Te Mana Whakahaere Kukū Whāngai Mira Pōro i roto i te Tukatuka Kohuke

Ngā Pūnaha Whakahaere mō te Tere o te Mira, te Utaina, me te Whakaurunga Porowhita Hurihuri

Mā ngā pūnaha whakahaere matatau ka taea te arotau i ngā tawhā mahi nui o te mira pōro i te wā tūturu, tae atu ki te tere o te mira, te kawenga pōro, me te whakaurunga o ngā ara iahiko mira. Ka whakamahia e ēnei pūnaha ngā tūāpapa pēnei i ngā Kaiwhakahaere Arorau Ka taea te Whakamahere (PLC) me te Mana Whakahaere me te Kohi Raraunga (SCADA), ka hoatu ki ngā kaiwhakahaere te tirotiro hihiri me te wawaotanga aunoa.

Hei tauira, mā ngā otinga whakahaere tukanga matatau (APC) ka mau tonu te tere pai o te mira me ngā whāinga rahi huri tika, mā te whakamahi i ngā urupare wā-tūturu mai i ngā inenga kiato ā-roto me ngā tohu tūnga ara iahiko. Ka whakatikatikahia e te utu pāpāho aunoa te rōrahi me te momo o ngā pāpāho huri, ka ārai i ngā mahi utu iti, utu nui rānei ka pā kino ki te pai o te huri me te whakanui ake i te whakamahinga pūngao.

Mā te whakaurunga o ēnei pūnaha ka honoa te mira pōro ki ngā taputapu tukatuka kohuke o runga me raro, ka taea ai te arotau i te tukanga katoa. Mā ngā panonitanga o te whāngai kohuke parahi, te mahi rānei o te ara iahiko ka tere ake ngā urupare whakahaere e pupuri ana i te mahi whai hua, e whakaū ana i te rahi o te hua, me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao.

Ngā Hua Taiao me te Ōhanga mai i te Mira Pōro Arotau-Pūngao

Mā te whakamahi i te mira pōro e arotau ana i te pūngao i roto i ngā tikanga tukatuka kohuke ka puta he hua nui ki te taiao me te pūtea. Mā te whakaiti i te whakapaunga hiko ka tapahia ngā utu whakahaere, ka taea te tohu i te wāhanga nui o te whakapaunga katoa o te maina parahi. Mō ngā tipu e whakahaere ana i ngā mira maha, he mea nui te penapena katoa mai i ngā hoahoa me ngā pūnaha whakahaere e whai hua ana ki te pūngao.

Mō te taiao, ko te iti o te tono pūngao ka whakaiti tika i ngā tukunga waro, e hangai ana ki ngā whāinga ture me ngā whāinga pumau tūao. Hei tauira, ko te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te ara huri ka whakaiti i te hiahia mō ngā tukanga kaha-kaha i raro i te tangohanga parahi. Ko ngā taumata haruru me te poke hinu, ngā take pumau i roto i ngā mira tuku iho, ka heke hoki me te whakamahinga o ngā puku matatau me ngā raina kua arotauhia.

Mā ngā mahi auaha pēnei i ngā pūnaha tukunga uku ka nui ake te rere o te konganuku, ka whakarei ake hoki i te mira pōro hei tuku i ngā kohuke, me te whakaiti hoki i te huri nui rawa—he mea matua hei whakanui ake i te whakaora me te whai huatanga o ngā rauemi.Te ine i te mātotoru ā-rotoi roto i te maina ka whakarite kia rite tonu te tukanga, ka tautoko i te penapena pūngao me te arotau rauemi.

Ko te hua katoa he whakapainga nui i roto i te whai huatanga ōhanga me te pumau o ngā mahi mira parahi.

 

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Te Whakataurite i te Whakawāteatanga Kohuke me te Mōrearea Huri-Nui

He hononga tika te kukū o te whāngai ki te pai o te tukunga o ngā kohuke i roto i ngā tikanga tukatuka o te maina parahi. I roto i te mahi mira pōro, ka taea e te kukū totoka kua whiriwhiria pai i roto i te whāngai mira te whakatere i ngā tere pakaru me te whakarei ake i te tukunga me te whakaiti i te whakapaunga pūngao kore e hiahiatia. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau, mō te whakapai ake i te tukanga mira pōro, ko te kukū nui rawa o te whāngai ka arahi ki te kohikohinga o ngā matūriki, ka whakararu i te tukunga me te pai o te huri. I ngā kukū iti iho, ka iti ake te pai o te pakaru, ā, ka puta pea te tukunga iti, e whakaatu ana me whai taurite kia pai ai ngā hua.

Te Hononga i waenganui i te Kukū Whāngai, te Pāpāho Huri, me te Whai Huatanga Whakawātea

He mea nui te momo me te rahi o te rauemi huri hei whakawātea i ngā tikanga tukatuka kohuke. He mea noa ngā pōro maitai engari ka taea te whakatairanga i te waikura o te mata, hei āwhina i te rere o ngā kohuke pēnei i te pyrite, ā, ka taea hoki te whakaiti i te tere o te rere o ngā kohuke parahi pēnei i te chalcopyrite. He rerekē, ko ngā rauemi nano-ceramic ka whakatairanga i te mimiti whiriwhiri o ngā kaikohi xanthate, ka whakarei ake i te rere o te chalcopyrite me te whakaora i muri mai. Ko ngā taunakitanga whakamātautau e whakamahi ana i te karu hiko matawai me ngā whakamātautau rere e whakaū ana i ēnei pānga matū mata e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāpāho.

Hei tāpiri atu ki tēnā, ka pā te hanganga o ngā rauemi me ngā taumata whakakī o te mira ki te nekehanga huri me te whakawhiti pūngao. Ko ngā tohatoha rahi o ngā rauemi pai ake ka hua ake he tere tukunga teitei ake engari ka taea hoki te whakanui ake i te mōrearea huri nui mena kāore e whakahaerea kia tupato. Me arotake katoa te tere kakahu o ngā rauemi, ngā raina me te tiaki o ngā mira pōro, me te uta o ngā rauemi kia whakawhanakehia he taiao huri pai rawa atu mō te tango parahi.

Ngā Rautaki hei Whakaiti i te Mahi Kino Rawa: Te Arotau i te Wā Noho me te Huinga Pāpāho

Ko te huri nui rawa—he whakaiti i ngā kohuke whai hua ki ngā matūriki tino pai rawa—ka whakararu i te whai huatanga o te rere me te kounga o te kukū. Hei ārai i tēnei, me arotau te tohatoha wā noho (RTD) i roto i te mira pōro. I roto i te mahi, ka taea e ngā tikanga whai me ngā tauira RTD (ngā tauhohenga raupapa-N) te aroturuki tika i ngā wā noho toharite. E whakaatu ana ngā raraunga ko ngā wā noho i roto i te awhe o te 1.7 ki te 8.3 meneti i roto i ngā mira pōro ahumahi ka taea te tuku pai rawa atu me te kore e nui rawa te whakakorikori.

Ka aro atu te ranunga rauemi kua whakaritea ki te mōrearea o te tuku me te huri nui rawa. Mā te whakamahi i te ranunga o ngā momo me ngā rahi o te rauemi, e ai ki te āhua o te konganuku me te rahi o te huri kua tohua, ka puta he pai rawa te kounga o te hua, ā, ka whakarei ake i te tukunga o te konganuku. Hei tauira, mā te whakaranu i te maitai me te konganuku uku, mā te whakarerekē rānei i ngā tohatoha rahi pōro i runga i te whakatauira nekeneke, ka whakatikatika i te āhua pakaru, ka whakaiti i te putanga mai o ngā mea iti ka puta ai te paninga paru me te kore e pai te whiriwhiri i te mānu.

Mā te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto i roto i te maina, mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu pēnei i a Lonnmeter, ka puta he urupare wā-tūturu mō te kukū o te whāngai mira. Mā tēnei ka tere te whakatikatika i ngā mahi, ka mau tonu he taiao huri rite tonu e tika ana mō te tukunga o ngā kohuke, ā, ka whakaitihia ngā wā mōrearea nui o te huri nui. Ka horapa ngā painga o te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto ki te pai ake o te mahi huri mira pōro me te kounga kukū ka taea te whakaputa anō.

Ngā Pānga ki te Whakaora Parahi o te Awaawa me te Kounga Kukū

Ko te tukunga tino pai te pou here mō te whakaora parahi teitei me te taumata kukū. Ina taurite te mira pōro mō te tukunga kohuke, ka ngāwari ake te wehenga o ngā kohuke parahi kua tukuna mā te whakapūngā, ka pai ake te tere o te whakahokinga. E whakaū ana ngā rangahau ko te huri anō i te wāhi noho poto me ngā kōwhiringa pāpāho whiriwhiri ka whakarei ake i te tukunga o ngā kohuke parahi mai i te gangue, ka whai hua tika ki te whiriwhiringa whakapūngā me te parakore o te kukū.

Heoi, ko te whakaiti nui i te rahi mai i te huri nui ka hanga i ngā wāhanga tino kikokore e ngāwari ana ki te whakaemi me te paninga paru. He uaua ake te whakaora pai i ēnei mea kikokore i te wā e mānu ana, ka whakaiti pea i ngā taumata parahi kukū, ā, ka taea te whakanui ake i ngā kohuke gangue kāore e hiahiatia ana nā te kore whiriwhiri. Hei tāpiri, ko te pikinga ake o ngā reiti kakahu o ngā rauemi huri i roto i ngā mira kua kī rawa ka kino ake ngā utu whakahaere me te tiaki.

Mā te whakauru i te kukū whāngai kua whakahaeretia, te wā noho kua arotauhia, me ngā huinga rauemi huri rautaki, ka tino whai hua te hurihanga o te mira pōro. Ka tukuna e tēnei huarahi he kohuke parahi kua tino tukuna, he tere tango teitei ake, me te kounga kukū pumau, e hangai ana ki ngā mahi pai rawa atu o te whakamahinga o ngā taputapu tukatuka kohuke me ngā tikanga tukatuka maina parahi.

Te Arotautanga Tukanga mō ngā Maina Parahi: Ngā Ārahi Ōhanga me te Mahi

Ko ngā utu whakahaere i roto i te tukatuka i te maina parahi e whakatauhia ana e ētahi āhuatanga e pā ana. Ko ngā mea tino nui ko te whiriwhiri me te pakaru o ngā rauemi huri, te mahi a te raina mira, te whakapaunga pūngao, me te rerekētanga o te whāngai o te konganuku. Ko te arotautanga tukanga whai hua e whakawhirinaki ana ki te mārama me te whakahaere i ēnei āhuatanga hei whakarei ake i te whai huatanga ōhanga me te mahi whakarewa.

Ko ngā rauemi huri te wāhanga nui o ngā utu whakahaere o te mira pōro. Ko te momo, te whānui, me te rauemi o te rauemi huri ka pā tika ki te whakapaunga pūngao, te tere o te huri, me te whai huatanga o te tukunga kohuke i roto i te tukatuka kohuke parahi. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau ka taea e ngā rauemi huri nui ake te whānui, pērā i ngā pōro 15 mm, te whakaiti i te wā huri me te whakamahinga pūngao tae atu ki te 22.5% ki te whakataurite ki ngā rahi iti ake, e tohu ana i ngā penapena mahi nui me te nui ake o te putanga. Ko te horahanga mata mō ia waeine whakauru pūngao he ine tika ake mō te aromatawai i te whai huatanga o te rauemi huri i te papatipu katoa, i te tatau rānei. Ko te kōwhiringa o ngā rauemi pāpāho, pērā i te maitai, i te uku rānei, ka pā hoki ki te tere kakahu whānui me te tauira pakaru o ngā kohuke, ka pā nui ake ki te roa o te mahi me te whakaora parahi. I roto i ngā taiao huri kohuke parahi, ka taea te whakanui ake i te waikura o ngā rauemi maitai e ngā sulfides, me whai whakaaro tupato i te wā e whiriwhiri ana i ngā momo pāpāho kia taurite ai te utu me te mahi roa.

Ko ngā arai mira pōro tētahi atu whakaaro nui mō te utu me te mahi. Ko te āhua me te hanganga o te arai e tiaki ana i te anga mira, e awe ana i te huarahi o te rauemi huri, ā, he mahi nui ki te whakatau i te pai o te huri. Ko ngā whanaketanga hou ko te whakatauira rorohiko me te arotau i te āhua o te arai, kua angitu te whakaiti i te kakahu o te arai, te whakapai ake i te pakaru o te matūriki, me te whakaiti i te wā kore mahi o te mira. Ko te whakamahi i te ako mīhini mō te matapae kakahu o te arai, me ngā whanaketanga i roto i te aunoatanga o te arai anō o te arai, ka whakaiti ake i ngā utu tiaki me ngā aukati mahi. Hei tauira, kua pūrongohia ngā reiti hapa ako mīhini iti iho i te 5-6% i roto i te matapae kakahu o te arai, e tautoko ana i te whakahaere arai matatika me te arotau i te wātea o te mira.

Ko te whakamahinga pūngao tonu te āwangawanga matua o te ōhanga i roto i te mira pōro hei tuku i ngā kohuke. Ko te huri te wāhanga nui o te whakapaunga pūngao katoa o te maina parahi. Nā ngā mahi auaha pēnei i ngā puku auau rerekē me ngā motuka whai hua teitei, kāore he pouaka miihini, kua puta he penapena pūngao o te 15–30%, e whakau ana i ngā ara huri me te whakaiti i ngā tukunga me ngā utu. Ka whakaitihia hoki e ēnei whakahoutanga hanganga me te hangarau te huri nui rawa, e tautoko ana i te whakaora parahi me te roa o te ora o ngā taputapu i roto i ngā tikanga tukatuka kohuke.

Ka puta te uaua o te mahi me te koretake o te utu ki te mekameka taputapu mira me te tukatuka kohuke nā te rerekētanga o te hanganga o te kohuke, te nui o te makuku, me te rahi o te matūriki. Ka pā kino te rerekētanga o te hanganga o te kohuke, te nui o te makuku, me te rahi o te matūriki ki te pai o te huri i te mira pōro, te nui o te mahi, me te tere whakaora parahi. Hei ārai i ēnei pānga, ka taea e ngā pūnaha aroturuki whāngai matatau—tae atu ki ngā tātari hanganga wā-tūturu me ngā pūoko makuku—te whakaranu tika me te whakahaere pumau ake o te tukanga mira. Ka whakapai ake tēnei whakahaere whāngai whakamua i te whakamahere, te whakaiti i te para, me te arotau i te whakamahinga o ngā matū, ā, ka iti ake te utu me te tapuwae taiao.

He mea nui ngā whakarerekētanga tukanga hihiri, i whakaritea ki te momo konganuku me ngā raraunga mahi mira pōro wā-tūturu, hei pupuri i te putanga mahi me te arotau i te whakaora me te whakapaunga whakahaere. Ko te ine i te kiato ā-roto, i whakatinanahia mā roto i ngā pūoko wā-tūturu pakari a Lonnmeter, inaianei ko te kaupapa matua o ngā rautaki whakahaere whai hua. Ko te whakaurunga mai i ngā taputapu ine kiato ā-roto ka whakau i ngā ara iahiko huri, ka whakaiti i ngā taumahatanga, ā, ka whakarite i ngā ōwehenga totoka-wai tino pai mō ia ranunga konganuku me te āhua o te mira. Ka tautokohia e ngā raraunga mai i ēnei taputapu ngā whakarerekētanga tonu ki ngā tawhā huri me te horopeta matū, ka hua ake te pai o te huri me te whakaora whakarewa tonu.

Hei whakamutunga, ko te whakaurunga o ngā whāinga tukatuka kohuke—te whakanui i te putanga, te arotau i te whakaora, me te pupuri utu—e whakawhirinaki ana ki tētahi huarahi whānui ki te arotau i te tukanga mira pōro. Ko te whakataurite i ngā kōwhiringa pāpāho huri, te whakahaere raina, ngā rautaki whakaiti pūngao, te whakahaere rerekētanga whāngai matatau, me te ine i te mātotoru i te wā tūturu he mea nui mō te angitu ōhanga me te whakahaere tonu i roto i te tangohanga parahi.

Ngā Āputa Rangahau me ngā Huarahi i roto i te Whakahaere Whāngai o te Mira Pōro

Ko te whakahaere i te mira pōro i roto i te tukatuka i te maina parahi e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki ngā tikanga tukatuka kohuke whai hua me ngā rautaki whakahaere whāngai. E whakaatu ana ngā tuhinga o nāianei i ngā āputa rangahau nui me ngā whai wāhitanga hangarau hei whakapai ake i te tukunga kohuke me te whai huatanga o te huri.

Te Pānga o ngā Huinga Pāpāho Huri Whakaranu ki te Whakawāteatanga o ngā Kohuke

Mā te whakakotahi i ngā momo pāpāho huri—pērā i ngā pōro porowhita me ngā āhua porotaka, āhua koretake rānei—ka taea te whakahaere i te nekehanga huri me te whakaaturanga kohuke. Ko te taunekeneke o ngā rauemi maha (hei tauira, te maitai ngawari, te maitai kore waikura) me ngā āhuahanga ka huri i ngā tikanga kakahu, te whakawhiti pūngao, me te tuku, engari kāore anō kia tūhuratia ngā pānga ki te wehenga parahi whanariki. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau whakatairite ka whakarei ake te mira maku me ngā pōro maitai ngawari i te whakaora i te rere mā te awe i te matū o te mata kohuke me te whiriwhiri penupenu i roto i te mira parahi. I tetahi atu taha, kua whakanuia e ngā pāpāho maitai kore waikura ngā tere rere mā roto i ngā taunekeneke galvanic me ngā pūmanawa penupenu kua whakarerekētia, inā koa i ngā wāhi pēnei i te maina parahi o Northparkes. Ahakoa ēnei whanaketanga, kāore anō kia tino tautuhia ngā hononga o ngā āhua me ngā rauemi pāpāho whakauru ki te tuku me te whakamahinga pūngao whakakotahi. Kei te mau tonu ngā pātai matua e pā ana ki te ranunga pai mō ngā momo kohuke motuhake, te awe ki te rere o raro, me ngā mahi pai mō te whakarite pāpāho whakauru mō te tuku kohuke utu-whai hua. Me tere te hiahia ki te whakatauira me ngā raraunga whakamātautau mō te whakarite i ngā whakaritenga pāpāho e whakanui ana i te pai o te tuku hei whakapai ake i te mira pōro mō te tuku kohuke me te tangohanga keri parahi.

Te Awe o te Āhua me te Kiato o te Pāpāho ki te Mahi Whānui o te Mira

Ko te āhua o te rauemi huri ka tino whakatau i te whanonga o te kawenga mira, ngā tere pakaru, me te kukume hiko. Ko ngā rauemi pōro porowhita te tikanga ka nui ake ngā tere pakaru, inā koa mō te whāngai matotoru, engari ko ngā rauemi porotaka (cylpebs) me nui ake te whakauru hiko i ngā tere iti. Ko te mātotoru o te rauemi ka whakatau i te whakawhiti pūngao nekeneke me te pā ki ngā tere whakaputa. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau whakamātautau ka whakaitihia e ngā diameter pāpāho rerekē te wā huri me te whakaiti i te whakamahinga pūngao mō ngā rahi hua pai, me te whakanui i te hiranga o te kōwhiringa taurangi tukanga i roto i te arotautanga tukanga mira pōro me ngā tikanga tukatuka maina parahi. Heoi, kāore i oti te whakauru i te āhua me te mātotoru o te rauemi ki ngā tauira matapae mō te pakaru me te whakapaunga pūngao. Kāore anō kia ranea te whakamana o te ao tūturu me te whakatauira rorohiko, e uaua ana te whakatau kaupapa mō ngā kaiwhakahaere maina parahi e rapu ana ki te whakataurite i te whai huatanga, ngā raina mira pōro me te tiaki, me te tere kakahu o te rauemi huri. Kei te karanga tonu ngā rangahau kia hohonu ake te rangahau ki te āhua o te āhua, te mātotoru, me te tohatoha e hono ana ki te awe i te whai huatanga o te huri mira pōro me te tohatoha rahi hua.

Te Pūmanawa ā-Mārama mō te Whakamahinga Whānui o te Matūkai Wā-Tūturu me ngā Taputapu Ine Matūriki

Mā te ine i te mātotoru ā-roto aunoa i roto i te keri ka taea te whakamahi hei whakahaere i te tukanga mira pōro. Ka taea e ngā pūnaha wā-tūturu—tae atu ki te tātari tohu oro, ngā tirotiro taiaho tātari ā-wāhi, me te tirohanga mīhini—te aroturuki tonu i te mātotoru whāngai me te tohatoha rahi matūriki. Ka whakamahia e ngā taputapu pēnei i a Lonnmeter ngā tikanga ine ā-roto kua manatokohia, e tātari ana i ngā mano o ngā matūriki ia hekona mō te rahi tika me te tautuhi rere. Kua whakamanahia pono ngā hangarau oro me te tirohanga mīhini ki te tauira tuku iho i roto i ngā taputapu tukatuka kohuke, e tautoko ana i te whakahaere whāngai wā-tūturu me te whakaiti i te huri nui. Ko ngā painga ine mātotoru ā-roto ko te whakaiti i ngā whakaroa tauira, ngā whakatikatika tukanga tere ake, te whakapai ake i te ōritetanga hua, me te penapena rauemi. He whai wāhitanga nui ēnei pūnaha mō te whakahaere mira pōro mā te whakahohe i te aroturuki tika i ngā āhuatanga whāngai me ngā whakatikatika aunoa mō te pai o te huri mira pōro. Ka taea e tā rātou whakatinanatanga te whakatairanga i te tangohanga keri parahi, te whakaiti i te whakawhirinaki ki te tauira ā-ringa me te urupare me te tautoko i te whakahaere pakari ake me te arotau o te pakaru o te konganuku.

Ko te whanaketanga tonu o ngā tikanga tukatuka kohuke e hiahia ana kia whakakīia ēnei āputa rangahau—ina koa i roto i ngā whanonga pāpāho whakauru, te whakatauira pāpāho, me te ine wā-tūturu—kia puta ai te mahi mira pōro kua tino pai, kua pumau hoki puta noa i te rāngai keri.