He mea tino nui te ine i te mātotorutanga tūturu i roto i te tukanga whakaputa kirihou pirau-koiora. Ka inehia e ngā mita mātotorutanga ā-roto te mātotorutanga o te propylene wai me ngā paru me ngā pānui tonu, tino tika. Mā tēnei aroturukitanga tūturu ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te urupare tonu ki ngā rerekētanga, te whakarerekē i ngā tere whāngai, ngā tikanga tukanga rānei kia mau tonu ai te polymerization i roto i ngā whakaritenga.
Whakarāpopototanga Whakahaere
Ko te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora he otinga nui ki te take e piki haere ana o te parahanga taiao e ngā kirihou pumau kei roto i te hinu. Ko tana whāinga he whakaputanga pumau mā te huri i ngā rauemi whakahou, pērā i te lignin mai i te umanga penupenu me te pepa, ki ngā pūmua hoa-taiao me ngā āhuatanga hangarau me ngā reiti pirau whakahaere. Kei roto i tēnei mara he maha ngā wāhanga matua, mai i te kōwhiringa rauemi mata me te whakarerekētanga matū, mā roto i ngā tikanga pūmua matatau, ki te hurihanga ki ngā taonga kua oti mā roto i ngā tikanga whakahāngai motuhake.
Kirihou Pirau-koiora
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Ko te kaupapa matua o te tukanga whakaputa kirihou pirau-ora kei roto i ngā huarahi matua e rua o te polymerization: te polymerization condensation me te polymerization mowhiti-tuwhera (ROP). Mā ēnei ka taea te whakahaere tika i te taumaha ngota me te hanganga rauemi, he mea nui mō te whakarite i te pirau-ora me te mahi miihini. Ko te auahatanga hou kua aro nui ki te whakauru i te lignin ki roto i ngā matrices polyester, te whakamahi i te hononga-ki-runga me te hononga-mai-ki-te-polymerization hei whakarei ake i te kaha kume me te pakaru mutunga-o-te-ora. Ko te hanganga mā roto i ngā pūnaha rere e hangai ana ki te microreactor ka whakatakoto i tētahi paerewa hou mō te whai huatanga. He rerekē ki ngā tikanga puranga tuku iho, ka tukuna e ngā microreactors te mana whakahaere wera me te whakaranu tino pai, ka whakanui ake i te tere polymerization me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga pūngao, me te whakakore i ngā whakakorikori konganuku paitini hei painga mō ngā momo rerekē e pai ake ana ki te taiao. Ko te hua he hua pumau o ngā polymers me te pai ake o te ōritetanga me te whakaiti i te pānga taiao.
Ko tētahi o ngā uauatanga matua o te whakawhanui i te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-ora ko te whakamaoritanga o ngā putanga hou o te taiwhanga ki te hanga pono, nui. Ko te whakaurunga ahumahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mana kounga pakari, wā-tūturu. Ko tētahi wero tonu ko te whakarite i te tohatoha taumaha ngota rite puta noa i ngā oma hanga, he mea nui mō te matapae mahi me te whakaaetanga ture. Waihoki, me tutuki ngā āhuatanga miihini me te wera ki ngā whakaritenga pakari o te takai, ngā taonga kaihoko, me ngā kiriata ahuwhenua.
Kua ahu whakamua te aroturuki i te whakapūhui me te whakahaere i te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-ora mā roto i ngā taputapu ine tika. Ko ngā mita kiato me te matotoru ā-roto, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, he mea nui ki te aroturuki wā-tūturu i te wā e whakapūhuitia ana te propylene slurry, i ngā whakapūhui papatipu rānei. Mā ēnei taputapu ka taea te ine tonu i te kiato me te matotoru o te propylene wai, ka taea ai te whakarerekē tonu i ngā tawhā whakauru. Ka whai wāhi te aroturuki i te kiato propylene wā-tūturu ki te pupuri i te ōritetanga o te puranga, te arotau i te whakamahinga o te whakakorikori, me te whakarite i ngā āhuatanga kua tohua o te polymer—he mea nui ki te whakaiti i te para me te nui o ngā utu me te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga pumau. Ka tautokohia hoki e ngā mita kiato propylene tika te aunoatanga o te tukanga me te tuhi tuhinga e hiahiatia ana mō te tutuki i ngā ture i roto i ngā tikanga hanga kirihou pirau-ora e whakamahia ana e te ahumahi.
Ahakoa ngā whakatutukitanga whakamiharo, kei te tūtaki tonu ngā arai ki te whakawhānui ake i te tukanga kirihou pirau-koiora. Ko te whakarato i ngā rauemi kai kounga-koiora, te whakaurunga o te matū matomato i ia wāhanga, me te hiahia mō ngā tikanga whakamātautau me te aroturuki whakarei ake me aro tonu. Ko te whiriwhiri i ngā tikanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora me ngā tukanga werohanga e tika ana me whakamana ehara i te mea ko te mahi whakamahinga mutunga anake, engari ko te pakaru o te mutunga o te oranga i roto i ngā taiao tūturu—he whāinga kei te whakatikatikaina tonutia me te tautoko mai i ngā hangarau aromatawai me te aroturuki kua whakapai ake.
Hei whakarāpopototanga, ko ngā auahatanga i roto i te whakapūhuitanga rere tonu, te whakamahinga rautaki o te lignin me ngā whakaurunga whakahou, me te whakahaere i te kiato paru i te wā tūturu te tohu o te whenua e whanake ana o te hanga kirihou hoa-taiao. Ko te huihuinga o ēnei ahunga whakamua te poutoko i te ahunga whakamua o te rāngai ki te whakaputa kirihou pirau-whai hua, mahi-teitei, me te pono he pumau.
Ngā Kirihou Pirau-koiora me tā rātou Tūranga i roto i te Hanganga Hou
Ko ngā kirihou pirau-koiora he rauemi pūmua i hangaia hei wawahi mā roto i ngā mahi koiora—arā, ko te pākia o ngā moroiti pēnei i te huakita, te harore, te rimurimu rānei. Ka puta mai i tēnei pakaru he hua mutunga pai mō te taiao pēnei i te wai, te hauhā waro, te methane (i raro i ngā āhuatanga anaerobic), me te koiora. He rerekē ki ngā pūmua tikanga, e ahu mai ana i ngā matū hinu, ā, he ātete ki te pirau taiao, kei roto i ngā kirihou pirau-koiora ngā hononga matū e ngoikore ana ki te pakaru moroiti me te whākōkī, tae atu ki te hydrolysis.
Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā kirihou pirau-ora me ngā pūmua tikanga kei roto i ō rātou hanganga matū. Ko ngā kirihou tikanga, pērā i te polyethylene (PE) me te polypropylene (PP), he pakari ngā tuara waro-waro me te tioata teitei me te wai-whakaaro, ka tino pakari, ā, kāore e pirau-ora. Ka noho tonu ēnei rauemi ki te taiao mō ngā tekau tau, neke atu rānei, ka pakaru noa mā te pirau-ataata puhoi, te waikura wera rānei, kāore e tino whakaiti i te pānga ki te taiao. He rerekē, he maha ngā wā kei roto i ngā pūmua pirau-ora he ester wai-whakaora, he amide, he hononga glycosidic rānei i roto i ō rātou tuara, ka tere ake te pirau ina pāngia e ngā mea e tika ana mō te taiao me te koiora. Hei tauira, ka whakauruhia e te waikawa polylactic (PLA) me ngā polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) ēnei hononga pakaru, ka taea ai te pakaru mā te wai-whakaora me te mahi whākōkī moroiti.
Ka taea te whakarōpū i ngā kirihou pirau-koiora mā te matū me ngā rauemi mata. Ko te PLA tētahi o ngā mea tino nui ki te hokohoko, ka hangaia mā te whakapūkara o ngā rauemi whakahou pēnei i te māngaro kānga, te tō rānei. Ko tōna hanganga, he polyester aliphatic raina e honoa ana e ngā hononga ester, e pai ana ki te pirau wai-whakakotahi - ahakoa i raro i ngā pāmahana me te haumākū teitei e rite ana ki te whakakoi ahumahi. Ko te PHA, i hangaia e ngā moroiti mai i te whānuitanga o ngā rauemi kai waro pēnei i ngā hinu huawhenua, ngā māngaro rānei, he rite te hanganga polyester engari he tere ake te pirau i roto i ngā taiao oneone me te wai. Ko te Polybutylene succinate (PBS) me te poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) he polyester pirau-koiora matua; he maha ngā wā ka ahu mai te PBS i te waikawa succinic me te butanediol i ahu mai i ngā rauemi kai tipu, ko te PBAT he co-polyester e whakakotahi ana i ngā waeine pirau-koiora me te kakara hei whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga miihini me te kinetics pirau.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā kirihou māngaro, he mea hanga mā te whakaranu i te māngaro tūturu—ko te nuinga he polysaccharides amylose me te amylopectin—me ētahi atu polymer pirau-ora, tae atu ki ngā polymer tikanga hei whakapai ake i te mahi me te ngāwari o te tukatuka. Ko tō rātou pakaru e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā whākōkī moroiti e tapahi ana i ngā hononga glycosidic, ka tere ake te pirau o te taiao i raro i ngā āhuatanga e tika ana.
He maha ngā painga taiao me ngā painga whakahaere o te nekehanga ki ngā kirihou pirau-koiora. Ko te mea tuatahi, ka whakaitihia e ēnei rauemi te taumahatanga o ngā para kirihou e mau tonu ana, nā te mea ka uru atu ō rātou hua pakaru ki ngā huringa koiora-matū taiao. He mea nui rawa atu tēnei i te mea ka piki haere ngā pēhanga ture me te pāpori o te ao ki te aro atu ki te parahanga kirihou me ngā kirihou moroiti. Hei tāpiri, he maha ngā kirihou pirau-koiora e whakamahi ana i ngā rauemi whakahou, ka taea te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki ngā rauemi pūmua mutunga kore.
Mai i te tirohanga tukatuka, he maha ngā whakamahinga o ngā kirihou pirau-koiora, ā, he hototahi ki ngā tikanga hanga pūmua kua whakapumautia, pērā i te whakahāngai werohanga me te whakaputanga. Ko ngā tikanga pērā i te whakahāngai werohanga kirihou pirau-koiora me ētahi atu tukanga whakahāngai he urutaunga noa iho o te tukatuka kirihou wera tuku iho, e āhei ai te whakauru tika ki roto i ngā hanganga o nāianei mō te takai, te ahuwhenua, me ngā taonga kotahi te whakamahinga.
I roto i te mahi, he mea nui te whakahaere kounga wā-tūturu i roto i te hanga kirihou pirau-koiora, inā koa ka whakamahia ngā rauemi kai e ahu mai ana i te koiora me ngā rauemi kai rerekē. Mā ngā taputapu ine ā-roto, pērā i ngā mita mātotoru mai i Lonnmeter, ka taea te ine wā-tūturu i te mātotoru propylene me te whakahaere i te polymerization paru propylene. Mā te aroturuki tika i ngā tawhā matua pērā i te mātotoru propylene wai me ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga polymerization ka whakarite kia rite te kounga polymer, te mahi miihini tino pai, me ngā tere pirau-koiora e taea te matapae. He wāhanga nui tēnei momo whakahaere tukanga o te hanga polymer pirau-koiora hou, e tiaki ana i ngā āhuatanga rauemi me te tutuki i ngā paerewa mahi, paerewa rānei o te whakapūhui.
E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau taiao o ngā tau e rua kua pahure ake nei i tētahi tirohanga matua: ko te tere me te tino otinga o te pirau koiora ehara i te mea e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hanganga pūmua anake engari ki te taiao hoki. Hei tauira, me whakamahi te PLA i ngā pāmahana whakawairakau ahumahi kia tere ai te pakaru, ko te PHA me ētahi kirihou māngaro ka tere ake te pirau i roto i te oneone tūturu, i ngā āhuatanga moana rānei. Nō reira, ko ngā painga tūturu mō te taiao e hono ana ki te kōwhiringa o te matū pūmua tika me te whakatūnga o ngā hanganga whakahaere para tautoko.
Mā te whakamahi i ngā kirihou pirau ka huaki ake ngā huarahi hou mō te hoahoa hua pumau me ngā kōwhiringa mutunga-ora kawenga, inā koa ka honoa ki te aroturukitanga tukanga pakari, te whakamahinga whai hua o ngā rauemi whāngai, me te whiriwhiri rauemi whai whakaaro. Ko te angitu o tā rātou whakaurunga ki te hanga hou e whakawhirinaki ana ki te māramatanga hōhonu ki ō rātou matū me te tukanga hanga o te kirihou pirau, me te whakahaere kawenga puta noa i ngā wāhanga whakaputa, whakamahinga, me te whakakorenga.
Te Kōwhiringa me te Whakarite Rauemi Mata
Ko te whiriwhiri rauemi whāngai pumau me te whakahou te tūāpapa o te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora. E hiahiatia ana he aromatawai pakari mō te huringa ora (LCA) mō ngā paearu hei whakarite kia iti ake ngā tukunga hau kati kōtuhi, kia iti ake te whakamahinga whenua me te wai, kia whai hua ai te pirau-koiora i te mutunga o te ora. E whai whakaaro ana ngā LCA hou ki te whakatipu, te hauhake, te tukatuka, me ngā pānga o raro iho, kia mōhio ai ko te kohikohinga o ngā rauemi pēnei i ngā toenga ahuwhenua, te koiora kore e taea te kai, te para rauropi rānei he painga taiao tūturu.
Me karo ngā rauemi whāngai i te whakataetae ki ngā taonga kai. Ko ngā rauemi pēnei i te tarutaru whakawhiti, te miscanthus, te kiri hua, te hinu tunu kai para, te cellulose para kakahu rānei, he mea tino pai. Ehara i te mea ka whakatairanga noa i ngā mahi ōhanga porowhita engari ka whakaiti nui i te pānga taiao me ngā utu rauemi mata ki te kānga, ki te tō rānei. Me manatoko hoki e ngā kaihanga kāore te kōwhiringa hua me te pikinga o te tono e hua ai he huringa ā-kore o te whakamahinga whenua, pēnei i te whakangaromanga o te ngahere, te ngaronga rānei o te kanorau koiora. Ko te whai i ngā hua, me ngā tuhinga mai i te pūtake ki te polymerization, kua noho hei whakaritenga paerewa mō ngā kaihoko me ngā kaiwhakahaere kia whakarite i ngā mekameka tuku tika.
Ko te hanga kirihou pirau-koiora hoki e whakauru ana i te pumau pāpori me te ōhanga hei paearu whiriwhiri matua. Me tiki mai ngā rauemi kai me ngā taunakitanga whaimana o ngā tikanga mahi tika me ngā painga ki ngā hapori o te rohe. Ko ngā kaupapa tūao me ngā arotake a te hunga tuatoru e hiahiatia ana i mua i te whakaaetanga.
He mea nui te tere o te whakaoranga. Ko ngā hua ā-tau, ngā hua ahuwhenua, me ngā rauemi e tere ana te whakakī anō pērā i te rimurimu, te tarutaru rānei, kua piki haere te paerewa nā te tere o te whakahoutanga me te iti ake o ngā tūponotanga o te whakararuraru i te rauropi. Me whakatipu me te tukatuka hoki i ngā kai whāngai me te iti rawa o te tapuwae matū morearea; kua tino herea te whakamahinga o ngā patupatu me ngā poke waro tonu, me te piki haere o te nekehanga ki te whakatipu waro me te whakahaere pepeke whakauru.
Mā te whakatairanga i ngā awa para me ngā hua taha ka hāngai te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora ki ngā tukanga hanga kirihou whānui e pai ana ki te taiao. Kei roto i tēnei ko te whakamahi i ngā hua taha muri-ahumahi, muri-kaihoko rānei, te whakatairanga i te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi, me te tautoko i te ōhanga porowhita.
I muri i te kōwhiringa, he mea nui ngā mahi tukatuka-mua hei whakapai ake i te tangohanga monomer me te parakore. Hei tauira, me huri, me whakamaroke, me wehewehe ngā toenga ahuwhenua i mua i te whakaputanga o ngā huka whakapūkara. Ka mirahia ngā hua whai māngaro me ngā maimoatanga whākōkī hei wawahi i ngā warowaihā matatini. Mō ngā rauemi cellulose, ka tangohia e te penupenu matū, miihini rānei te lignin, ā, ka whakarei ake i te kaha tukatuka. Ko ia mahi e aro ana ki te tangohanga mōrahi o ngā monomer whai hua pēnei i te waikawa lactic, he mea nui mō ngā tikanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora teitei me ngā tukanga polymerization kirihou i raro iho.
Ka aro turukihia ngā rauemi kai kua tukatukahia i mua mō te hanganga, te nui o ngā poke, me te makuku. Mā tēnei ka whakarite i te kounga whakauru pumau me te mahi pono i roto i ngā taahiraa hurihanga matū, whakapūkara rānei e whai ake nei—e pā tika ana ki te pumau o te tukanga, te hua tauhohenga, me te tauine whānui o te hanga kirihou pirau. Nō reira, ehara i te mea he mea nui noa iho te arotakenga rauemi kai; he mea nui hoki mō te pupuri i te whai huatanga me te nui o te hua i roto i ngā wāhanga tukanga katoa o raro.
Te Hanga me te Whakairo: Mai i ngā Mea Whakaranu ki ngā Taonga Kua Oti
Te Hanga Werohanga Kirihou Pirau-koiora
Ko te werohanga kirihou pirau-koiora e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tuku tika o ngā kapia rewa—pērā i te PLA, PHA, me te PBS—ki roto i tētahi kōhao āhua, ka whakamatao te rauemi, ka whiwhi i te āhua whakamutunga. Me aro nui ki te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora, ā, kei roto hoki ngā tikanga pai motuhake nā te kaha o ēnei rauemi ki te pā ki ngā matū me te wera.
Ka whakamahia te waikawa polylactic (PLA) ki te hanga i waenga i te 160 me te 200 °C, engari ko ngā hua pai rawa atu ka puta i te 170–185 °C. Mēnā ka nui ake ēnei pāmahana, ka tūpono te haehae mekameka, te ngaronga taumaha ngota, me te hekenga o te mahi ā-ringa. Ko te pāmahana o te hanga i te nuinga o te wā ka mau tonu i waenga i te 25 me te 60 °C. Ko ngā pāmahana teitei ake o te hanga, mai i te 40 ki te 60 °C, ka whakanui ake i te tioata me te whakapai ake i te kaha ā-ringa, ko te whakamatao tere i raro i te 25 °C ka taea te whakaputa i ngā ahotea ā-roto me te hanganga tioata ngoikore. Ko ngā pēhanga werohanga i te nuinga o te wā kei waenga i te 60 ki te 120 MPa—he nui hei whakarite i te whakakī o te hanga me te karo i te mura. Mā te matotoru iti o te PLA ka taea te tere taurite, ka karo i ngā tūponotanga o te kutikuti teitei e whakaiti ana i te polymer. Ko te mea nui, me whakamaroke tika te PLA i raro i te makuku 200 ppm (2–4 hāora i te 80–100 °C). Ko te nui o te wai ka puta te pirau hydrolytic, ka hua ake he pakarukaru, he iti te mahi o ngā wāhanga.
He rite tonu ngā hiahia o ngā kapia PHA, pērā i te PHB me te PHBV, mō te tukatuka wera whakahaere. Ka pai te pokepokea i waenga i te 160 me te 180 °C. I ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 200 °C, ka tere te pirau o ngā PHA. Me whakamahi ngā tukatuka i ngā pāmahana pokepokea i waenga i te 30 me te 60 °C. Ko te pēhanga werohanga kei waenga i te 80 ki te 130 MPa, ā, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hanganga copolymer me te ranunga. Pērā i te PLA, he tino tairongo ngā PHA ki te wai toenga, ā, me whakamaroke i te 60–80 °C mō ngā taumata makuku i raro i te 500 ppm. Mā te tere werohanga puhoi ka whakaitihia te pirau kutikuti, ka tiakina te pumau o te mekameka polymer.
Ahakoa he kaha ake te wera o ngā kapia PBS i te PLA, i te PHA rānei, me tukatuka tonu i waenga i te 120 me te 140 °C ki te rewa. Ka taea e te tukatuka i ngā pāmahana teitei ake (> 160 °C) te whakaiti i te matotoru o te pokepokea ai. He mea noa ngā pāmahana pokepokea ai o te 20–40 °C; ka āwhina ngā pāmahana teitei ake i te whakatioata, ka whakapai ake i te pumau o te āhua o te mea kua whakarewaina. Ko te awhe pēhanga paerewa ko te 80–100 MPa. Ka taea e te PBS te tu atu ki te makuku tīmatanga teitei ake i te PLA, engari me whakarite tonu kia tata ki te 80 °C i mua i te whakarewatanga.
Ko ngā whakaaro tukatuka ahurei mō ēnei rauemi katoa ko te aro ki te wā noho me te mimiti o te makuku. Ko ngā wā roa i roto i te oko, i te pokepokea rānei i ngā pāmahana teitei ka tere ake te pirau, ka puta he hapa pēnei i te rerekētanga o te tae, te pakarukaru, me te haunga. Ko te whakahaere makuku tika, e tutukihia ana mā te whakamaroke i mua, he mea nui i ia taahiraa o te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau. Ko ngā taputapu aroturuki wā-tūturu, pēnei i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto me ngā mita matotoru ā-roto i hangaia e Lonnmeter, ka āwhina ki te pupuri i te ōritetanga o te rauemi mā te whakaatu i ngā rerekētanga o ngā āhuatanga rewa nā te pāmahana, te makuku rānei.
Ko ngā hapa hanga noa mō ngā kapia pirau ko te marara (nā te nui o te makuku), te pakarukaru (nā te maroke rawa, te pāmahana tino tiketike rānei), me ngā āputa, te whakakī kore rānei (nā te pāmahana pokepoke iti, te pēhanga iti rānei). Mēnā ka puta he marara, whakamarokehia kia kaha ake. Mēnā ka puta he pakarukaru, he pakarukaru rānei, whakaitihia te pāmahana rewa, ā, whakapotoa te wā noho. Ko ngā āputa he tikanga ka aro atu ki te pēhanga werohanga teitei ake, ki te pikinga paku rānei o te pāmahana rewa.
E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ko te arotau i ngā pāmahana pokepokea ai ka hua ake he whakapai ake i ngā āhuatanga miihini me te mata mō te PLA me te PBS, ā, ko te whakaiti i te wā noho rewa ka tiaki nui i te taumaha ngota o ngā kapia PHA. Ko ngā wā huringa, ngā tawhā whakamaroke, me te aroturukitanga i roto i te tukanga he mea nui tonu ki te whakaputa kore hapa o ngā wāhanga kirihou pirau-koiora.
Ngā Tikanga Whakawhiti Kē Atu
Haunga te whakahāngai werohanga, he mea nui ētahi atu tikanga hei whakaputa i ngā taonga kirihou pirau-koiora, ia tikanga i whakaritea kia rite ki ngā whakaritenga mahi me te āheinga ki te whakawairakau.
Mā te whakaputanga ka hangaia te kirihou mā te pana i te pūmua rewa mā roto i te mata, ka hangaia he kōtaha, he ngongo, me ngā rau. I roto i te tukanga kirihou pirau-koiora, ka puta he rau PLA mō te hanga wera, ngā pirepire PBS rānei hei whakamahi i muri mai. Ko te mea nui ki te kounga ko te kiato rewa ōrite, e aroturukitia ana me ngā mita kiato wā-tūturu pērā i ngā mea mai i Lonnmeter, kia rite ai te rere me te matotoru o te pakitara.
Ka hangaia e te pupuhi kiriata he kiriata angiangi pirau-ora (mō ngā putea, mō ngā takai rānei) mā te whakaputa i te kapia mā roto i tētahi mata porowhita, ka whakawhanuitia hei mirumiru. He mea nui te whakahaere i te pāmahana me te tere rere i konei kia ōrite te matotoru me te pumau o te miihini, inā koa he tairongo ngā kapia pirau-ora ki ngā rerekētanga o te makuku me te pāmahana.
Ka whakamahanahia e te whakamahana ngā rau kirihou pirau-ora—ko te PLA te tikanga—kia ngāwari, kātahi ka pēhia ki roto i ngā pokepoke hei hanga i ngā āhua o te paepae, kapu, taupoki rānei. Ko te angitu o te tukatuka ka whakawhirinaki ki te matotoru ōrite o te rau me te whakamaroke i mua i ngā kiriata whakauru hei ārai i ngā mirumiru o roto me ngā wāhi ngoikore.
Ka hangaia e te pupuhi pokepoke he mea takoto kau pērā i ngā pounamu me ngā ipu. Mō ngā kirihou pirau-ora pērā i te PBS, he mea nui te whakahaere tupato i te kaha rewa me te pāmahana parison (preform) nā te mea ka nui ake te aro o ēnei rauemi ki te totohu me te koretake o te ahunga i te wā e pupuhi ana.
Me taurite ia tikanga hurihanga ki te kapia me te hua e hiahiatia ana. Mō te kaha ki te whakapūkara me te mahi tino pai, tīpakohia te tukanga e hāngai ana ki ngā hiahia wera, miihini, me te whakatio o te polymer ki te āhua me te whakamahinga o te wāhanga whakamutunga. Mā te whakamahi i te aroturukitanga mātotoru ipurangi i te wā tūturu puta noa i te whakaputanga o te extrusion, te pepa, te pounamu rānei ka whakarite i te ōritetanga o te hua, ā, ka whakaitihia te para.
Mā te whakataurite tika i te tukanga ki te hua—ahakoa mā te werohanga kirihou pirau-koiora, te whakaputanga, te pupuhi kiriata, te hanga wera, te pupuhi rānei—ka whakarite kia tutuki i ngā tikanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora ngā tumanakohanga taiao me te kounga. Me whai whakaaro tika ia tikanga ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te biopolymer, me te aroturuki, te whakamaroke, me te whakahaere pāmahana e whatua ana ki roto i te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora.
Arotau Tukanga: Te Aroturuki me te Whakahaere i ngā Āhuatanga Polymer
He mea nui te whakahaere pakari i ngā tukanga ki te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora, e whakatau ana i ngā āhuatanga whakamutunga o te pūmua pēnei i te kaha miihini, te pirau-koiora, me te haumaru. Ko te whakatutuki i te pūmua me te whakakotahitanga tino pai ko te whakahaere tata i ngā tawhā matua: te pāmahana, te pēhanga, te wā tauhohe, me te parakore o ngā whakaurunga katoa.
Me whakahaere tika te pāmahana. Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga te whakarerekē i te taumaha ngota ngota, te tioata, me te mahi a te polymer. Ka taea e te wera nui te haehae i te mekameka, te whakaheke rānei i ngā monomer tairongo, ka hua ake he kirihou pirau ngoikore, he koretake rānei. I tetahi atu taha, ko te iti rawa o te pāmahana ka aukati i te huringa monomer, ka roa te wā tauhohenga kāore i te whai hua, ā, ka tūpono ka kore e oti ngā tauhohenga.
Ka kitea ngā pānga o te pēhanga i roto i ngā tukanga e whakamahi ana i ngā monomer mimiti, i ngā polymerization hau-āhua rānei, pērā i te polymerization propylene. Ka taea e te pēhanga teitei te whakanui ake i ngā tere tauhohenga me te taumaha ngota polymer, engari ka nui ake te tūponotanga o te rahunga taputapu me ngā tauhohenga kāore e hiahiatia ana e te pēhanga nui. I roto i ētahi atu tukanga, pērā i te polycondensation, ka āwhina ngā pēhanga iti-haurangi ki te tango i ngā hua taha me te akiaki i te tauhohenga kia oti.
Ko ia taahiraa o te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-ora e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tino parakore o ngā monomer, ngā whakakorikori, me ngā whakarewa. Ahakoa he iti noa te makuku, he paru whakarewa rānei, ka taea te whakaoho i ngā tauhohenga taha, te whakamutu wawe i te mekameka, te paitini rānei i ngā whakakorikori. Kei roto i ngā tikanga ahumahi te purenga pakari o ngā whakaurunga me te horoi tino tika o ngā taputapu tukanga katoa hei tiaki i te putanga kounga teitei, pumau.
He tawhā matua te mātotoru o te paru, inā koa i roto i te polymerization propylene—he tikanga noa i roto i te hanga kapia polymer pirau-koiora. Mā te pupuri i te mātotoru tino pai i roto i te paru polymerization ka pā tika ki te tere o te tauhohenga, ā, i te mutunga, ki ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi.
Ko te painga o te ine i runga ipurangi, i te wā tūturu me temita mātotoru propylenee rua ngā āhuatanga. Tuatahi, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatutuki i te kounga hua pumau mā te raraunga kore e mutu i rungate matotoru o te propylene waiTuarua, mā te kitenga tonu i ngā rerekētanga o te mātotoru ka taea te whakatika i te wā tika—ka ārai i te whakaputanga o ngā puranga kāore i te rite ki te whakaritenga, i te maumau rānei. He mea nui tēnei urupare tukanga tika hei pupuri i te kounga ōrite o te polymer, inā koa i roto i ngā raina hanga tere, tonu.
Mā te whakauru i ngā mita mātotoru pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter ki roto i te tauhohenga polymerization, i te extruder compounding rānei, ka whakaratohia he taputapu kaha mō te arotau tonu i ngā tukanga. Mā te whai i ngā au o te mātotoru puta noa i ia oma whakaputa, ka taea e ngā kaihanga te tātari tatauranga i te tukanga, te whakatakoto i ngā whakaoho tukanga tika ake, me te whakatinana i ngā rautaki whakahaere kua whakatikatikaina. Ka whakaitihia e tēnei te para o ngā rauemi mata, ka whakanui ake i te hua, ā, ka tautoko tika i ngā whāinga o ngā kaupapa tukanga hanga kirihou hoa-taiao.
He pānga kua whakamātauhia ngā pūnaha aroturuki i te mātotoru o te propylene i te wā tūturu. Ina āta whakahaeretia te mātotoru o te propylene wai, ka pai ake te rite o te kapia, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā raruraru tukanga. Mā te urupare tonu mai i ngā mita mātotoru ka taea e ngā kaihanga tukanga te karo i te nui rawa o ngā whāinga, ka whakaiti i te rerekētanga me te nui rawa o te whakapaunga o te pūngao me ngā rauemi mata. Inaianei, e kiia ana ēnei rautaki whakahaere he mahi pai rawa atu i roto i ngā raina hanga kirihou pirau-ora hou me te whakakotahitanga.
Mā te whakaurunga o ēnei taputapu wā-tūturu ka tautoko i te whakapai tonu i ngā mahi hei whakaputa kirihou pirau-koiora, ka puta he whanonga miihini, wera, me te pirau ka taea te whakaputa anō puta noa i ngā wāhanga whakaputa. He mea nui tēnei poutokomanawa whakahaere tika i te mea kei te whakakaha tonu ngā paerewa ture, haumaru, me te mākete mō ngā pūmua pirau-koiora.
Ngā Wero i roto i te Whakawhanake i te Hanga Kirihou Pirau-Koiora
Ko te whakaahui i te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-ora e pā ana ki ngā arai puta noa i te mekameka uara, mai i te utu me te wātea o ngā rauemi kai. Ko te nuinga o ngā tikanga hanga kirihou pirau-ora e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā rauemi mata ahuwhenua pēnei i te kānga, te tō, me te manioka. He rerekē ngā utu nā te neke haere o ngā mākete taonga, te āhuarangi kore e taea te matapae, te hurihanga o ngā hua hua, me ngā kaupapa here ahuwhenua me te wahie koiora e whanake haere ana. Ka honoa ēnei āhuatanga ki te whakararuraru i te pumau ōhanga o te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-ora, ka pā ki ia taahiraa mai i te hoko rauemi kai tae noa ki te polymerization me te whakahāngai.
Ka uaua ake te uru atu ki ngā rauemi mata nā te whakataetae ki ngā rauemi whāngai kararehe, ki ngā whāngai kararehe, me te whakamahinga pūngao. Ka taea e ēnei whakataetae te whakaoho i ngā tautohetohe mō te haumarutanga kai, me te whakanui ake i te kore pumau o ngā utu, ka uaua ai ki ngā kaihanga te whakarite i tētahi tuku pumau, utu tika hoki. I ngā rohe he iti noa ngā hua motuhake, ka nui haere ēnei wero, ka whakawhāiti i te kaha o ngā tukanga hanga kirihou e pai ana ki te taiao puta noa i te ao.
Ko te whai huatanga o te hurihanga he arai anō. Ko te huri i te koiora hei monomer, ā, hei whakamutunga, hei biopolymer me whai rauemi kai kounga teitei, kāore he poke. Ka taea e tetahi rerekētanga te whakaiti i te hua me te whakapiki i ngā utu tukatuka. Ahakoa ngā mahi matatau ki te whakaputa kirihou pirau-pēnei i te whakapūngao, te polymerization, me te whakapūngao - ka noho tonu te kaha me te aro ki te kounga whakauru. Ko ngā rauemi kai o te reanga tuarua pēnei i te para ahuwhenua e tūtaki ana ki ngā arai hangarau tae atu ki te maimoatanga-mua uaua me te iti o ngā reiti hurihanga whānui.
Ka tāpirihia e ngā wero whakarite rauemi he paparanga uaua. Ko te kohikohinga, te rokiroki, me te kawe rauemi kai e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā hanganga whānui, inā koa mō te whakahaere i ngā koiora kore-kai. Ka taea e te wā o te hauhake te pikinga ohorere o ngā utu rauemi, te aukati rānei i ngā tuku. Ko te whakahaere, te whakamaroke, me te tukatuka i mua i te koiora me haumi ki ngā hanganga motuhake, ka hua ake he tukanga kore-paerewa, he nui te utu e wero ana i te rere tonu e hiahiatia ana e te hanga polymer nui-koiora.
Ko te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga rerekē a te kiritaki me te tono ka puta he pēhanga tāpiri. E hiahia ana ngā tono ki ngā tawhā tukanga whakaputa polymer pirau-koiora rerekē, pērā i te kaha kume, te tere pirau, me te whanonga whakapūtanga. He uaua te whakatutuki i ēnei me te kore e whakaiti i te pirau-koiora, te whai hua rānei o te utu. Tērā pea ka whakatairangahia e ngā kiritaki i roto i ngā takai te pirau tere, ko ētahi atu, pērā i ngā tono motuka, me te roa. Me tino whakatikatika ngā tikanga whakapūtanga kirihou pirau-koiora hou me ngā rerekētanga tukanga ki ēnei paerewa mahi kanorau, e hiahiatia ana he tukanga matatau, he urutau me te aroturuki rawa wā-tūturu.
He wero tonu te whakataurite i te mahi a te hua, te pirau koiora, me te tauine. Hei tauira, mā te whakanui ake i te tioata ka taea te whakarei ake i te kaha o te hua, engari ka taea te whakaiti i ngā tere pirau koiora. Me whakahaere pai te whakarerekē i ngā tikanga tukatuka—pēnei i te wā e whakakotahi ana i te kirihou, i te werohanga rānei—kia mau tonu ai te mahi taiao me te kaha hanga papatipu. Ko ngā otinga ine ā-roto, pērā i ngā mita kiato propylene a Lonnmeter, ka whakarato i te aroturukitanga kiato propylene wā-tūturu, ā, ka taea te whakahaere tika i te taahiraa kiato paru whakakotahitanga propylene o te tukanga kirihou pirau koiora, e tautoko ana i te kounga hua pumau me te mahi tauine.
Kua tino hira te tūnga o ngā tumanakohanga ture me te whakawhitiwhiti kōrero mārama i roto i te tukanga whakaputa kirihou pirau-koiora. Tērā pea ka whakatakotohia e ngā ture he paerewa pakari mō te whakapūtātanga, ngā wā whakapūtātanga koiora, me te pumau o ngā rauemi kai. He mea nui te wehewehe i waenga i ngā kirihou pirau-koiora, pirau-koiora, me te pirau-oxo, nā te mea ka taea e te tapanga hē, te kore mārama rānei o ngā kereme hua te hua i ngā whiu ture me te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki o ngā kaihoko. Me haumi ngā kaihanga ki te tapanga mārama me ngā tuhinga hua whānui, me te whakaatu i te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga me ngā tohu pumau e pai ana ki te taiao.
Ko ēnei wero paparanga—e kapi ana i te utu, te tuku, te whai huatanga o te hurihanga, te whakahaere rauemi, te whakataurite tono, te mahi hua, me te tutuki i ngā ture—e whakaatu ana i te uaua o te whakarahi i te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora. Ko ia taahiraa, mai i te kōwhiringa me te ine wā-tūturu o ngā rauemi kai pēnei i te propylene wai ki te hoahoa o te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora katoa, he mea whakawhirinaki tetahi ki tetahi, ā, me arotau tonu me te mārama puta noa i te mekameka uara.
Te Whakahaere Para, te Ora Mutunga, me ngā Whai Wāhi ki te Taiao
Ko te pakaru o ngā kirihou pirau-ora e whakawhirinaki ana ki te huinga o ngā āhuatanga taiao me ngā āhuatanga o te rauemi. He mahi nui te pāmahana; ko te nuinga o ngā kirihou pirau-ora, pērā i te waikawa polylactic (PLA), ka pirau pai i ngā pāmahana whakawairakau ahumahi anake, i runga ake i te 55°C. I ēnei pāmahana teitei, ka whakangawari ngā polymer, ka āwhina i te urunga mai o ngā moroiti me te whakarei ake i te waikura whākōkī. He rerekē, i ngā pāmahana taiao, i ngā pāmahana iti iho rānei—pērā i ngā mea kei roto i ngā ururua whenua, i ngā mīhini whakawairakau kāinga rānei—ka tino heke te tere o te pirau, ā, ka roa pea te noho o ngā rauemi pērā i te PLA.
He mea nui anō hoki te haumākū. Ka pupuri ngā pūnaha whakawairakau i te 40–60% o te makuku, he awhe e tautoko ana i te pākia o ngā moroiti me te pakaru o ngā mekameka polymer. He reo te wai mō te kawe whākōkī me te tauhohenga i roto i te pirau polymer, inā koa mō ngā esters, he nui i roto i ngā kirihou kua tohua he mea whakawairakau. Ki te kore e ranea te makuku ka whakawhāiti i ngā mahi moroiti katoa, engari ko te nui rawa ka huri i te whakawairakau aerobic ki ngā āhuatanga anaerobic, ka aukati i te pakaru pai me te whakanui ake i te mōrearea o te whakaputanga methane.
Ko te mahi a ngā moroiti te pūtake o te hurihanga tuturu o ngā pūmua kirihou ki ngā hua mutunga pai. Ka whakatairangahia e ngā mīhini whakaranu ahumahi ngā hapori kanorau o ngā huakita me ngā harore, ka arotauhia mā te hauhautanga me te whakahaere pāmahana. Ka tukuna e ēnei moroiti he whānuitanga o ngā whākōkī—ngā lipase, ngā esterase, me ngā depolymerase—e wawahi ana i ngā hanganga pūmua ki ngā ngota iti ake pērā i te waikawa lactic, te waikawa adipic rānei, ka hurihia hei koiora, te wai, me te CO₂. Ka neke te hanganga o ngā rōpū moroiti i roto i te tukanga whakaranu: ko ngā momo thermophilic te nuinga i te wera nui engari ka tukuna ki ngā rauropi mesophilic i te whakamataotanga o ngā puranga. He mahi nui anō hoki tā te hanganga ngota ngota me te tioata o te kirihou motuhake; hei tauira, ka tere ake te wātea o ngā ranunga māngaro i te PLA tioata nui.
Ka whai wāhi ngā kirihou pirau-koiora ki te huri i ngā para mā te tuku i ngā huarahi kē atu i hangaia mō te pakaru whakahaere kaua ki te kohikohi. I roto i ngā horopaki ururua whenua, he iti noa iho ō rātou painga mēnā kāore ngā āhuatanga ururua whenua i arotauhia mō te pirau-koiora—he onge i roto i te mahi nā te kore o te hau me te mahi wera-aroha. Heoi, ina tukuna ki ngā mīhini whakaranu whenua ahumahi, ka taea te huri i ngā kirihou pirau-koiora kua whai tiwhikete hei whakaranu pumau, ka neke atu i ngā rauemi rauropi kua tukuna ki te ururua whenua, ki te tahuna rānei. Ko ngā taiao moana, e tohuhia ana e te iti o te pāmahana me te iti o te kanorau moroiti, ka tino whakaroa i ngā tere pirau, nō reira kaua ngā kirihou pirau-koiora e tirohia hei otinga mō te para moana engari hei huarahi hei aukati i te kohikohinga o ngā para i muri i te kaihoko mēnā he ara tuku tika.
Ko te whakahaere para hou e piki haere ana te whakauru i ngā kirihou pirau-koiora. Kua hangaia ngā pūnaha whakawairakau ahumahi hei waihanga i te taiao e pai ana ki te wera me te makuku e tika ana mō te pirau whai hua. Ka whai ēnei pūnaha i ngā tikanga o te ao mō te whakahaere hau, te makuku, me te pāmahana, me te whai i ngā taurangi mā roto i ngā tikanga pēnei i te aroturuki wā-tūturu i ngā āhua o te puranga whakawairakau. Hei tauira, he mahi nui tā ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto o te mita mita roa ki te whakahaere tukanga mā te whakarite i te ōritetanga o ngā rauemi whāngai me te arotau i ngā rere o ngā rauemi: he mea nui te mātotoru pumau hei aromatawai i te whakaranu tika me te hau, arā, ngā āhuatanga e pā tika ana ki ngā tere pakaru i roto i ngā mīhini whakawairakau.
Ko te whakaurunga ki te whakapūkara me tautuhi tika me te whakarōpū i ngā kirihou pirau-koiora. Ko te nuinga o ngā whare e hiahia ana kia whakamanahia te āheinga whakapūkara kia rite ki ngā paerewa kua whakatūria. Ina tutuki ēnei paearu, ā, ka mau tonu ngā tikanga whakahaere, ka taea e ngā kaihanga whakapūkara te tukatuka pai i ngā kirihou pirau-koiora, ka whakahokia te waro me ngā matūkai ki te oneone, ā, ka kati i te porowhita waro i roto i te tukanga hanga kirihou hoa-taiao.
Mā te rere o ngā kirihou pirau-koiora i roto i ēnei pūnaha, me te tautoko a ngā raraunga tukanga tika pērā i te ine i te kiato tūturu a Lonnmeter, ka taea ai te pirau pono me te tiaki taiao. Heoi, ko te takoha katoa ki te taiao ehara i te mea ko te hoahoa hua me te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora anake engari ko te whanonga a te kaihoko me te whai huatanga o ngā hanganga whakahaere para ā-rohe. Ki te kore he kohinga, he tautuhi, he whakawairakau whai hua, ka taea te whakararuraru i te huringa e whakaarohia ana—te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora ki te whakarei ake i te oneone—ka whakaiti i ngā painga taiao.
Hei tiro i te pānga o ngā tawhā matua mō te whakapūhui ki te tere pirau, e whakarāpopoto ana te tūtohi e whai ake nei i ngā wā pirau tata mō ngā pūmua pirau noa i raro i ngā āhuatanga rerekē:
| Momo Pūmua | Komipara Ahumahi (55–70°C) | Komipara Kāinga (15–30°C) | Parapara/Wai (5–30°C) |
| PLA | 3–6 marama | >2 tau | Kāore i te tino mārama |
| Ngā Ranunga Māngaro | 1–3 marama | 6–12 marama | I tino puhoi |
| PBAT (Ngā Ranunga) | 2–4 marama | >1 tau | Tau ki ngā tekau tau |
E whakaatu ana tēnei tūtohi i te hiahia mō ngā taiao whakawairakau e whakahaeretia tika ana, me te tautoko i te aroturukitanga o ngā tukanga kia pai ai ngā takoha taiao puta noa i te tukanga whakaputa kirihou pirau-koiora.
Ngā Otinga: Ngā Rautaki mō te Whakaputa Pūmau, Kounga-Teitei
Ko te hanga kirihou pirau-ora whai hua, pumau, me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā Tikanga Whakahaere Paerewa (SOP) taipitopito me te tirotiro tonu i ngā tukanga. Me whakatū e ngā kaiwhakahaere me ngā miihini ngā SOP e aro nui ana ki te hanga kirihou pirau-ora, me te aro nui ki te whakahaere me te tuhi tuhinga i ia wāhanga. Kei roto i tēnei ko te kai rauemi mata—e whakaatu ana i te aro motuhake ki te makuku me te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi kai koiora. Mā te whakarite kia taea te whai i ngā rauemi mai i te rota ki te rota ka taea e ngā whare te tautuhi tere i te pūtake o ngā hapa me te mahi i ngā mahi whakatika.
He mea nui te whakahaere i ngā tauhohenga polymerization i roto i te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora. Mō te waikawa polylactic (PLA), ko te tikanga o tēnei he whakahaere pūmau i ngā āhuatanga polymerization whakatuwhera-mowhiti—te kōwhiringa whakakorikori, te pāmahana, te pH, me te wā—kia whakaitihia ai te hanganga hua taha me te ngaronga taumaha ngota. Ki ngā polymer i ahu mai i te whakapūkara pērā i te polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), he mea nui te whakakore i te poke mā roto i ngā tikanga horoi-i-te-wāhi me te whakahoromata kua whakamanahia hei ārai i ngā ngaronga hua me ngā ngoikore kounga. Me whakawhānui ake ngā mahi i ngā paerewa kua tuhia mā roto i te whakakotahitanga, te extrusion, me ngā wāhanga whakarewa kirihou pirau-koiora. Me pupuri tika ngā tawhā tukanga—pērā i ngā kōtaha pāmahana, ngā tere tīwiri, ngā wā noho, me te whakamaroke i mua i te tukatuka (he 2–6 hāora i te 50–80°C)—kia ārai i te pirau o te biopolymer.
Ko te aroturukitanga mahi tonu te poutokomanawa o ngā tukanga hanga kirihou hou, ka taea te whakaputa anō, he hoa-taiao hoki. Mā te whakamahi i ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto—pērā i ngā mea e tukuna ana e Lonnmeter—me ngā mita matao ipurangi ka taea e ngā whare te aroturuki i te mātotoru propylene, te kukū paru, me te matotoru i te wā tūturu. Mā tēnei urupare tere ka taea te whakarerekē tika i te tukanga, kia mau tonu ai te tauhohenga polymerization i roto i ngā whakaritenga tika. He mea nui te aroturukitanga mātotoru propylene wā tūturu i te wāhanga mātotoru paru polymerization propylene, e ārai ana i ngā puranga kāore i te whakaritenga me te whakaiti i te mahi anō me te moumou rauemi. Mā te pupuri i te mana whakahaere pakari me ngā taputapu pēnei i te mita mātotoru propylene Lonnmeter, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te kī taurangi ka mau tonu te mātotoru propylene wai puta noa i ngā oma tauine-ake me te kaha-katoa. Ehara i te mea ka whakanui noa i te kaha whakaputa anō o te tukanga engari ka tautoko hoki i te tutuki i ngā paerewa hua me ngā whakaritenga ture.
He maha ngā wā ka whakaatuhia ngā raraunga mai i te aroturukitanga ipurangi hei tūtohi whakahaere tukanga. Ka taea e ēnei te whakaatu i ngā huringa meneti-i-te-meneti o ngā āhuatanga matua, pērā i te matotoru me te mātotoru, e whakarato ana i te whakatūpato tonu mō ngā rerekētanga o te ia (tirohia te Pikitia 1). Mā ngā mahi whakatikatika tere ka whakaitihia te mōrearea o te whakaputa rauemi i waho o ngā whakaritenga whainga, ā, ka whakapai ake i te hua whānui o ngā tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora.
Ko te whakanui i te whakaputanga me te pupuri i ngā utu he wero tonu mō te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora. Me whakamahi ngā whare i ngā anga whakahaere utu kua hangaia e te tohunga: ngā wā whakarite me te tiaki auau mō ngā taputapu aroturuki katoa, te kimi rauemi papatipu me te pono o te kaiwhakarato kua tuhia, me ngā tirotiro tukanga mō te whakaranu tāpiri (nā te mea ka taea e ētahi tāpiri te aukati i te pakaru o te polymer). Ko te whakangungu kaiwhakahaere whānui me te tiwhikete ā-wā i roto i ngā tukanga nui katoa e tautoko tika ana i te whakaputa anō puta noa i ngā huringa me ngā oma hua. Mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi tohutoro paerewa me ngā whakataurite i waenga i ngā taiwhanga - pēnei i te whakamātautau miihini, i ngā inenga pirau-koiora rānei - ka tāpiri atu i tētahi atu paparanga o te whakapono kei te ōrite te tukanga hanga kirihou pirau-koiora o tētahi wāhi ki tā tētahi atu.
Ko ngā tipu matatau rawa atu e tohu ana i ngā mahi pai o te ao—ngā SOP kua arotakehia mō ia taahiraa, ngā tuhinga mekameka tiaki pakari, ngā tikanga Whakahaere Tukanga Tatauranga, me ngā arotake pūnaha e whakauru ana i ngā kitenga pūtaiao hou. Mā tēnei huarahi ka taea ngā tukanga whakaputa polymer kounga teitei, ka taea te whakaputa anō, me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga i ngā tauine katoa. Mā te whakarerekētanga kiato tonu puta noa i te tukanga hanga kirihou mā te whakamahi i ngā mita ā-roto ka whakarite i te whai huatanga utu me te ōritetanga hua pai ake.
Ngā Pātai Auau (FAQs)
He aha te tukanga whakapūhui kirihou i roto i te hanga kirihou pirau?
Ko te tukanga whakapūhui kirihou e uru ana ki ngā tauhohenga matū e hono ana i ngā waeine monomer iti—pērā i te waikawa lactic, i te propylene rānei—ki roto i ngā ngota polymer mekameka roa. Mō ngā kirihou pirau-ora pērā i te waikawa polylactic (PLA), ko te whakapūhui mowhiti-tuwhera o te lactide te paerewa ahumahi, e whakamahi ana i ngā whakakorikori pērā i te tin(II) octoate. Ka hua mai i tēnei tukanga he polymer taumaha-ngota teitei me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana e whai kiko ana. Ko te hanganga polymer me te roa o te mekameka, e whakatauhia ana i te wā o te whakapūhui, ka pā tika ki te kaha miihini me te tere pirau-ora. I roto i ngā pūnaha e hangai ana ki te propylene, ka hurihia e te whakakorikori Ziegler-Natta ngā monomer propylene ki ngā mekameka polypropylene. I te wā e whakaputa ana i ngā momo pirau-ora, ka taea e ngā kairangahau te whakakotahi i te propylene me ngā comonomer pirau-ora, te whakarerekē rānei i te tuara polymer me ngā rōpū pirau-ora hei whakarei ake i ngā tere pakaru taiao.
Me pēhea te hanga kirihou pirau-koiora?
Ka hangaia te kirihou pirau-koiora mā te kohikohi i ngā rauemi mata hou pēnei i te tō, te kānga rānei, ka whakapūkara i a rātou hei monomer pēnei i te waikawa lactic, ā, ka whakapūkara i ēnei hei polymer pēnei i te PLA. Ka whakakotahihia ngā polymer hua ki ngā tāpiringa mahi hei whakarei ake i te ngāwari o te tukatuka me te mahi. Ka tukatukahia ēnei ranunga mā ngā tikanga hanga pēnei i te werohanga pokepoke, te extrusion rānei hei hanga hua whakamutunga. Ka tino whakahaerehia ngā tawhā tukanga puta noa i ia wāhanga hei whakarite i te pono o te rauemi me te pirau-koiora o te whakamahinga whakamutunga. Hei tauira, ko te takai kai PLA, e tīmata ana mai i te māngaro tipu ka mutu hei takai wairākau kua whakamanahia i raro i ngā paerewa pēnei i te EN 13432.
He aha ngā whakaaro matua mō te hanga whakarewa kirihou pirau-koiora?
Ko te angitu o te werohanga o ngā kirihou pirau-ora e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere pāmahana tika, nā te mea ka hua te pirau wawe me te ngoikore o te kaha o te hua i te wera nui. He mea nui te whakahaere tika i te makuku nā te mea he maha ngā wā ka waikura ngā pūmua pirau-ora i roto i ngā āhuatanga makuku, ka pā ki te taumaha ngota me ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana. Me whai wā huringa pai hei whakarite i te whakakī pai me te karo i te roa o te pānga wera. Tērā pea he rerekē te hoahoa o te pokepoke i ngā kirihou tuku iho nā te mea he rerekē ngā āhuatanga rere me te whakamatao o ngā kapia pirau-ora. Hei tauira, ko ngā wā noho poto ake me ngā tere kutikuti iti ka taea te pupuri i te kounga pūmua me te whakaiti i te para.
He pēhea te āwhina a te aroturukitanga o te mātotorutanga o te propylene ipurangi i roto i te tukanga whakaputa kirihou pirau-koiora?
Mā ngā pūnaha ine wā-tūturu, pērā i ngā mita mātotoru propylene ā-roto mai i Lonnmeter, ka tukuna he urupare tere ki te mātotoru o te propylene i roto i te tauhohenga polymerization. Mā tēnei ka noho tonu te tukanga polymerization i roto i ngā tawhā ūnga, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakarerekē tere i ngā āhuatanga. Mā te mātotoru propylene pumau ka tautoko i te tipu ōrite o te mekameka polymer me te hanganga ngota tika, ka whakaiti i te rerekētanga o ngā rauemi me te whakarei ake i te hua hua whānui. He mea nui tēnei i te wā e hanga ana i ngā momo polypropylene pirau-koiora, ina pā tika te mana whakahaere tukanga ki ngā āhuatanga miihini me te pirau kua tohua.
He aha te hiranga o te mātotoru o te paru i roto i te tukanga whakapūhui propylene?
Ko te matotoru o te parai propylene—he ranunga o te whakakorikori i whakatārewatia, te monomer, me te polymer hanga—ka pā ki te whakawhiti wera, ki ngā tere tauhohenga, me te whai huatanga o te whakakorikori. Mā te pupuri i te matotoru parai tino pai ka ārai i ngā wāhi wera, ka whakaiti i te tūponotanga o te poke o te tauhohenga, ā, ka taea te tipu ōrite o te polymer. Ka taea e ngā rerekētanga o te matotoru parai te whakaputa i ngā hapa rauemi me te rerekētanga o te mahi miihini me te kōtaha pirau o te kapia whakamutunga. Nō reira, he mea nui te whakahaere pakari i te matotoru parai mō te pumau o te tukanga me te kounga whakaputa rite tonu i roto i te hanga kirihou pirau-koiora.
He aha ngā taputapu e whakamahia ana mō te ine i te mātotoru o te propylene wai i te wā tūturu?
Ko ngā mita mātotoru ā-roto, pērā i ngā mea i hangaia e Lonnmeter, e whakamahia ana hei aroturuki tika i te mātotoru propylene wai i roto i ngā raina whakaputa. Ka mahi ēnei mita i raro i ngā āhuatanga tukanga uaua, ka ine tonu i te mātotoru me te tuku raraunga hei whakahaere tonu i te tipu. Mā ngā pānui tika, ā-wā tonu ka taea e te tīma whakaputa te kite wawe i ngā rerekētanga, me te tautoko i ngā whakatikatika hohe ki ngā āhuatanga o te tauhohenga. Ko te hua o tēnei he whakapai ake i te whakahaere polymerization, he pai ake te ōritetanga o te puranga, me te rapurongoā whai hua - he mea nui mō ngā kaupapa whakamātautau me ngā tukanga whakaputa kirihou pirau-koiora tauine arumoni.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-18-2025
