahaere.
He mea nui ngā tikanga whakatikatika me te tiaki mō te ine pono. Me whakatikatika auau ngā taputapu ine kiato ā-roto i te kore me te whānui mā te whakamahi i ngā paerewa e mōhiotia ana mō te otinga konutai bisulfite, te wai kua tangohia ngā kohuke rānei. Me whakamana ngā mita ORP me ngā ārai redox kua whakamanahia, me ngā taputapu pH kua whakatikatikaina ki ngā otinga pH ka taea te whai NIST i mua i ia nekehanga mahi, inā koa i roto i te maimoatanga wai para mō te chromium.
Hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao whai hua mō te whakapuru hiko me te whakahaere parahanga chromium hexavalent, ka tautokohia e ēnei taputapu ine:
- Ine i te mātotoru aunoa hei whakarite i te inenga matū ōrite
- Te aroturuki i te kiato i te wā tūturu mō te whakatikatika tukanga pakari
- Urupare tika ki ngā pūnaha PLC, SCADA rānei mā te whakamahi i te putanga 4–20 mA
E taunaki ana ngā kawa whakahaere i ngā tirotiro whakatikatika o ia rā, te horoi i ngā pūoko ia marama, me te manatoko ā-wā ki ngā tikanga ine ine taiwhanga hei pupuri i te tika me te whakaiti i te nekenekehanga. Kua hangaia tēnei huarahi pakari hei pupuri i te pumau o te tukanga, hei tiaki i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, me te arotau i ngā tikanga whakaiti chromium i roto i ngā taiao wai para hiko.
Te Whakapūmau i te Tango Whai Hua o te Chromium Hexavalent me te Whakatutukitanga Taiao
Ko ngā kaupapa maimoatanga waipara hiko kua hangaia kia rite ki ngā paerewa tukunga pakari mō te kukū o te chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)). Ko te tikanga, ka tīmata te tukanga mahi mā te wehewehe i ngā awa e mau ana te chromium, ā, ka whai i tētahi tukanga whakaiti me te aroturuki maha-wāhanga.
Ka tīmata te raupapa maimoatanga paerewa mā te whakarerekē i te pH o te wai para, kātahi ka tāpirihia he matū whakaiti pēnei i te wai konutai bisulfite. Ka hurihia e te taahiraa whakaiti te chromium hexavalent paitini ki te chromium trivalent (Cr(III)), he iti ake te paitini, ā, ka taea te whakapūpū hei hauwai. He mea nui te aroturuki i te kukū o te konutai bisulfite kia nui ai te whakaiti me te karo i te whakamahinga nui, ka hua ake ai he utu koretake mō ngā matū me te parahanga tuarua.
Ko te mana whakahaere tukanga matatau e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto, e whakaratohia ana e ngā hangarau pēnei i ngā mita mātotoru oscillating mai i Lonnmeter. Ka ine te oscillation mita mātotoru i te kukū o te wai konutai bisulfite i te wā tūturu, kia tika ai te horopeta i te wā o te tukanga whakaiti chrome. Mā te ine mātotoru ā-roto mō te whakakikorua hiko ka taea te aroturuki aunoa, tonu i ngā kaha o te matū matū, me te whakaiti i te wawaotanga me te hapa a te kaiwhakahaere.
Whai muri i te whakaitiiti, ka tangohia e te whakamārama me te tātari te chromium trivalent kua tau. Hei manatoko kei te tutuki te para i ngā paerewa kua whakaritea mō te kukū katote chromium, me aro turuki tika ngā tikanga mō te tukunga wai para. Ko te spectrophotometry mimiti ngota (AAS) he tikanga paerewa koura mō te kimi i ngā taumata iti o te Cr(VI) me te chromium katoa; ko tōna motuhaketanga e tautoko ana i te pūrongo ture pono. Ko te tātari tae, i runga i te tauhohenga diphenylcarbazide, e tuku ana i tētahi taputapu tirotiro tere mō te chromium hexavalent toenga, e āhei ai te aro turuki pinepine i te papaanga me te aro nui.
Ko te pupuri i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao mō ngā mahi whakakikorua hiko e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha ki te aroturuki me te whakahaere i ngā momo chromium puta noa i te maimoatanga wai para mō te reremahi chromium. Mā te ine mātotoru aunoa ka tukuna he urupare tere mō te tono konutai bisulfite i roto i te whakakikorua hiko, e tautoko ana i te whakahaere urupare o ngā reiti horopeta. Ko ngā hua aroturuki mai i te AAS me ngā whakamātautau tae ka whakawhitihia ki ngā paepae ture—he maha ngā wā ≤0.1 mg/L mō te Cr(VI)—hei whakaū i te whai huatanga o te whakahaere parahanga me te tuhi i te tutuki ki ngā mana whakahaere.
Mena ka kitea e te tukanga maimoatanga he taumata teitei o te chromium hexavalent toenga, ka tīmatahia ngā rautaki urutau pēnei i te tāpiri tāpiringa tāpiri, te arotautanga pH, te roa rānei o te wā pupuri. Mā tēnei whakatikatika hihiri, me te aroturukitanga kiato ā-roto pono e ngā mita Lonnmeter, ka whakarite i te whai huatanga o te tango i te chromium hexavalent. Mā te whakauru i ēnei huānga, ka hangai te tukanga whakaiti chromium ki ngā paerewa tukunga e whanake haere ana, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā mōrearea taiao me te hauora mahi e pā ana ki te pānga o te chromium hexavalent.
Ngā Rautaki Arotau mō ngā Mahi Ahumahi
Ko te aroturuki tika i te kukū o te konutai bisulfite he mea nui ki te whakaiti i te whakapaunga matū me te utu i roto i te tukanga whakaiti i te chrome i te wā e whakamaroke ana i te wai para. He mea nui te otinga konutai bisulfite hei matū whakauru mā te huri i ngā iona chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)) paitini ki te chromium trivalent (Cr(III)) haumaru ake, ā, ka taea ai te whakatutuki i ngā ture tukunga taiao.
Ko te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto—mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i ngā mita mātotoru wiri—he mahi nui ki te aroturuki me te whakahaere i ngā taumata o te konutai bisulfite. Ka aroturuki tonu te mita mātotoru ā-roto Lonnmeter i te mātotoru otinga, ka whakarato urupare wā-tūturu ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakamahi hei whakatau i te kukū tika o te konutai bisulfite wai i roto i te awa tukanga. Mā tēnei raraunga tika ka taea te whakarerekē i te horopeta i runga i te rere, te whakaiti i te para o ngā matū me te whakaheke i ngā utu matū. Ko te inenga kua arotauhia ehara i te mea ka ārai noa i te whakamahinga nui o te konutai bisulfite engari ka whakaiti hoki i te mōrearea o te whakaiti i te katote chromium kāore i oti, ka arahi pea ki ngā takahi ture, ki te hiahia rānei ki te whakahoki moni utu nui.
Tauira: I roto i tētahi pūnaha whakaora e rongoā ana i te wai para hiko, mā te whakauru i te oscillation mita mātotoru mō te aroturuki bisulfite wā-tūturu ka taea te whakaheke i te matū tae atu ki te 15% me te pupuri tonu i ngā taumata chromium hexavalent i raro i ngā rohe ture. Ka tautoko te aroturuki mātotoru wā-tūturu i te pumau o te mahi mā te kite wawe i ngā huringa ohorere o te tukanga, pērā i ngā huringa ohorere o te hanganga wai para, te rahinga paru rānei. Mā tēnei urupare ka whakaiti i te wā whakamutu utu nui, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā mōrearea ture taiao.
Ko te whakahaere i te waikura paru me te kounga o te parapara ka pā tika ki te mahi whakahaere me te utu. Ko te tango i te chromium hexavalent mai i te parapara tukanga hiko ahumahi ka puta he paru, ki te nui rawa te waikura, ka ārai i te whakatōnga me te tātari chromium trivalent i muri mai. Ko te aroturukitanga whai hua—mā te whakamahi i te ine kiato ā-roto mō ngā tono hiko me te tātari kua arotahihia—ka whakarite kia noho pai tonu ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te paru mō te whakahaere me te whakakorenga. Mā te whakahaere tika i ngā āhua waikura me te hanganga parapara ka āwhina i te whakaiti i ngā kawenga wai i muri i te tukanga, te whakaiti i ngā utu whakakorenga, me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o te hipa i ngā paepae tutuki i te tukunga parapara.
Mā te aroturuki i te katote konukōmiuma, me te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto, ka puta he māramatanga mahi hei whakapai ake i te mahi. Hei tauira, mā te tūtohi i ngā uara mātotoru me ngā reiti whakaiti konukōmiuma ka taea e ngā tīma te hono tere i ngā huringa horopeta ki ngā putanga tuturu o te tukanga. E whakaatu ana te pihi tango nekeneke ko te pupuri i te kukū konutai bisulfite i te paepae tino pai ka tere ake te hurihanga Cr(VI) mā te 35%, ki te whakaritea ki te tukatuka puranga me te kore urupare tonu:
-------------------------------
| Wā (min) | Tangohanga Cr(VI) (%) | Kiato (g/cm³) |
|------------|------------------|-----------------|
| 0 | 0 | 1.02 |
| 15 | 60 | 1.06 |
| 30 | 90 | 1.10 |
| 45 | 98 | 1.13 |
-------------------------------
Mā ngā raraunga tukanga me ngā tātaritanga ka arotau ake i ngā tikanga whakaiti konukōre i roto i te whakakikorua hiko mā te whakahohe i te inenga matapae me te whakatikatika wawe i te peka. Mā te aroturuki tonu i ngā āhuatanga o te otinga—pērā i te mātotoru mā roto i ngā mita mātotoru hurihuri—ka tautoko i te kitenga tere o ngā taurite matū. Ka whakamahia e ngā tātaritanga tukanga matatau ēnei inenga wā-tūturu hei ārahi i te tono konutai bisulfite i roto i te whakakikorua hiko, ka whakaitihia te whakapaunga matū me te hanganga hua taha, ka whakahaere i te whakahaere para whakakikorua hiko me te whakarei ake i te pai o te pūnaha whānui.
Ko te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto pono mō te whakakikorua hiko, ehara i te mea ko te tautoko anake i te whakahaere i te parahanga chromium hexavalent, engari ka whakapakari anō hoki i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao mō ngā mahi whakakikorua hiko. Mā te hangarau Lonnmeter kua whakauruhia ki ngā wāhi matua o te awa tukanga, ka taea e ngā whare te pupuri māia i ngā kukū chromium, te whakatutuki i ngā paearu ture, me te pupuri i ngā mahi ahumahi pumau me te kore e nui te whakamahinga matū, te mōrearea taiao rānei.
Te Whakatau Rapanga me te Tiaki
Ngā Wero Noa: Te Paitini o te Pūoko, Te Inenga Hē o te Tauhohenga, Te Hekenga o ngā Taputapu
I roto i te tukanga whakaiti chrome, ko te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu o te kukū konutai bisulfite me te whakaiti i te katote chromium e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā pūoko e pāngia ana e ngā taiao tino kaha. Ko te paihana pūoko, e puta pinepine ana i te whakatakotoranga o te chromium hexavalent, te chromium trivalent, me ētahi atu poke, ka whakararuraru i te ine tika o te kiato inline me te aroturukitanga o te otinga konutai bisulfite. Ka puta ngā putunga ki runga i ngā probe me ngā electrodes, ka heke te aro, ka heke te pānui hē, ka ngaro katoa rānei te mahi. Ka taea e ngā katote konganuku taumaha me ngā totoka iri te aukati i ngā mata o te pūoko, i te mea ka waikura pea ngā āhuatanga waikawa, waikura rānei i ngā wāhanga pūoko, ka tere ake te nekeneke o ngā taputapu me te kore pumau o te tohu.
Ka uaua ake te whakahaere tukanga i te horopeta hē o te matū tauhohenga, inā koa me te konutai bisulfite wai. Ka taea e te horopeta iti te whakaiti i te chromium hexavalent, ka tūpono ka kore e tutuki ngā ture tuku waipara. Ka piki ake ngā utu matū i te nui rawa o te horopeta, ā, ka puta pea ngā poke kore e tika. Ko te rerekētanga o ngā taputapu—te nekehanga o te urupare tūāpapa nā te pakeketanga o te pūoko, te poke, te pirau rānei o ngā rauemi—ka hua ake he aroturukitanga kore pono o te kukū konutai bisulfite, ā, me whakatikatika anō kia kore ai e hapa i roto i ngā pūnaha horopeta aunoa, i ngā pūnaha urupare rānei. Nā ēnei wero, he mea nui te ine pakari, te tonu o te huringa chromium mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao i roto i ngā tautuhinga tukanga whakakikorua hiko ahumahi.
Ngā Taunakitanga Tiaki mō ngā Pūwero, ngā Irahiko, me ngā Mita Kiato
He mea nui te tiaki auau hei whakaiti i ngā pānga o te paihana o te pūoko me te nekenekehanga o ngā taputapu. Me tirotirohia ngā ine me ngā irahiko i ngā wā katoa mō te poke e kitea ana, te rerekētanga o te tae, te kino rānei o te tinana. Ko ngā tikanga horoi ka whakawhirinaki ki te momo pūoko me ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga. Ka taea e te horoi ā-ringa (hei tauira, ngā paraihe ngohengohe, ngā horoi rānei) te tango i ngā matūriki me ngā kiriata mata. Mā te horoi aunoa i roto i te ultrasonic e whakauru ana ki te huihuinga ine ka āwhina i te tango i ngā putunga i te wā tūturu me te kore e hiahiatia he wā whakamutu tukanga.
Mā ngā tikanga horoi matū—mā te whakamahi i ngā waikawa waimeha, ngā turanga, ngā whakarewa motuhake rānei—ka tangohia te unahi pumau, ngā paparanga waikura whakarewa, me te paru rauropi. I muri i te horoinga, me horoi pai ngā pūoko ki te wai tango-ion hei ārai i te paru tuarua. Ko ngā pūoko me ngā irahiko i hangaia mai i te PTFE, te konukawata, ētahi atu rauemi ātete-waikura rānei, he maha ngā wā ka pai ake te ātete ki te paru, ā, me iti ake te kaha o te horoi.
Me whakatikatika ngā mita mātotoru wiri, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, mā te whakamahi i ngā wai tohutoro kua whakamanahia i ngā wā kua tautuhia e te pumau o te tukanga me ngā taunakitanga a te kaihanga. Mā te manatoko ā-wā ka whakarite kia kore te nekeneke, te paru rānei e pā ki te tika o te ine mātotoru ā-roto, he mea nui tēnei mō te whakahaere i te kukū o te konutai bisulfite i te wā e tangohia ana te chromium hexavalent. Ko ngā tohu haruru, te kore pumau rānei i roto i te tohu wiri o te mita mātotoru ka tohu pea i te paru, i te hekenga rānei o te taputapu, ā, me tere tonu te tirotiro me te horoi.
Whakakapia ngā gaskets, ngā hiri, me ngā wāhanga mākū e pā ana i ngā wā kua tūtohutia hei ārai i ngā turuturu me te whakarite kia roa te ora o te pūoko i roto i ngā awa waipara e hiahia ana ki ngā matū. Puritia he rārangi ratonga taipitopito e tuhi ana i ngā mahi tiaki, ngā huihuinga whakatikatika anō, ngā hapa ohorere, me ngā wā urupare hei āwhina i te tautuhi i ngā take e puta mai ana me te arotau i ngā tiaki ā muri ake nei.
Ngā Whirihoranga Whakaoho me te Haumaru-kore
He mea nui ngā pūnaha whakaoho me ngā pūnaha haumaru-kore hei pupuri i te tutuki me te ārai i ngā raruraru tukanga i roto i te whakamaroke wai parahanga hiko. Me whai paepae whakaoho ngā tawhā matua—tae atu ki te kukū konutai bisulfite, te mātotoru ā-roto, te pūmanawa whakaiti, me ngā tere rere tukatuka—ki roto i ngā pūnaha whakahaere tukanga o te tipu. Me whakaoho ngā whakaoho matua-tiketike mēnā e tohu ana te ine mātotoru ā-roto i ngā rerekētanga mai i ngā pūwāhi kua whakaritea mō te otinga konutai bisulfite, mēnā rānei kāore i tutuki ngā whāinga whakaiti ira chromium.
Me hono tika ngā hononga whakaoho mai i ngā pūoko matua, pērā i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto Lonnmeter, ki ngā hononga tukatuka e whakatārewa ana i ngā papu inenga, e huri ana rānei i te wai para kore e tutuki ki ngā tāke pupuri. Me whakarite e te arorau haumaru-kore, mēnā ka rahua te pūoko (pērā i te tohu kore pumau, te pānui rānei i waho o te awhe), ka hoki te pūnaha ki te aratau mahi haumaru rawa atu—hei tauira, te whakamutu i te inenga whakaiti chromium, te wehe rānei i ngā raina maimoatanga e pāngia ana.
Ka whakaitihia e ngā whakaroa whakaoho me ngā herenga mate ngā whakaoho whakararuraru i puta mai i ngā huringa iti o te tukanga, engari me whakaata ngā tautuhinga whakaoho i ngā herenga tukunga ture mō te chromium me ētahi atu wāhanga morearea. I roto i ngā whakaurunga kua whakamanahia, ka taea e te tauutuutu—mā te whakamahi i ngā pūoko whakarara, i ngā mita kiato tārua rānei—te tiaki i te ngaronga raraunga mai i te paitini pūoko, i te rahunga rānei o ngā taputapu. Me whakamātautau mahi auau o ngā whakaoho me ngā raka, kua manatokohia ki ngā haerenga tukanga tuturu, hei whakarite i te wā urupare a te kaiwhakahaere me te ārai i ngā takahi ture i roto i te tukunga waipara ahumahi.
Ko te tiaki pūnaha, te whirihoranga whakaoho i te wā tika, me te urupare pakari-haumaru te tūāpapa o te aroturuki pono o te kukū konutai bisulfite, te whakahaere parahanga chromium hexavalent, me te whakahaere para hiko whakapuru pumau.
Ko te whakaiti whai hua i te konukōre i roto i te tukanga whakakikorua hiko ahumahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi huarahi whakahaere matū, aroturuki, me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao. Ko te kaupapa matua o te tango pono i te konukōre hexavalent ko te pupuri i ngā āhuatanga waikawa tika—i te nuinga o te wā i te pH 3—kia pai ai te whakamahinga o te konutai bisulfite, kia tino huri ai te konukōre hexavalent kino (Cr(VI)) ki te konukōre trivalent haumaru ake (Cr(III)) e ai ki ngā taunakitanga a ngā tari whakahaere me te tautoko a ngā mahi ahumahi. Mā te pupuri i te horopeta o te otinga konutai bisulfite ki te 3–5 ngā wā o te ihirangi molar Cr(VI) ka āwhina i te whakarite i te whakahekenga tere, tino tika me te maturuturunga o te konukōre e taea te matapae i ngā wāhanga maimoatanga e whai ake nei.
He mea nui te aroturuki i te kukū o te konutai bisulfite i te wā tūturu hei pupuri i te tika o te mahi. Mā ngā hangarau ine kiato ā-roto, pērā i ngā mea e ahu mai ana i ngā mātāpono mita kiato hurihuri, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whai tonu i te kaha me te pumau o ngā whāngai konutai bisulfite wai. Mā te whakauru i ngā mita kiato aunoa ki roto i te tukanga ka taea te whakatikatika ine tika ake, ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga matū nui, ā, ka tere te kite i tetahi peka atu i ngā āhuatanga whāngai pai. Mā tēnei taumata whakahaere teitei ka tautoko i te tere whakaheke chromium ōrite me te tutuki i ngā paerewa tukunga ā-roto me ngā herenga ture mō te tutuki i te tukunga wai para.
Mā te aroturuki tika i te ion chromium e tautoko ake te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao mō ngā whare whakapuru hiko. Ehara i te mea ka aroturuki noa i ngā whāngai matū whakaiti te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto mō te whakapuru hiko, engari ka whakamōhio hoki i ētahi atu pūwāhi whakahaere nui i roto i te maimoatanga wai para mō te chromium, ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te whakatutuki i ngā reiti tango parahanga pono me te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea whakahaere parahanga chromium hexavalent. Mā te whakamahi i te aroturuki mātotoru aunoa, wā-tūturu puta noa i te tukanga whakaiti chrome ka whakawhāiti i te hapa a te kaiwhakahaere me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki te tauira ā-ringa e pau ana te wā, ka tautoko i te whai huatanga o te mahi me te piri ki ngā ture taiao.
Whakaurunga hangarau, e whakaatu ana i ngā taputapu matatau pēnei i tekiato ā-rotomengā mita matotorumai i ngā kamupene pēnei i a Lonnmeter, ka whakarite kia pono tonu te tukanga whakaiti i te konukōre, kia whai hua hoki puta noa i ngā huringa me ngā kawenga waipara rerekē. Mā te ine pono ka taea e ngā kaihanga tukanga te urupare tere ki ngā huringa, te whakatutuki i ngā tikanga whakaiti konukōre i roto i ngā mahi pai o te whakakikorua hiko, me te whakarerekē i ngā rautaki inenga e hiahiatia ana mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao. Mā tēnei huarahi ka tautoko i te whakahaere para whakakikorua hiko pumau, ā, ka taea te whakatutuki i ngā here tukunga me te kore e pau te matū, te mōrearea taiao rānei.
Ko te whakakotahitanga o te aroturukitanga kukū konutai bisulfite tika, te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto, me te whakahaere tukanga whānui te tūāpapa o te mahi tango chromium hou, e tutuki ana i ngā ture, me te whai hua. Ehara i te mea he whakapainga noa iho te aroturukitanga pakari me te whakaurunga hangarau—he whakaritenga matua inaianei hei whakatutuki i te mahi whai hua, mārama, me te whai kawenga ki te taiao.
Ngā Pātai Auau
Me pēhea te āwhina a te otinga konutai bisulfite ki te tango i te chromium hexavalent mai i te wai para hiko?
Ko te otinga konutai bisulfite he matū whakaiti e whakamahia ana i roto i te tukanga whakaiti konukōre hei huri i te konukōre hexavalent (Cr(VI)), he poke mate pukupuku me te tino paitini, hei konukōre trivalent haumaru ake (Cr(III)).
Ka tino whai hua tēnei tukanga i roto i ngā āhuatanga waikawa (pH 2–5), ka tau te chromium kua whakaitihia hei chromium hydroxide ina whakatikatikaina te pH ki ngā taumata kawakore, ka āwhina i te tango atu i te wai para. Mā tēnei huarahi ka taea e ngā whare te whakatutuki i te ture tino tika mō te tukunga wai para mā te whakaheke i ngā kukū Cr(VI) i raro i ngā rohe kitea, ka whakaiti i ngā mōrearea taiao me te hauora.
He aha te hiranga o te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto i roto i te tukanga whakaiti i te konukōre?
He mea nui te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto mō te whakahaere i te horopeta konutai bisulfite wai i te wā e whakaitihia ana te chromium hexavalent i roto i ngā tukanga hiko ahumahi. Ka tukuna e ngā mita mātotoru oscillating, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, te aroturuki aunoa i te kukū konutai bisulfite i te wā tūturu. Mā tēnei ka whakarite kia tāpirihia te ōwehenga tino pai o te reductant, ka whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te whakaiti Cr(VI) me te whakaiti i te para o te reagent. He rite tonu ngā auau oscillation o ēnei mita ki te mātotoru otinga, ka whakarato urupare tonu e pupuri ana i te whakahaere tukanga rite tonu, e whakaiti ana i ngā utu whakahaere, ā, e ārai ana i ngā hapa tutuki.
He aha te mea nui ai te aroturuki tonu i te katote chromium mō te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga taiao i roto i te whakakikoruatanga hiko?
Me aroturuki tonu te kukū o te ion chromium—mā te spectrophotometry, te colorimetry rānei—kia mau tonu ai te wai para hiko i roto i ngā rohe tukunga ture mō te chromium hexavalent. He maha ngā wā ka hiahiatia he mana whakahaere taiao kia kaha te whakahaere i te 0.1 mg/L, i raro iho rānei, hei ārai i te parahanga chromium hexavalent. Mā te ine wā-tūturu ka taea te whakarerekē tere i ngā tukanga, ka whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā takahi ture, ngā whiu, me ngā kino ki te taiao mai i te whakaiti kāore i oti, i ngā raruraru tukanga rānei.
He aha te mahi a te pH i te wā e huri ai mai i te chromium hexavalent ki te chromium trivalent?
He mea nui te whakahaere i te pH mō ngā mahi whakaheke matū me ngā mahi whakahekenga chromium i muri mai. He mea nui ngā āhuatanga waikawa (te pH 2–5 te nuinga) i te wā o te tauhohenga whakaheke, nā te mea ka mau tonu te chromium hexavalent i roto i ōna āhua ionic tino tauhohe. Whai muri i te whakahekenga, ka whakanuia te pH o te otinga (he maha ngā wā >8.5) hei whakarewa i te Cr(III) hei chromium hydroxide. Mā te whakatikatika tika i te pH ka tere te tauhohenga, ka whakanui ake i te pai o te tango, ka whakaiti i te whakamahinga matū, ā, ka tere ake te wehenga me te tukunga para.
Me pēhea e taea ai e ngā mita mātotoru wiri te whakapai ake i te aroturukitanga kukū konutai bisulfite?
E whakamahia ana ngā mita mātotoru wiri mō te aroturuki i te kukū o te konutai bisulfite nā te mea ka taea e rātou te tika,ine ā-rotome te kore e hiahiatia he tauira ā-ringa. Ka hono tika te mātāpono ngongo wiri i ngā nekehanga auau wiri ki ngā huringa o te mātotorutanga o te otinga, ka taea ai te urupare aunoa mō ngā pūnaha inenga matū. Mā te aroturukitanga mātotorutanga wā-tūturu tika ka ārai i te nui rawa o te inenga, e piki ake ai ngā utu whakahaere me ngā hua taha o te whanariki, me te iti rawa o te inenga, e tūpono ana ki te whakaiti i te chromium kāore i oti me te kore tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. Mā te whakauru i ngā taputapu Lonnmeter, ka tino pai ake te pumau o te tukanga me te whakahaere inenga mō te tono konutai bisulfite i roto i te whakakikorua hiko, kia mau tonu ai te whai hua me te pono o te whakaiti chromate.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-10-2025
