Te Matotoru o te Patumune mō te Hanga Kiriuhi Āraiwai

Ko te whāinga o tewārai waimKo te hanga i te hanganga o te angaanga he huri i ngā rauemi mata rerekē ki ngā rōra angaanga kua oti te whakaoti e whakaatu ana i te matotoru ōrite me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana ōrite puta noa i ō rātou rahinga katoa. Mā te whakahaere matotoru ka whakaratohia te tikanga e tika ana hei whakarite kia noho ōrite tonu ngā āhuatanga rere o ngā rauemi me te taunekeneke o ngā wāhanga i roto i te taputapu paninga i ia wā ki ia wā.

Ki te meate matotoru o te bitumenka puta he rerekētanga i ngā wāhanga whakaranu, paninga rānei, kāore e kore ka kore te hanganga polymer-bitumen e rite, ka rerekē te mahi. Ki te kore e mau tonuconsistēnetimatotoruosity causeste koretake o te whakatōnga,rauemitinote whakaurungā hapa pērā i te pupuhi, te wehewehe rānei.

Te Hanga Kiriuhi Ārai WaiProtuku

Te whakaputa i ngā mahi tino paingā kiriuhi ārai wai bitumenhe tukanga maha-wāhanga e tika ana kia whakahaerea tika ngā āhuatanga rheological, mai i te taiao pōrearea o te whakaranu ki te rere laminar whakahaeretia e hiahiatia ana mō te paninga.

A. Te Whakarite me te Whakarerekētanga Rauemi (Wāhanga Whakaranu)

He uaua te tukanga whakauru i ngā pūmua (pērā i te polypropylene (APP) te styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) rānei) ki roto i te here turanga bitumen, ā, me tino whakahaere te nekenekehanga. Ko te angitu o te horapa o ngā pūmua me te hototahitanga mō te wā roa e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te pupuri i te whāinga.te matotoru o te ranungame te tere kutikuti pai me ngā whakaurunga pāmahana. Mena he matotoru rawa te rauemi turanga, te ranunga hua rānei, ka kore e whai hua ngā tukanga whakaranu miihini, ka aukati i te tohatoha ōrite o ngā tāpiringa whakarei ake i te mahi me ngā polymer. I tetahi atu taha, ka whakamahi rautaki pea ngā kaihanga i ngā tāpiringa motuhake, pērā i ngā ware pi FT, hei whakaiti i te matotoru i te wā e whakaranu ana, kia pai ake ai te whakaheke i ngā pāmahana mahi me te whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga pāmahana ratonga, pērā i te pūwāhi whakangawari me te ātete ki te whakarerekētanga i roto i te kiriuhi whakamutunga.

He mea nui anō hoki ngā pānga o ēnei āhuatanga nekeneke ki te hototahitanga o te PMB mō te whakatutuki i te pumau o te rokiroki mō te wā roa. Ko te wehenga ā-wāhanga, te pirau wawe rānei o te polymer i roto i ngā tāke rokiroki he mōrearea nui ki te mahi paninga. Nō reira, he mea nui ngā pūnaha aroturuki matotoru hihiri tonu, e whakanohoia ana ki roto i ngā tāke rokiroki, i ngā rārangi whāngai rānei e anga atu ana ki ngā mīhini whakaranu, hei manatoko i te pumau o te here me te whakarite kia noho ōrite tonu te ranunga, hei whakaiti i ngā mōrearea e pā ana ki te rokiroki roa, ki te raruraru miihini rānei i mua i tōna whakatinanatanga i roto i te tukanga paninga.

B. Te Wāhanga Whakakī me te Paninga (Te Rheological Apex)

Ko te wā e tūtaki ai te ranunga PMB ki te whāriki whakakaha ka tohu i te tihi rheological o te tukanga katoa, kei reiramatotoru o te bitumenKo te mea kotahi te mea e whakatau ana i te pumau o te hua. Ko te kaha o te rauemi ki te uru katoa ki roto i ngā āputa me ngā poka moroiti o te whāriki whakakaha - ahakoa he muka karāhe, he polyester rānei - ka whakahaerea e te mahi ā-pūwero. Me tere, me oti hoki tēnei tukanga whakamakuku ā-pūwero kia kore ai e mau te hau.

He tino whaiti te matapihi rheological tino pai mō te mākū o te uku o te tuanui. E ai ki ngā wheako ahumahi, ko te matotoru mahi me taka ki waenga i te 0.5 ki te 2.0 Pa$\cdot$s i ngā pāmahana tono paerewa, mai i te 180 ℃ ki te 220 ℃.

Ngā Ātete Matatini me te Whakahaere Kore-Hapa

Ina rerekē te matotoru mai i tēnei matapihi whaiti, ka puta tonu mai ngā hapa o roto o te hua:

Te Tūponotanga o te Tino Matotoru:Teiteite matotoru o te bitumenka puta he ātete nui ki te rere, ka hua ake he urunga koretake, ā, he mea nui, he kapi te hau ki roto i te anga whakakaha. Ko tēnei hapa hanga taketake he tohu tika ki te hanganga o ngā pupuhi me te wehewehenga i muri mai, he momo rahunga i tautuhia ma te whakamahi i ngā tikanga aromatawai pēnei i te Membrane Immersion Test (MIT). Ko te ngoikore o te impregnation, i whakaūhia e te MIT, he tohu tika mō ngā tikanga rahunga roa; nō reira, ko te aroturuki tonu i te matotoru hihiri i te pane paninga he huarahi nui ki te whakahaere i te tūponotanga o ngā rahunga ā-marae ā muri ake nei i mua i te whakaotinga o te roera membrane.

Te Mōrearea o te Iti o te Matatini:I tetahi atu taha, ki te mea ko tematotoru o te bitumenKi te iti rawa, ka kore e ranea te mākū o te matrix, ka nui rawa rānei te waipuke o ngā rauemi, ā, ka whakararu i te pumau o te āhua whakamutunga o te membrane me te piri o waenga-paparanga..

Hei ārai i ngā piki me ngā heke o te kounga o ngā rauemi mata me te whakaritenga o ngā mea e herea ai te hononga, me whakatū e ngā kaihanga he porowhita urupare tere-rārangi matotoru hihiri. Ko tēnei tikanga he whakataurite hihiri i te tere o te rārangi tukanga ki te matotoru tere o te ranunga i inehia..Mā te viscometry ā-roto ka whakaratohia te urupare tere e hiahiatia ana hei whakahaere i ēnei urutaunga tukanga, kia tino whakaitihia ai te hanga o ngā kiriuhi kāore i te whakakīia tika, kāore i te tino tika..

C. Wāhanga Whakamaroke me te Whakamatao

Ahakoa i muri i te whakamahinga tuatahi, he mea nui tonu ngā āhuatanga rheological. Ko te kōtaha matotoru whakamutunga te mea e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga whakamatao o te bitumen wera. Mena kāore i te pai te whakahaere i te rere o te rauemi, he iti rawa rānei te matotoru i te whakamahinga, ka tere rawa te whakamatao o te rauemi, ka hua ake he kakano whakamutunga kāore i te ōrite, he kore rānei e ranea te hononga i waenga i ngā paparanga, he mea tino nui tēnei mō te hanganga o ngā pūnaha maha-papa..Mā te whakahaere matotoru tika ka tutuki i te kiriuhi tōna kakano whakamutunga, pakari me te hanganga paparanga tika, kia tiakina ai tōna whai huatanga ārai-wai.

Hei tāpiri atu, ko te pakari o te whāriki whakakaha e whakawhirinaki ana ki te matotoru o te uku wera. Ka whakawhirinaki ngā whāriki whakakaha ki ngā here motuhake (he maha ngā here polyester, fiberglass rānei) hei pupuri i ngā muka kia piri tahi..Ko te matotoru o te bitumen wera e whakatau ana i te ahotea wera me te ahotea ā-pūkaha e pā ana ki tēnei here whakakaha ā-roto i te wā e whakakīia ana. Mena ko tematotoru o te bitumenKi te tino teitei rawa, ka taea e te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō te whakakī te whakakaha i te whāriki whakakaha; ki te hē te huinga pāmahana/matotoru, ka taea te whakararu i te here ā-roto o te whāriki, ka ngoikore ā-tikanga te kaha ā-ringa katoa e whakaratohia ana e te whakakaha tonu..Nō reira, ko te whakahaere i te matotoru he wāhanga tūturu o te tiaki i te pumau o te hanganga o te pūtaiao rauemi whakapakari.

Pānga Whakatau oTe matotoru o te ukumō te Mahi a te Hua

Ko te roa o te mahi a te kiriuhi ārai wai e hono pūmau ana ki te angitu o te whakahaere rheological i te wā e hangaia ana. E hono ana ngā wāhanga iti e whai ake nei i te whakahaere matotoru tika me ngā whakaritenga mahi hua e ono e hiahiatia ana.

A. Te ōritetanga o te paninga me te whai huatanga o te whakakī whāriki

Te whakatutukitanga o tētahi paninga ōrite, he maeneene, e āwhinahia ana e te tino paimatotoru o te bitumen, koinei te parepare tuatahi a te hua ki te pakaru wawe o te hanganga.Ina kore e taurite te tohatoha o ngā rauemi nā te ngoikore o ngā āhuatanga rere (he matotoru te nuinga), ka puta he āputa moroiti me ngā pūwāhi kukū ahotea. Ka mahi ēnei hapa hei wāhi tīmatanga mō te pupuhi me te pakaru o te hanganga ā muri ake nei, ā, ka whakararu i te whai huatanga o te ārai wai mō te wā roa o te kiriuhi..

B. Ngā Āhuatanga Piri me te Pupuri o te Whakakotahitanga

Ko te matotoru he āhuatanga ā-tinana matua e whakatau ana i te kaha piri me te kaha piri o te bitumen. Ko te bitumen he tino iti te matotoru ka tino heke te piri; he rite te mahi a te rauemi ki te hinu whakahinuhinu kaua ki te mea here, ka hua ake he piri ngoikore ki ngā muka whakakaha, ā, mō ngā pepa taupoki, he koretake te pupuri i ngā rauemi mata..Mā te matotoru whakahaere ka tutuki te kaha piri e tika ana hei here i ngā wāhanga katoa o te kiriuhi ki roto i tētahi pūnaha kotahi, mahi tahi.

C. Ngāwari ki te Pāmahana Iti (Ātete ki te Matao)

He hononga whakahurihuri te pātara i waenga i te pāmahana me te matotoru, arā, ka whakapakeke noa, ka ngaro te ngāwari i te rangi makariri, ka taea ai te whakapūpū i te ngatata, ā, ka mutu, ka whakaiti i te pakari..Ko ngā whakaritenga hou e hiahia ana kia tino pakari te mahi ngāwari makariri, me te hiahia kia ātete te kiriuhi ki te pakaru i ngā pāmahana iti rawa ki te-35~40℃.Ko tēnei mahi wera taumata teitei e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kaha o te ranunga PMB ki te pupuri i te ngāwari, he āhuatanga ka kitea anake mēnā he tino ōrite te hanganga o te ranunga—e whakatauhia ana e te whakahaere matotoru tika i te wā whakaranu—he tino pumau te matū..Nō reira, ko te aroturuki i te matotoru te mehua mahi e whakatau ana mēnā ka angitu te whakamaoritanga o te hoahoa matū kua tohua ki roto i te ao tūroa e hiahiatia ana e ngā paerewa mahi.

D. Ātete Rere i te Pāmahana-Tiketike (Pūmautanga Wera)

I te pikinga ake o te pāmahana ratonga, ka heke te matotoru o te bitumen, ka whakaiti i te ātete o te membrane ki te rere o te kaha ā-papa me te whakarerekētanga..Ka whakawhirinaki ngā kaihanga ki ngā whakaritenga matotoru rewa me ngā tohu whakangawari tika hei tautuhi i te ātete ki te totohu me te whakarerekētanga. Mā te pupuri i te mana matotoru tika i te wā hanga PMB ka whakarite kia tika te hanganga me te hononga o te whatunga polymer, ka whakaitihia te hekenga matotoru i ngā pāmahana ratonga teitei, ā, ka ārai i te whakangawari, i te paheke rānei, inā koa i roto i ngā pūnaha e whakamahi ana i te uku wera.

E. Te Kaha Mīhini (Te Kukū, Te Haehae, Te Kutikuti)

Ahakoa ko ngā rauemi whakapakari (te polyester kore-whatu, te muka karāhe) e whakarato ana i ngā āhuatanga ā-pūkaha o roto pērā i te kaha kume, te roa, me te ātete haehae.,Ko te whai huatanga katoa o tēnei kaha e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pumau o te herenga e whakaratohia ana e te anga uku.Ko te matotoru tika, e āwhina ana i te whakakī katoa, ka hono tika ki te kaha whakawhiti kawenga kua whakanuia me te whakaiti i te kukū ahotea ā-rohe, ā, mā reira ka tutuki te membrane i ōna rohe miihini kua tohua..

F. Te Pakari mō te Wā Roa me te Whai Huatanga o te Ārai Wai

Ko te whakahaere tonu i te matotoru he parenga matatau ki te pūtake o ngā hapa e whakararu ana i te roanga o te mahi a te membrane. Ko ngā tikanga whakamātautau pēnei i te Membrane Immersion Test (MIT) e whakaatu ana i ngā hapa whakaputa i puta mai i te ranunga hē.matotoru o te bitumenhe tohu pono, he tohu wawe mō ngā tikanga pakaru ā muri ake nei, tae atu ki te wehewehe me te pirau nā te huarere.

E whakarāpopoto ana te ripanga e whai ake nei i ngā whanaungatanga i kitea i waenga i te whakahaere matotoru me te mahi a te membrane:

Ripanga 1: Te Hononga i waenga i ngā Rerekētanga Matao o te Uku me ngā Aratau Rahunga o te Kiriuhi

Ripanga 2: Ngā Tawhā Matatini Hiranga me ngā Huanga Mahi e Hāngai ana

Te Whanaketanga o te Ine i te Matatini o te Uku

Ko te whakawhiti mai i ngā tikanga whakahaere kounga tuku iho, ā-ringa ki te aroturukitanga tonu, hihiri, e hiahiatia ana nā runga i ngā whakaritenga tere-tiketike me ngā uauatanga o ngā rauemi o ēnei rā.raina whakaputa kiriuhi parewai uku.

Ko ngā tikanga aromatawai rheological tuku iho, pērā i ērā e whakamahi ana i te ine matawai capillary, i ngā whakamātautau mowhiti me te pōro paerewa rānei, kāore e tika mō te whakaputa tonu, nui te rahinga. Ka whakawhirinaki ēnei tikanga ki ngā tauira hopu wā-poto, ā-wā, e whakarato ana i tētahi tirohanga hītori o te rauemi, kaua ki te mōhiotanga tukanga wā-tūturu. Nō reira, kāore e taea e rātou te matapae, te whakaiti rānei i ngā rerekētanga tukanga tere e puta mai ana i te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi mata e kore e taea te karo.

Ko te pūnaha aroturuki ā-roto anake te huarahi hangarau whai hua hei whakarite kia mau tonu te pono o te putanga uku ahakoa ngā rerekētanga o te kounga o ngā rauemi mata. Mā tēnei huarahi matihiko ka honoa te whakapumautanga kounga ki ngā tere whakaputa o nāianei, ka āwhina i te piripono ki ngā whakaritenga mahi rheological matatau.

LONNMITERInrārangi PkāoreIne āwhata

Kāore e taea te whiriwhiri i te whakaurunga o ngā pūoko matatau e āhei ana ki te whakarato i te aroturukitanga matotoru hihiri hei whakatutuki i te tika o te hanga o te ao.Ine Rorohiko Whakamātautau Wirihe otinga pakari kua whakaritea mō te taiao uaua o te tukatuka uku wera.

A. Ngā Whakatakotoranga Hangarau me ngā Mātāpono Whakahaere

Ko te tikanga whakahaere taketake o te pūnaha Lonnmeter e whakamahi ana i ngā mātāpono wiri. Ka tukuna he aromatawai tika, tonu mā te kite i ngā nekehanga iti o te auau orooro i te wā e wiri ana tētahi taputapu motuhake i roto i te awa wai. Ka whakamaoritia tika tēnei ine hihiri ki ngā pānui matotoru wā-tūturu, ka taea ai te whakahaere tukanga tino pai.

He mea nui, me tu atu te taputapu i te ahotea waikura me te wera e pā ana ki ngā taiao bitumen wera.Ine Rorohiko Whakamātautau WiriHe mea hanga motuhake kia mahi tonu i raro i ngā āhuatanga kino, kia taea ai te tu atu i ngā pāmahana tae atu ki te 450 ℃ me ngā pēhanga teitei e kitea ana i ngā mahi tipu tūturu. Hei tāpiri, kāore te pūnaha pūoko e pokanoa, ā, ka mahi me te kore he wāhanga neke, e whakanui ana i te roa o te mahi, e whakaiti ana i ngā whakaritenga tiaki, ā, e ātete ana ki te poke mai i ngā matūriki polymer. Ka whakamahia e te hanganga ngā rauemi ātete-pahūtanga me te ārai-waikura, he mea nui mō te pono mō te wā roa i roto i ngā taiao whakahaere hinu.

B. Ngā Āhuatanga Hua e Whakahohe ana i te Arotautanga Tukanga Tonu

Kei roto i te hangarau ngā āhuatanga matua mō te hanga tino tika:

Teitei o te Tika me ngā Raraunga Wā-tūturu:Mā te tino tika o ngā pānui ka puta he raraunga pūrikiriki, tere hoki e tika ana mō te whakatikatika tere o te tukanga, kia mau tonu ai te matotoru o te ranunga ki roto i te matapihi whaiti whainga o te 0.5 – 2.0 Pa$\cdot$s.

Te whānuitanga o te matotorutanga puta noa i ngā awhe matotoru:He maha ngā whakamahinga o te hangarau pūoko, ā, ka taea te aroturuki tika i te rheology o te whānuitanga o ngā wai matatini, mai i ngā hinu me ngā wai whakawaiwai iti-matotoru e whakamahia ana mō te whakahaere ki ngā ranunga polymer tino matotoru, kua whakarerekētia.

C. Te Whakatau i ngā Raru Matotoru i roto i te Tukanga Whakaputa

Te whakatinanatanga o te haere tonute ine i te matotoru o te bitumene aro ana ki ngā ngoikoretanga matua o te ahumahi. Ka whakaratohia e te pūnaha ngā raraunga e tika ana hei whakaiti i te rerekētanga o ngā puranga i puta mai i te piki me te heke o te kounga o ngā rauemi mata, e āhei ai te whakatikatika tonu hei whakaū i te kounga o te putanga uku ahakoa te rerekētanga o te whakaurunga.

I roto i te horopaki o te whakaranu PMB, ko ngā āhuatanga nekeneke nui (te kutikuti, te pāmahana, te wā) e pā ana ki te hototahitanga o te polymer ka whakahaeretia pai mā te tirotiro i tō rātou pānga whakauru ki te matotoru hihiri. Mā tēnei ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te wawao tonu mēnā he ngoikore te whakaurunga o te polymer, he tohu wawe rānei o te pirau. Heoi anō, mā te ine i te matotoru i roto i te rārangi, ka tino whakapai ake te pūnaha i te pai o te mahi me te haumaru. Ka whakakorea katoatia te hiahia mō ngā tauira hopu ā-ringa morearea, ka tutuki he tukanga ine kore-tukunga, ā, ka whakangawari ake i te tukanga whakaū kounga.

Whakaurunga Rautaki me ngā Painga Pūtea o te Viscometry Ipurangi

Ko te whakatau hangarau ki te whakamahi i te aroturukitanga rheological ā-roto me haere tahi me tētahi mahere whakatinanatanga rautaki me tētahi tātaritanga mārama o te whakamāramatanga ōhanga.

A. Te Whakaurunga ki ngā Raina Whakaputa

Hei whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o ngā raraunga matotoru hihiri, me rautaki te whakanoho i te pūoko:

Manatoko Rokiroki:Me whakanoho ngā pūoko ki roto i ngā tāke rokiroki hei manatoko i te pumau me te ōritetanga o te here mo te wā roa i mua i te whakaurunga ki te wāhi whakaranu.

Te ōritetanga o te whakauru:Me aro turuki ngā pūwāhi i ngā rārangi whāngai e anga atu ana ki te mīhini whakaranu/pūtau hei manatoko i te ōritetanga o ngā rauemi mata e whakaurua ana.

Ine Mahi:Ko te mea tino nui, me whakanoho he pūoko i mua tonu i te pane paninga hei ine i te otinga, te mahimatotoru o te bitumene hiahiatia ana mō te whakakī whāriki tino pai me te whakahaere matotoru o te paparanga.

B. Ngā Painga o te Ine Matawai ā-Rīni i roto i ngā Whakamahinga Uku (Tātari ROI)

Mā te whakatinanatanga o te aroturukitanga hihiri tonu ka puta he painga nui ki te whakahaere me te pūtea, ka puta he hokinga kaha ki te haumitanga (ROI).

Whakapai ake i te Pūmautanga me te Pūmautanga o te Hua

Ko te hua matua o te whakahaere ko te whakaiti nui i te rerekētanga o te whakaputanga me te whakaiti i te hanga hua kāore i te tino tika. Mā te whakaiti i te rahinga o ngā hua kāore i te tino tika ka iti ake ngā mahi anō, ka iti ake ngā utu tukatuka para, ā, ka nui ake te pono o te tukanga whānui.

Arotautanga Pūtea me te Rauemi

Mā te whakahaere ā-ipurangi ka pai ake te tirotiro, ka taea ai te penapena utu nui mā te whakamahi pai i ngā rauemi whakauru utu nui. Ka tutukihia tēnei i roto i ngā wāhanga matua e rua:

Ngā Penapena Whakarerekē/Whakarewa:Mā te hangarau nei ka pai ake te whakahaere i te kounga, ka tutuki ai ngā penapena nui mā te ine tika i te nui o te waiwhakarewa utu nui, te whakarewa, te whakarerekētanga polymer rānei e hiahiatia ana hei whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga kua whakaritea. Mā tēnei arotautanga ka whakakorea te mahi ahumahi tawhito o te nui rawa o te horomanga o ngā whakaurunga utu nui hei ārai haumaru ā-roto ki te rerekētanga rheological kāore i te mōhiotia. Mō ngā polymer-modifiedraina whakaputa kiriuhi parewai ukus, ko ngā penapena auau e puta mai ana i te ine tika o ngā tāpiringa polymer i runga i te rheology wā-tūturu he nui ake i te karo i te utu e tutukihia ana mā te aukati i ngā rahunga puranga nui i ētahi wā, me te whakarite i tētahi ROI pai e taea te ine me te auau.

Te Whakanuia o te Putanga me te Whai Hua o te Pūtea:Mā te pono o te whakahaere kounga pai ake ka taea te arotau i te whakaritenga mahi, ā, ka hua ake he nui ake te putanga. Hei tāpiri, mā ngā raraunga kounga pono ka whakaitihia te whakawhirinaki ki te nui o ngā taonga, ngā whakaritenga tāke e pā ana, me te whakapaunga pūngao e hiahiatia ana hei ārai i ngā puranga kāore pea i te tino tika, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā utu pūngao, whakapaipai, me te tiaki.

Ripanga 3: Ngā Painga Hangarau me te ROI o te Inline Vibrational Viscometry

C. Te Whakatutukitanga me te Painga Whakataetae

Te whakaurunga o te wā-tūturute ine i te matotoru o te bitumenKa whakaratohia he painga whakataetae nui ki ngā kaihanga. Ka neke te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga mai i te inenga paetae/kore pumau ki tētahi rekoata kounga tonu, ka taea te manatoko. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei raraunga hihiri, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te whakaputa i tētahi rārangi whakapumautanga kounga pumau mō ia mita raina o te kiriuhi i hangaia, ka taea ai te tutuki i ngā paerewa pakari. Ka noho tēnei taumata o te māramatanga ka taea te manatoko me te pono o te hua hei rerekētanga whakataetae whakatau i te whai i ngā kaupapa hanga nui, teitei ngā whakaritenga e tino hira ana ngā whakapumautanga mahi.

The Ine Rorohiko Whakamātautau Wirika whakarite i te ōritetanga pai o te hua, ka whakanui ake i te nui o te mahi, ka whakarato i ngā tuhinga tutuki i ngā whakaritenga ka taea te manatoko, ā, ka tutuki i ngā whakahekenga utu ka taea te ine mā te arotau tika i ngā rauemi mata utu nui.Contact entīningā eers mō optimized sōukaupapas or sugtohuon of measurte mahipoingā me koer specipakiwaitara whakatuwherakioreion cōningā mahi.