He mahi nui tā te hauwai konutai (NaOH) i roto i te tukanga horoi hau para e whakamahia ana i roto i te hanga maitai oumu hāora taketake. I roto i ēnei pūnaha, ka mahi te NaOH hei mea mimiti, hei whakakore pai i ngā hau waikawa pērā i te hauhā whanariki (SO₂), ngā waikura hauota (NOx), me te hauhā waro (CO₂). Te pupuri i te kukū NaOH tino pai i roto i tewai horoiHe mea nui mō ngā tikanga maimoatanga hau paru whai hua, ā, he tūāpapa hoki mō ngā hangarau horoi hau paru e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā wheketere maitai.
Ko te ine tika me te whakahaere i te kukū NaOH ka pā tika ki te whai huatanga o te tukanga me te whakahaere tukunga. Ina iti rawa te horopeta o te konutai, ka heke te tere tango hau waikawa, ka tūpono ki te tutuki i ngā ture me te pikinga o ngā kukū tukunga. Ehara i te mea ka moumou noa te NaOH nui engari ka puta he hua taha kore e hiahiatia, ka piki ake te utu me te kawenga whakahaere taiao. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau mahi, hei tauira, ko te otinga NaOH 5% i roto i ngā pourewa rehu e rua-wāhanga ka eke ki te 92% te tango SO₂, ko ngā whakapainga tukanga pēnei i te tāpiri konutai hypochlorite ka whakapai ake i ngā tere hopu parahanga.
Te Tukanga Hanga Rino o te Oumu Hāora Taketake: Ngā Hipanga me te Horopaki
He Tirohanga Whānui mō te Tukanga Orouma Hāora Taketake (BOF)
Ko te tukanga hanga maitai o te oumu hāora taketake e uru ana ki te hurihanga tere o te rino poaka rewa me te maitai para hei maitai kounga teitei. Ka tīmata te tukanga mā te whakakī i te ipu BOF ki te rino poaka rewa—i hangaia i roto i te oumu pupuhi mā te whakarewa i te konganuku rino mā te whakamahi i te kōka me te kōhatu iti—me te 30% o te maitai para mā te taumaha. Ka āwhina te para ki te whakahaere i te pāmahana me te hangarua i roto i te pūnaha.
Te Hanga Rino Hāora Taketake
*
Ka werohia e te tao wai-whakamatao te hāora tino parakore ki roto i te konganuku wera. Ka tauhohe tika tēnei hāora ki te waro me ētahi atu poke, ka whakawaikura i a rātou. Ko ngā tauhohenga matua ko te C + O₂ e hanga ana i te CO me te CO₂, te Si + O₂ e hanga ana i te SiO₂, te Mn + O₂ e hua ana i te MnO, me te P + O₂ e whakaputa ana i te P₂O₅. Ka tāpirihia he waikura raima, he waikura dolomite rānei hei hopu i ēnei waikura, ka hanga he para taketake. Ka mānu te para i runga ake i te maitai rewa, ka āwhina i te wehenga me te tango i ngā poke.
Ka tere te wera o te utu i te wā pupuhi; ka rewa te para, ka whakaranu pai, kia ōrite ai te hanganga. I te nuinga o te wā, e 30–45 meneti te roa o tēnei tukanga, ā, ka puta ake he 350 tāne o te maitai i ia puranga i roto i ngā whare hou.
I muri i te pupuhi, ka puta he whakatikatika ki te matū o te maitai i roto i ngā waeine whakahinuhinu tuarua kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga tika. Kātahi ka ringihia te maitai ki roto i ngā mīhini whakarewa tonu hei hanga pereti, pire, puāwai rānei. Ko te hurihuri wera me te makariri i muri mai ka hangaia ēnei hua mō ngā tono i roto i ngā rāngai pēnei i te motuka me te hanga. Ko tētahi atu hua rongonui ko te para, e whakamahia ana i roto i te sima me te hanganga.
Ngā Pānga Taiao me ngā Tukunga
He nui te kaha e hiahiatia ana mō te hanga maitai BOF, ā, he nui ngā hau me ngā matūriki e puta mai ana i te waikura o te waro (CO₂), te whakaohooho ā-ringa, me te mimiti o ngā rauemi i te wā e pupuhihia ana te hāora.
CO₂Ko te hau kati kōtuhi matua tēnei e puta mai ana, e ārahihia ana e ngā tauhohenga tango waro. Ko te nui o te CO₂ e tukuna ana e whakawhirinaki ana ki te nui o te waro o te konganuku wera, te ōwehenga o te para i tāpirihia, me te pāmahana whakahaere. Mā te whakamahi i ngā para hangarua ka taea te whakaiti i te putanga CO₂ engari me whakarerekē pea kia mau tonu ai te kounga o te maitai me te taurite o te wera tukatuka.
Ngā tukunga matūrikikei roto ko ngā waikura konganuku pai, ngā toenga rere, me te puehu mai i ngā mahi utu, pato rānei. Kei raro i ngā mana whakahaere tino kaha ēnei matūriki e hiahia ana kia aroturukitia tonutia me ngā hangarau whakaiti.
Te hauhā whanariki (SO₂)i ahu mai i te whanariki i roto i te rino poaka rewa. Me aro atu ngā otinga whakahaere ki te iti o te whai huatanga o te tango i ngā wāhanga tukanga tuatahi me te kaha o te ua waikawa mēnā ka tukuna kāore i rongoatia.
Ka whakamahia e ngā mahi BOF hou ngā otinga whakahaere tukunga whakauru:
- Ko ngā pūnaha horoi hau paru (hei tauira, te whakawairakau o te kōhatu uku māku, te whakamaroke i te kōhatu uku maroke-haurua) e aro ana ki te tango i te SO₂, ā, ka taea te huri hei hua taha whai hua pērā i te gypsum.
- Mā ngā hangarau horoi hau paipa matatau, ngā tātari papanga, me te werohanga mimiti maroke ka whakaiti i ngā tukunga matūriki.
- Kei te piki haere te whakaaro ki ngā kōwhiringa hopu me te pupuri i te CO₂, me ngā hangarau—pēnei i te horoi amine me te wehenga kiriuhi—e arotakehia ana mō te whai huatanga o te utu.
Ko ngā tikanga whai hua mō te maimoatanga hau paru e whakawhirinaki ana ki te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu me ngā whakarerekētanga tukanga. Ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā taputapu aroturuki kukū kawakore ipurangi, tae atu kingā mita kukū houra kautikame ngā mita kukū ipurangi pērā i a Lonnmeter, ka whakarite kia whai hua te horoi hau paru me te tutuki i ngā paerewa tukunga. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei hangarau, ka taea e ngā tipu BOF te whakatutuki i te neke atu i te 69% te whakaiti i ngā tukunga SO₂ me ngā matūriki, e tautoko ana i te tutuki i ngā ture me te tiaki taiao.
Te Horoi Hau Kore i roto i te Tukanga Ororongo Taketake
Te Kaupapa me ngā Kaupapa Taketake o te Horoi Hau Kore
Ko te horoi hau parapara e pā ana ki ngā pūnaha me ngā tikanga i hangaia hei tango i te hauhā whanariki (SO₂) me ētahi atu wāhanga waikawa mai i ngā hau putanga i puta i ngā mahi hanga maitai oumu hāora taketake (BOF). Ko te whāinga matua he whakaiti i te parahanga o te hau me te whakatutuki i ngā herenga ture mō te whanariki me ētahi atu tukunga. I roto i te hanga maitai, ka āwhina ēnei tukanga horoi ki te whakaiti i te pānga taiao o ngā parahanga hau e tukuna ana i te wā o te waikura o te rino rewa me ngā momo rerenga.
Ko te mātāpono matū kei muri i te horoinga hau para ko te hurihanga o te SO₂ hau hei matū pai, hei matū ngāwari rānei mā te tauhohe i te hau ki ngā mea whakamomona kawakore i roto i ngā āhua wai, i ngā āhua totoka rānei. Ko te tauhohenga matua i roto i te horoinga mākū e ahu mai ana i te NaOH ko:
- Ka rewa te SO₂ (hau) ki te wai hei hanga waikawa whanariki (H₂SO₃).
- Kātahi ka tauhohe te waikawa whanariki ki te hauwaiwai konutai (NaOH), ka puta ko te konutai whanariki (Na₂SO₃) me te wai.
- SO₂ (g) + H₂O → H₂SO₃ (aq)
- H₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 NaOH (aq) → Na₂SO₃ (aq) + 2 H₂O
Mā tēnei whakakorenga tere, tino werawera ka nui ake te pai o te tango a ngā pūnaha NaOH. I roto i te horoinga i te kōhatu, i te raima rānei, ko ngā tauhohenga e whai ake nei te mea nui:
- Ka tauhohe te CaCO₃, te Ca(OH)₂ rānei ki te SO₂, ka puta he konupūmā whanariki, ā, ina akiakihia te waikura, ka puta he konupūmā whanariki (gypsum).
- CaCO₃ + SO₂ → CaSO₃
- CaSO₃ + ½O₂ + 2H₂O → CaSO₄·2H₂O
Ko te whai huatanga o ēnei tauhohenga horoi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kukū mimiti, te pānga o te hau-wai, te pāmahana, me ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te rerenga hau paipa BOF.
Ngā Momo Rautaki Horoi Hau Para i roto i te Hanga Rino
Ko ngā pūnaha horoi mākū e whakamahi ana i te houra tunutunu (NaOH) me te paru kōhatu/kohatu raima ngā paearu mō ngā tikanga maimoatanga hau BOF. He pai te NaOH mō tōna kaha kawakore me te tere o te tauhohenga, e tata ana ki te tango katoa i te SO₂ i raro i ngā tikanga whakahaere. Heoi, he utu nui ki te whakarite ki te kohatu raima, ki te kōhatu raima rānei. Ko ēnei pūnaha tuku iho e hangai ana ki te konupūmā kei te noho tonu hei paerewa, ā, ka eke ki te 90–98% te pai o te mahi ina arotauhia ngā tawhā tukanga.
I roto i te horoinga mākū ki te kōhatu raima, ki te raima rānei, ko te tikanga o te pūnaha he rere ake te hau mā roto i ngā pourewa kua tākaihia, i te mea ka hurihia he paru hei whakarite kia pai te hononga o te hau me te wai. Ka tangohia te whanariki, te whanariki rānei e puta mai ana i te tukanga, ko te gypsum te hua matua i roto i ngā pūnaha raima/kōhatu raima.
Mā te horoi maroke-rehu ka whakamahia he pata wai kua whakakōhuatia, he werohanga mimiti maroke rānei (DSI) hei rongoā tika i ngā hau i roto i ngā āhuatanga maroke-haurua. Ko Trona, te raima wai, me te raima kōhatu ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana hei mimiti. Ko Trona te mea e tere tango ana i te SO₂ teitei rawa atu i roto i ēnei (tae atu ki te 94%), engari ko te raima me te raima kōhatu he huarahi pono, he huarahi ōhanga hoki mō te nuinga o ngā tipu maitai. E mōhiotia ana ngā pūnaha maroke-rehu mō te iti o te whakamahinga wai, te ngāwari ake o te whakahou, me te ngāwari ki te tango i ngā parahanga maha tae atu ki ngā matūriki me te mercury.
Mā te whakamahi i te matū wai-āhua, ka mahi te horoinga NaOH, ka karohia te whakaputanga o ngā hua totoka, ā, ka māmā ake te tukatuka i ngā para. He rerekē, ka whakawhirinaki ngā pūnaha raima/kohatu raima ki te mimiti paru, ka puta he gypsum e hiahia ana kia whakahaerea, kia whakakorea rānei. Ka whakakotahi te horoinga rehu-maroke i te mimitinga hau-āhua me te mimitinga wai-āhua, me ngā hua tauhohenga maroke ka kohia hei totoka angiangi.
Hei whakataurite, ko ngā āhuatanga o te NaOH:
- He tino pai te tauhohenga me te whakahaere tukanga.
- Kāore he para totoka, e māmā ake ai te whakahaere taiao.
- He nui ake te utu o ngā matū matū, ā, kāore i te tino ātaahua mō ngā tono nui, engari he pai rawa atu ina hiahiatia te tango nui rawa atu i te SO₂, ina rānei he raruraru te maka atu i ngā hua totoka.
Ngā tikanga kōhatu/kohatu raima:
- He iti ake ngā utu o ngā matū matū.
- He pai te whakahaere, he ngāwari te whakauru ki te whakanui i te gypsum.
- Me whai pūnaha pakari mō te whakahaere i te paru me ngā hua taha.
Ngā pūnaha mimiti maroke-rehu me ngā pūnaha mimiti maroke:
- Ngāwari o te whakahaere.
- Tērā pea ka nui ake te whai huatanga o te trona, ahakoa ka taea e te utu me te tuku te whakawhāiti i te whakamahinga mahi.
Te Whakaurunga o te Horoi NaOH ki roto i ngā Mahi BOF
Ka whakauruhia ngā wae horoi NaOH ki raro iho i ngā wāhi kohikohinga tuatahi o te hau BOF, i muri i ngā wāhanga tango puehu tuatahi pērā i ngā pūwero hiko, i ngā whare putea rānei. Ka whakamataohia te hau para i mua i te urunga ki te pourewa horoi, ka pa atu ki te otinga NaOH e rere ana. Ka aro turukihia tonutia te kukū kawakore o te para, mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pērā i te mita kukū ipurangi, te mita kukū houra kaustic, me ngā pūnaha kua hangaia mō te aro turuki kukū kawakore ipurangi—hei tauira, Lonnmeter—kia pai ai te whakamahinga o te matū me te whai huatanga o te hopu SO₂.
He mea tino nui te whakatakotoranga o te horoi NaOH; me whakanoho te pourewa horoi kia taea ai te whakahaere i te rere nui o te hau, kia mau tonu ai te wā pa. Ko te para mai i te horoi ka tukuna ki tētahi pūnaha whakakore, ki tētahi pūnaha whakaora rānei, hei whakaiti i ngā herenga taiao, hei whakahaere hoki i te whakamahinga anō o te wai.
Mā te whakauru i te horoi NaOH ki roto i te tukanga oumu hāora taketake ka pai ake te whai huatanga o te tukanga whānui mā te:
- Te whakaiti nui i ngā tukunga SO₂.
- Te whakakore i ngā para totoka mai i te horoinga o ngā hau paowa, te whakatikatika i te tutuki i ngā hangarau horoinga hau paowa me ngā ture hou.
- Mā te ine i te kukū NaOH ipurangi ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā tukanga, kia mau tonu ai ngā tautuhinga mō te tango SO₂.
Ka tautokohia e tēnei whakaurunga tētahi tukanga whakakorenga hau paru whānui. Ka whakatauhia ngā wero tukunga e pā ana ki te hanga maitai oumu hāora taketake mā te whakarato i ngā tikanga maimoatanga hau paru pono, urutau hoki e tika ana mō ngā whakaritenga ture me ngā whakaritenga whakahaere hou. Mā te whakamahi i te aroturukitanga kukū kawakore ipurangi matatau ka arotau ake i te whakamahinga NaOH, ka ārai i te horopeta matū nui rawa, ā, ka whakarite kia mahi te pūnaha whakahaere tukunga i roto i ngā rohe kua whakaritea.
Te Ine i te Kukū NaOH: Te Hiranga me ngā Tikanga
Te Tūranga Matua o te Aroturukitanga Kukū NaOH
TikaTe ine i te kukū NaOHHe mea nui tēnei i roto i te tukanga oumu hāora taketake (BOF), inā koa mō te tukanga horoi hau paru. Ko te whakahaere tika i te horopeta NaOH ka pā tika ki te pai o te tango SO₂. Mena he ngoikore rawa te otinga houra kautika, ka heke te hopunga SO₂, ka nui ake ngā tukunga puranga me te tūponotanga ka kore e tutuki i ngā ture taiao. I tētahi atu taha, ko te nui rawa o te horopeta NaOH ka piki ake ngā utu matū, ka hanga para mahi, ka tāpiri atu ki te taumahatanga o te maimoatanga para me te whakahaere rauemi.
Ka whakararu te kukū NaOH hē i te tukanga horoi hau paru katoa. Ka puta he putanga pakaru i te kore kukū, ka puta te SO₂ mā roto i te kaihoroi kāore i te rongoatia. Ka moumou rauemi te kukū nui rawa, ā, ka puta he hua taha o te konutai whanariki me te warowaihā ka taea te karo, ka uaua ake te tukatuka para i raro i te wai. Ka taea e ngā āhuatanga e rua te whakararu i te tutuki i ngā herenga kounga hau me te whakapiki i ngā utu whakahaere mō te tipu maitai.
Hangarau Ine Kukū Ipurangi
Mā ngā mita kukū ipurangi, tae atu ki te mita kukū houra kaustiki Lonnmeter, ka hurihia ngā tikanga maimoatanga hau para mā te tuku aroturuki tonu, wā-tūturu. Ka mahi ēnei taputapu mā te ine i te pH, te kawe hiko, ngā mea e rua rānei; he rerekē ngā painga o ia tikanga.
Ka tāutahia ngā pūoko ipurangi ki roto i ngā raina waipiro hurihuri, ki ngā tāke rānei. Ko ngā mea matua e whai wāhi ana ki te whakauru ko:
- ngā irahiko pH (karaehe, āhua totoka rānei) hei aroturuki tika i te kawakore.
- Ngā inenga kawe hiko (ngā irahiko kowiri tira, koranu ātete-waikura rānei) hei ine i te ihirangi katote whānui.
- Waea whakaputa tohu, hononga whatunga rānei hei whakauru ki te pūnaha whakahaere tohatoha o te tipu, hei whakahohe i te inenga aunoa.
Ko ngā painga o te ine i te kukū NaOH ipurangi ko:
- Te kohikohi raraunga tonu, kore mutunga.
- Kia kitea tonutia te hekenga, te nui rawa rānei o te NaOH.
- Te whakaiti i te auau tauira ā-ringa me te mahi.
- Te whakahaere tukanga whakarei ake, nā te mea ka taea e ngā raraunga wā-tūturu te whakarerekētanga hihiri o te inenga o te waikawa i runga i ngā hiahia tūturu.
E whakaatu ana ngā mahi ahumahi mā te whakakotahi i ngā momo pūoko e rua i roto i te Lonnmeter, i ngā tūāpapa maha-pūoko rānei, ka kaha ake te aroturuki kukū kawakore ipurangi. He mea nui tēnei huarahi whakauru ki ngā hangarau horoi hau paru hou, inā koa i roto i ngā mahi tauine nui me ngā mahi rerekē-nui pērā i te tukanga hanga maitai oumu hāora taketake.
Ngā Tikanga Pai mō te Aroturuki me te Pupuri i te Kukū NaOH
He mea nui te whakatikatika me te tiaki tika mō te ine tika i runga ipurangi. Me whakatikatika auau ngā pūoko—me whakatikatika ngā mita pH i ngā pūwāhi tohutoro e rua, neke atu rānei, mā te whakamahi i ngā otinga arai whaimana e tutuki ai te awhe pH e tumanakohia ana. Me whakatikatika ngā mita kawe hiko ki ngā otinga paerewa me ngā kaha katote e mōhiotia ana.
Kei roto i tētahi kaupapa tiaki whai hua:
- Ngā tirotiro tirohanga me te horoi i ia wā hei ārai i te poke, i te maturuturunga mai rānei i te konutai kāponāte, i te whanariki rānei.
- Te manatoko i te urupare hiko me te whakatikatika anō i muri i tētahi raruraru matū, ā-tinana rānei.
- Whakakapinga kua whakaritea o ngā wāhanga pūoko i ngā wā kua tūtohutia e te kaihanga, me te aro ki te pakaru noa mai i te taiao tino werawera.
Te whakatau i ngā raruraru noa:
- Ko te nekenekehanga o te pūoko ka puta pinepine mai i te poke tāpiripiri, i te hekenga rānei e pā ana ki te koroheketanga; mā te whakatikatika anō ka taea te whakahoki mai i te tika.
- Me horoi matū, me tango ā-ringa rānei te poke o ngā hua o te tukatuka pēnei i te konutai whanariki.
- Ko te pokanoa mai i ētahi atu tote rewa, e taea ai te whakanui ake i te kawe hiko, ka whakahaerehia mā ngā tirotiro taiwhanga ā-wā me te whiriwhiri i ngā rauropi utu tika i roto i te mita.
Ko te whakarite kia rite te kounga o te matū matū, ko te aro turuki i te NaOH e tae mai ana mō te parakore me ngā āhuatanga rokiroki hei ārai i te mimiti CO₂ (e hanga ana i te konutai warowaihā, e whakaiti ana i te kaha o te waikawa). Mā te tirotiro tuku me te tuhi i ia wā, ka whakarite kia whakamahia tonutia e te tukanga ngā matū matū matū i roto i ngā whakaritenga, hei tautoko i te mahi a te tukanga me te tutuki i ngā ture.
Mā ēnei huarahi ka tautokona te ine pono i te kukū NaOH me te mahi pumau i roto i ngā tukanga tango pūhā hau paru uaua e matua ana ki ngā mahi hanga maitai oumu hāora taketake.
Ouma Hāora Taketake
*
Te Arotau i te Horoi Hau Kore me te NaOH i roto i te Hanga Rino
Ngā Rautaki Whakahaere Tukanga
Ko ngā tukanga horoi hau hau ahumahi i roto i te hanga maitai o te oumu hāora taketake e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ine tika o te NaOH hei tango pai i te hauhā whanariki (SO₂) me ngā waikura hauota (NOₓ). Ka whakauruhia e ngā pūnaha ine aunoa ngā raraunga wā-tūturu mai i ngā mita kukū ipurangi pēnei i te Lonnmeter, e āhei ai te aroturuki tonu i te kukū kawakore. Ka whakarerekē tonu ēnei pūnaha i ngā reiti werohanga NaOH, me te pupuri i ngā kukū ūnga hei whakapai ake i te whakakorenga hau me te whakaiti i te moumou matū.
Ngā Painga Taiao
Mā te horoi mākū ki te NaOH, ina āta whakahaeretia, ka taea te tango i te SOx tae atu ki te 92% me te otinga NaOH 5%, e ai ki ngā rangahau whakatairite i roto i ngā tipu. He maha ngā wā ka honoa tēnei hangarau ki te NaOCl, ka piki ake te tere tango i ngā poke maha, ā, ka eke ētahi pūnaha ki te 99.6% te whai huatanga mō te SOx me te whakaiti nui i te NOx. Ka rite tēnei mahi ki ngā herenga āhuarangi a te rāngai maitai i raro i ngā whāinga o te Whakaaetanga o Parī, ka āwhina i te manatoko tuatoru me te tiwhikete tutuki mō ngā kaihanga maitai. Ka tautokohia hoki e te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu me te inenga aunoa te kimi tere me te whakatika i te maimoatanga hau kore-motuhake, ka ārai i ngā takahi ture me ngā whiu utu nui.
Te Utu me te Whai Huatanga Whakahaere
Mā te ine tika i te kukū NaOH mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu aroturuki kukū kawakore ipurangi, pērā i ngā mita kukū houra kaustic Lonnmeter, ka nui ake te utu me te whai huatanga o te mahi i roto i te tukanga oumu hāora taketake. Ka whakatikatikahia e ngā pūnaha inenga aunoa te whakamahinga o te matū, ka tapahia tika ngā utu matū mā te karo i te nui rawa, te iti rawa rānei o te inenga. E whakaatu tonu ana ngā rangahau take ahumahi i te penapena matū neke atu i te 45% ina whakatikatikaina te inenga mā ngā inenga wā-tūturu.
Ka whakaitihia hoki e ēnei rautaki whakahaere te pakaru o ngā taputapu, ā, ka whakaitihia te wā e kore ai e mahi. Mā te aroturuki tonu e taea ai te tiaki matapae ka whakatūpato wawe i ngā rerekētanga me ngā hapa o te tukanga, ka taea ai te whakarite i ngā mahi tiaki i mua i te pakaru o ngā taputapu. Mā ngā tikanga pēnei i te whakamātautau pāmahana me te tātari wiri ka roa ake te ora o ngā taputapu. E whakaatu ana ngā tipu i te 8–12% o ngā penapena utu tiaki i runga i ngā huarahi ārai, tae atu ki te 40% i runga i ngā whakatikatika tauhohe. Nō reira, ka pumau ake ngā mahi hanga maitai oumu hāora taketake, me te whakaiti i te mōrearea o ngā kati kore i whakamaheretia, te haumaru pai ake, me te tutuki i ngā ture. Mā te whakamahi i ēnei tikanga whakahaere tukanga me te maimoatanga hau paru ka taea e ngā kaihanga maitai te whakataurite i ngā whāinga taiao me te ōhanga.
Ngā Wero me ngā Otinga Noa i roto i te Ine i te Kukū NaOH
He mea nui te ine tika i te kukū NaOH i roto i te tukanga oumu hāora taketake mō te horoi pai o te hau paru, te whakahaere tukanga, me te piri ki ngā paerewa kounga maitai. Ko ngā wero e toru e mau tonu ana ko te pokanoa mai i ētahi atu matū, te poke o te pūoko, me te hiahia ki te whakaiti i ngā mahi tauira ā-ringa.
Te Whakahaere i te Whakararuraru mai i Ētahi Atu Matū i roto i te Hau Kore
Ko te tikanga o te horoi hau paru ko te NaOH hei whakakore i ngā poke waikawa. Heoi, ko te noho mai o ētahi atu iona—pērā i te whanariki, te pūhaumāota, me te warowaihā—ka taea te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana o te wai horoi, ā, ka uaua ake te whakatau i te kukū.
- Te pokanoa ā-tinana:Ka taea e ēnei poke ionic te whakarerekē i te mātotoru, te matotoru rānei o te otinga, e pā tika ana ki ngā inenga mai i ngā mita kukū ipurangi e hangai ana ki te mātotoru pērā i a Lonnmeter. Hei tauira, ko ngā taumata tiketike o te SO₂ rewa ka tauhohe pea ki te whakaputa i te konutai whanariki, ka whakapēkē i te pānui kukū NaOH mēnā kāore ngā mita e whakatikatikaina, e utua rānei mō ngā otinga maha-wāhanga.
- Otinga:Kei roto i ngā taputapu Lonnmeter hou ngā rauropi tātaritanga mātotoru matatau me te whakatikatika pāmahana, e whakaiti ana i te hapa nā te noho tahi o ngā matū whakararuraru. Mā te whakatikatika auau ki ngā paerewa e mōhiotia ana me ngā kōtaha poke rite ka pai ake te tika o te ine mō ngā mahi tukanga BOF e uru ana ki ngā awa hau paru matatini matū. Ka āwhina hoki te whakaurunga o ngā pūoko matū maha ki te wehewehe i ngā pānui NaOH mō te whakahaere tika i ngā matū matū.
Te Whakatika i te Para o te Pūoko me te Pupuri i te Tika o te Ine
Ka puta te paru ina kohia ngā matūriki, ngā putunga, ngā hua tauhohenga rānei ki runga i ngā mata o te pūoko. I roto i ngā āhuatanga uaua o te horoinga hau paru BOF, ka tūpono ngā pūoko ki ngā matūriki, te mimiti mai i ngā tote, me ngā toenga matotoru—ko ia mea ka puta he pānui hē me ngā take tiaki.
- Ngā pūtake paru noa:Ka taea e ngā ua pēnei i te konupūmā kāponāte me ngā waikura rino te pani i te wāhanga wiri o te pūoko, ka whakaiti i tana urupare haruru, ā, ka iti ake, ka rere noa rānei ngā pānui. Ko te kohikohinga o te paru kawakawa piri ka whakararu i te pumau o te tohu.
- Otinga:Kua hangaia ngā mita kukū Lonnmeter me ngā mata maeneene, ātete-waikura, me ngā tikanga horoi ka taea te whakatakoto pēnei i te horoi ā-roto me te whakaoho ultrasonic hei aukati i te kohikohinga. Ka taea te whakarite i ngā huringa horoi aunoa kua whakaritea mā te whakamahi i te arorau pūnaha whakahaere, ka whakapai ake i te roa o te pūoko me te whakarite i te tika tonu. Mā te tātaritanga kua hangaia ki roto ka whakatūpato i ngā kaiwhakahaere ki te paheke, ki te poke rānei o te whakatikatika, ka whakaoho i te tiaki matatau me te kore e hiahiatia he tirotiro ā-ringa auau.
Te Whakaiti i te Mahi Tātari me te Tauira ā-ringa
Ko te ine i te kukū NaOH tuku iho e whakawhirinaki ana ki te tauira ā-ringa me te ine i te taitapa taiwhanga. He roa te wā e pau ana i tēnei huarahi, he ngāwari ki te hapa, ā, ka puta he whakaroa pūrongo e aukati ana i ngā whakatikatika tukanga wā-tūturu e hiahiatia ana i ngā mahi tino nui o te tukanga hanga maitai.
- Ngā ngoikoretanga o te tauira ā-ringa:Ka whakararuraru ngā kaupapa kohikohi tauira i te rere o te mahi, ka tūpono te pānga ki ngā matū morearea, ā, ka whakarato raraunga me te roa o te wā, ka whakararu i te mana whakahaere pakari o ngā tikanga maimoatanga hau paru.
- Otinga:Mā te whakaurunga o te aroturuki kukū kawakawa ipurangi a Lonnmeter ki roto i ngā PLC, i ngā pūnaha whakahaere tohatoha rānei (DCS) ka taea te urupare wā-tūturu mō te inenga aunoa o te matū me te kimi i te pito mutunga. Ka tukuna tonutia e ēnei mita kukū houra kaustic ngā rangitaki raraunga ki te rūma whakahaere, ka whakakorea te mahi noa, ā, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te arotahi ki te tirotiro rautaki. E whakaū ana ngā tuhinga tukanga ka whakaitihia e aua pūnaha mita kukū ipurangi te mahi tauira mā te 80% neke atu, me te tautoko i ngā hangarau horoi hau paru hei pupuri i te tutuki me te ōritetanga o te hua.
Ko ngā mira maitai o te ao tūturu e whakahaere ana i ngā mahi BOF hou e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā otinga ine matatau tae atu ki ngā taputapu Lonnmeter hei whakatika i ēnei wero, hei tautoko i te tango pūngāwerewere kaha o te hau paru me te arotau i te whakamahinga kawakore.
Ngā Tohutohu Whakauru mō te Whakahaere Tukanga Māmā me te Whakahaere Raraunga
Ko te angitu o te ine i te kukū NaOH ipurangi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakaurunga pakari ki ngā mana whakahaere tukanga. Honoa ngā mita kukū ki ngā pūnaha DCS, PLC, SCADA rānei mō te aroturuki me te whakahaere pokapū. Me whakarite kia tika te tauine me te manatoko i ngā tohu pūoko i mua i te whakamahinga i roto i te aunoatanga tukanga, i te whakahaere whakaoho rānei. Whirihorahia ngā whakaoho kukū teitei/iti hei akiaki i te mahi a te kaiwhakahaere i te wā e rerekē ana te inenga o te houra kautika mō ngā hangarau horoi hau paru.
Hei whakarite i te pono o ngā raraunga:
- Whakamahia ngā mahi whakatikatika ā-wā mā te whakamahi i ngā otinga tohutoro kua whaimana.
- Whakatinanahia te takiuru raraunga aunoa mō te tātari ia au me te arotake ture.
- Whakamahia te tāruarua ina hiahiatia te tukanga; whakatūria he pūoko tārua, he hongere tohu takirua rānei.
- Whakawhatunga raraunga mai i te mita kukū ipurangi ki roto i ngā pūnaha hītori tukanga hei whakahohe i te arotake hōhonu i te wā e rapurongoā ana, e arotake rānei i ngā tukanga.
Mō te tino whai huatanga, whakatauritehia ngā huarahi whakauru ki te tauine o te tipu—me te whakawhirinaki ki te DCS mō ngā mahi BOF nui, tonu; PLC/SCADA rānei mō ngā pūnaha modular, pūnaha whakamātautau rānei e hiahia ana kia tere te whirihoranga anō. I te wā e whakamahere ana i te whakauru, whakaurua ngā tīma hangarau ki te whakamātautau atanga me te whakamana hei karo i ngā hapa whakawhitiwhiti kōrero me te ngaronga raraunga.
Whakamutunga
He mea nui te ine i te kukū NaOH whai hua mō te mahi me te pono o te tukanga horoi hau para i roto i te hanga maitai oumu hāora taketake. Mā te aroturuki tika, ā-wā tonu o te NaOH ka whakarite kia tangohia pai te SO₂ me te NOx, e tautoko tika ana i te whai huatanga o te mahi me ngā whakaritenga ture pakari. Mā te pupuri i te kukū NaOH tika ka taea te whai huatanga o te horoi pai rawa atu, ka whakaitihia te hanganga o ngā hua taha me te whakamahinga koretake o ngā matū, me te karo hoki i ngā take mahi pēnei i te tauine me te waikura i roto i te pūnaha.
Ko te whakatinanatanga o ngā pūnaha aroturuki kukū kawakore ipurangi matatau—pērā i ērā e whakamahi ana i te kawe hiko maha-tawhā, te tote, me te kimi kawakore—kua noho hei paearu mō te umanga. Mā te whakamahi i ngā hangarau pakari pērā i ngā mita kukū ipurangi me ngā mita kukū konutai kaustic motuhake, ka whiwhi ngā kaiwhakahaere i te māramatanga tonu ki ngā āhuatanga o te tukanga. Ka āwhina ēnei pūnaha i te whakahaere tukanga hihiri, ā, ka taea ai ngā whakatikatika whakatikatika hei whakautu ki te huringa o te kawenga, te hanganga hau rānei, ka taea ai e ngā whare te whakarerekē i ā rātou mahi tukanga hanga maitai oumu hāora taketake me te tika.
Ka whakapakarihia te arotautanga tukanga mā te whakauru i ngā taputapu ine tika me ngā rautaki whakahaere urupare, ka taea ai te whakatikatika i te inenga NaOH. Ehara i te mea ka mau tonu te pai o te tango i roto i te tukanga horoi hau paru engari ka whakaitihia hoki ngā utu taiao me ngā utu pūtea e pā ana ki te nui rawa, ki te iti rawa rānei o te inenga. Mā te aroturuki pono o te NaOH ka tutuki tonu te tukanga oumu hāora taketake i ngā whāinga tukunga tino iti e kitea ana i roto i ngā ture ahumahi, ā, ka hangai ki ngā tikanga maimoatanga hau paru me ngā hangarau horoi pai rawa atu e wātea ana.
I roto i tētahi whenua ture e hiahia ana ki te whakahaere pakari i ngā tukunga, ehara i te mea he whakaritenga hangarau noa iho te hanganga ine pakari engari he mea nui ki te pakihi. Mā te whakamahi i ngā mita kukū—pērā i ngā mea e whakaratohia ana e Lonnmeter—ka whakamanahia ngā tipu maitai ki te whakatutuki i ngā whāinga parahanga kua whakahaua e ngā kaiwhakahaere me te māia, e tautoko ana i ngā kaupapa whakapai ake tukanga tonu me ngā whakaritenga tuhinga tutuki. Mā tēnei ka whakanohohia te ine kukū NaOH tika ki te ngākau o te hangarau tukanga whai hua me ngā mahi pumau i roto i te hanga maitai.
Ngā Pātai Auau
He aha te horoi hau para, ā, he aha i hiahiatia ai i roto i te tukanga oumu hāora taketake?
Ko te horoi hau para he tikanga whakahaere tukunga e whakamahia ana hei tango i ngā hau kino pēnei i te whanariki hauhā (SO₂) mai i te putanga hau i puta i te wā o te tukanga hanga maitai o te oumu hāora taketake (BOF). Mā tēnei maimoatanga ka tiakina te taiao mā te whakaiti i ngā tukunga hau waikawa me te tukunga matūriki, kia taea ai e ngā tipu maitai te whakatutuki i ngā paerewa kounga hau me ngā tukunga. Ka tukuna e te tukanga BOF he nui te hauhā waro, te hauhā waro, me ngā hau kei roto he whanariki, e hiahiatia ana he maimoatanga hau pakari hei whakaiti i ngā pānga taiao me ngā ture.
He pēhea te mahi a te tukanga horoi hau para i roto i te hanga maitai?
I roto i ngā tipu maitai BOF, ko te horoinga o ngā hau parapara e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mimiti matū hei tango i ngā hau waikawa mai i ngā tukunga tukanga. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te tuku i ngā hau parapara mā roto i tētahi hononga ka tauhohe te mimiti—he maha ngā wā ko te hauwai konutai (NaOH, e mōhiotia ana ko te houra tunutunu) he paraoa kōhatu rānei—ki te hauhā whanariki me ētahi atu momo waikawa. Hei tauira, ina whakamahia te NaOH, ka tauhohe te SO₂ hei hanga i te konutai whanariki, te hauwai rānei wairewa, ka whakakore i te hau. Ka mimiti te otinga horoi i ngā poke, ā, ka tukuna te hau kua horoia. Ko te horoinga whai hua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakahaere tika me te aroturuki i ngā matū horoi puta noa i tēnei tukanga.
He aha ngā mahi o te tukanga hanga maitai taketake i roto i te oumu hāora?
Ko te tukanga hanga maitai BOF he maha ngā mahi motuhake e aro turukihia ana:
- Te whakakī i te oumu hāora taketake ki te rino wera, rewa (e ahu mai ana i ngā oumu pupuhi), te konganuku para, me ngā rerenga wai pērā i te kōhatu kōhatu.
- Ka pupuhihia te hāora tino parakore mā roto i te konganuku rewa, ka tere te waikura i ngā poke (tērā pea ko te waro, te silicon, me te phosphorus) ka puta hei hau pērā i te CO₂ me te CO.
- Te wehenga o te para (kei roto ngā poke waikura) mai i te maitai rewa e hiahiatia ana.
- Te whakamahine anō mā te whakarerekē i te nui o te koranu me te whakarewa i te hua maitai.
I roto i ēnei mahi, ka puta he tukunga nui e hiahiatia ana te horoi i te hau paipa, inā koa i te wā e pupuhi ana me te whakamahine i te hāora.
He aha te hiranga o te mita kukū NaOH ipurangi mō te ine i te kukū NaOH?
Mā ngā mita kukū ipurangi ka taea te ine tonu, i te wā tūturu o te kukū NaOH i roto i ngā otinga horoi. He mea nui tēnei mō te tango whai hua i te hauhā whanariki, te whakaiti i ngā para matū, me te pupuri i te pumau o te tukanga—me te kore e whai hua te tauira ā-ringa, te whakamātautau taiwhanga rānei. Mā te aroturuki aunoa ka taea te urupare tere ki ngā huringa tukanga, ka ārai i te whakapaunga nui ki ngā matū, ā, ka whakaiti i ngā mōrearea taiao e pā ana ki te iti rawa o te horopeta NaOH. Ka tukuna e ngā taputapu pēnei i te Lonnmeter he urupare tonu, ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te arotau i te mahi me te whakarite kia tutuki ngā whāinga tukunga, me te pānga tika ki ngā utu me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.
He aha ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana mō te ine i te kukū NaOH i roto i ngā pūnaha horoi hau paru?
Ka taea te ine i te kukū NaOH mā te:
- Te ine ira:Te tango tauira ā-ringa me te ine i te taiaho taiwhanga me te waikawa hauwaiora. Ahakoa he tika, he nui te mahi, he puhoi, ā, he ngāwari ki te whakaroa i te whakatikatika tukanga i tēnei tikanga.
- Ngā mita kukū ipurangi:Ka whakamahia e ngā taputapu pēnei i te Lonnmeter ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana (hei tauira, te kawe hiko, te tere oro), ngā tikanga whatu matatau rānei (pēnei i te ine whakaahua tata-whero), hei ine tere, ā-roto.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā pūoko kawe hiko engari ka pāngia pea e ngā tote whakararuraru. Ka taea e te ine whakaahua maha-ngaru NIR te aro ki te matū kawa, ahakoa kei reira ētahi atu hua tauhohenga. Ka whakakotahihia e ngā taputapu hou ngā mātāpono ine maha mō te aroturukitanga kawakore pakari, wā-tūturu i raro i ngā āhuatanga uaua e kitea ana i roto i ngā pūnaha horoi tipu maitai.
Mā ēnei tikanga ka noho te kukū o te houra tunutunu ki roto i ngā rohe tino pai, e tautoko ana i ngā hangarau horoi hau paru whai hua me te whai tikanga.
Wā tuku: Whiringa-ā-rangi 27-2025
