Te Ine i te Matatini Wai Pakaru Waikawa i roto i ngā Puna Hinu Shale

Te Kinetika Tauhohenga Waikawa-Toka me tō rāua Hononga ki te Matatini

He kaha te awe o te matotoru o te wai ki te tikanga tauhohenga waikawa-toka. Ka tere te tauhohenga o ngā pūnaha waikawa tawhito ki ngā kohuke warowaihā, ka arotahi te whakarewatanga tata ki te poka wai, ka whakawhāiti i te hohonutanga o te urunga. Ko ngā pūnaha waikawa whakaroa, e whakamahi ana i ngā surfactants viscoelastic, i ngā emulsions polymer-waikawa rānei, ka whakaiti i te tere horapa o ngā katote hauwai, ka whakaroa i te tere tauhohenga waikawa-toka whānui. Mā tēnei ka taea e te waikawa te uru hohonu ki roto i ngā hanganga iti-te uruhanga, iti-te porosity rānei i mua i te paunga, ka whakatairanga i te whakairo whānui me ngā pakaru roa.

Ka taea te whakarite i te whakarerekētanga o te tere tauhohenga mā te:

• Te whakarerekē i ngā ōwehenga o te surfactant/polymer hei whakatikatika i te horapa waikawa.
• Mā te whakawhaikawa raupapa—te werohanga waikawa puhoi me te werohanga waikawa auau—ka tutuki ai te taurite o te whakairo tata-pūngao me te whakairo hanganga hohonu, e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā whakamātautau werohanga raupapa, i reira ka puta he whakairo whakarōpū me te whakaohooho puna pai ake i ngā pūnaha waikawa tauwhiti.

Ka puta mai ngā pānga mahi tahi i ngā whakakotahitanga:

• Ka hangaia he matotoru pakari e ngā polymers me ngā surfactants kore-ionic, ā, ka whakanui ake i te ātete ki te wera me te tote, e whakamanahia ana e te aromatawai āhuatanga rheological me te kawe onepu i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te puna wai whakatauira.
• Ka whakapai ake ngā ranunga kawakawa-surfactant-polymer (ASP), me ngā pūnaha nanocomposite (hei tauira, te graphene oxide-polymer), i te matotoru me te pumau o te waikawa e whakahaere ana i te tere, me te āwhina anō hoki i te whakahaere kōtaha me te tango waikawa toenga—he mea nui mō te arotau i te pakaru waikawa i roto i ngā awa turuturu taiao rerekē, me te whakarei ake i te whakaoranga mai i ngā hanganga iti-permeability, iti-porosity rānei.

E whakaū ana ngā whakamātautau tauira moroiti karāhe me ngā whakamātautau waipuke matua ka whakanui ake ēnei whakatakotoranga kua whakaritea i te wā pa atu ki te waikawa, ka puhoi te tauhohenga ki ngā kohuke, ka whakapai ake i te wāhi kua whakairohia, ā, ka whakawhānui ake i te rerenga wai o te puna hinu, e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga mahi i waenga i te hanganga wai pakaru waikawa, te matotoru, te tere o te tauhohenga waikawa-toka, me te whai huatanga whānui o te whakaohooho puna.

Te Awe o te Āhua o te Whati ki te Whakaurunga Waikawa me te Whai Huatanga

Ko te āhua o te pakaru—ina koa ko te roa, te whānui (pūwero), me te tohatoha ā-wāhi—he mea nui hei whakatau i te urunga waikawa, ā, nō reira, te whai huatanga o te pakaru waikawa. Ka whakatairangahia e ngā pakaru roa, whānui te tohatoha waikawa whānui, engari ka heke te whai huatanga nā te "pakaru" waikawa, ina tae wawe te waikawa kāore i pau ki te pito o te pakaru me te kore e tauhohe katoa i te ara. Ka whakatairangahia e te rerekētanga o te pūwero, inā koa ko ngā pakaru he awaawa, he pakitara taratara rānei i hangaia e te whakairo kore-ōrite, te urunga nui ake mā te whakarato i ngā ara pai me te whakaiti i te ngaronga waikawa wawe.

• Te rerekētanga o te whakatuwheratanga:Ko ngā mata hongere i whakawhanakehia e te whakairo waikawa ka pupuri i te kawe hiko i raro i te ahotea, ā, ka whakarato i ngā ara kawe waikawa pai ake.
• Te whakanoho ā-wāhi:Mā ngā whati e tata ana ki te poka wai ka nui ake te tohatoha waikawa, engari ko ngā whati tawhiti, ngā whati peka rawa rānei, ka whai hua mai i te werohanga waikawa ā-wāhanga, i te werohanga wai waikawa/kore rānei e tauutuutu ana.
• Werohanga maha-wāhanga:Ka taea e ngā wai waikawa me ngā wai whakawehewehe te whakaora i te whakairo i ngā mata whati kua torotika, ka hohonu ake te urunga me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o ngā whati tūturu me ngā whati i puta mai.

E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mara me ngā rangahau taiwhanga mā te whakamahi i te matawai micro-CT me te whakatauira tau, ko te uauatanga o te āhua me te taratara te mea e whakahaere ana i ngā tere tauhohenga waikawa-toka me te whānuitanga mutunga o te whakarei ake i te uruhanga. Nō reira, ko te hoahoa tika o te pakaru waikawa ka tino ōrite ki ngā āhuatanga o te pūnaha waikawa me ngā kaupapa weronga ki ngā āhua pakaru motuhake ki te puna wai, kia pai ai te kawe i ngā pakaru, kia roa ai te mau, kia pai ake ai te whakaora hinu.

Ngā Rautaki Arotau mō te Wāwāhi Waikawa Whai Hua

Te Kōwhiringa o ngā Pūnaha Waikawa me ngā Tāpiringa

Ko te arotau i te pakaru waikawa e whakawhirinaki nui ana ki te whiriwhiri i ngā pūnaha waikawa tika. Ko ngā pūnaha waikawa puhoi, pērā i ngā waikawa kua whakakorikoria, kua whakaemulsified rānei, he mea hanga hei whakaroa i te tere o te tauhohenga waikawa-toka. Mā tēnei ka taea te uru hohonu ake i te pakaru me te keri waikawa ōrite ake. He rerekē, ko ngā pūnaha waikawa tikanga—ko te waikawa hauwai kore i whakarerekētia te nuinga—ka tere te tauhohe, ka whakawhāiti i te hohonutanga o te uru waikawa me te whakawhāiti i te toronga o te pakaru, inā koa i roto i ngā puna waro me ngā puna kirikiri pāmahana teitei. Ko ngā whanaketanga hou ko ngā pūnaha waikawa totoka, i hangaia mō ngā puna pāmahana tino teitei, e whakaroa ake ana i ngā tere tauhohenga, ka whakaiti i te waikura me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga mā te mahi waikawa roa me te whakapai ake i te whakarewanga toka.

Ina whakatauritea ngā pūnaha ngoikore me ngā pūnaha tuku iho:

• Ngā waikawa kua whakaroahe pai ake i roto i ngā hanganga e tere ai te paunga waikawa tata ki te poka wai ka whakaiti i te toronga me te ōritetanga o te maimoatanga. Kua whakaatuhia e ēnei waikawa te āwhina i te whakanui ake i ngā pakaru e te waikawa me te whakapai ake i te kawe hiko i muri i te pakaru me te rohe rerenga hinu.
• Ngā waikawa tuku ihotērā pea he rawaka mō ngā maimoatanga pāpaku, mō ngā rohe ngāwari rānei te uru, e whakaaetia ai te tere o te tauhohenga me te iti o te urunga.

Ko te kōwhiringa o ngā whakarerekētanga matotoru—pērā i ngā surfactants viscoelastic (ngā pūnaha VCA) me ngā kaihoko whakapūkara e hangai ana ki te polymer—e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te puna wai:

• Ko te pāmahana me te ako o ngā kohuke i roto i te puna wai e whakatau ana i te pumau matū me te mahi a ngā whakarerekētanga matotoru.
• Mō ngā whakamahinga pāmahana teitei, e tika ana kia whakamahia ngā mea pakaru ira pumau ā-wera pērā i ngā matū whakahāngai kua whakakīia ki roto i ngā kāpū, i ngā kāpū whakakōkī waikawa rānei, kia pai ai te pakaru o te waikawa kua whakakīia, kia pai ai hoki te horoinga i muri i te maimoatanga.
• Me whakarite te āhua matotoru kia mau tonu ai te wai pakaru waikawamatotoru rawakai te wā e papu ana (e whakarei ake ana i te whānui o te whati me te whakatārewatanga o te tautoko) engari ka taea te whakahoro katoa e ngā kaiwehe ira hei whakapūmau i te rere whakahoki.

Mā te whiriwhiri tika i ngā tāpiringa ka whakaiti i te kino o te hanganga, ka whakarite kia whai hua te keri waikawa hei whakarei ake i te pakaru, ā, ka whakanui ake i te whakapainga i roto i ngā puna wai iti-te-uru me te iti-porosity. E whakaatu ana ngā tono mara hou ko ngā hanganga wai pakaru waikawa VCA, me ngā kaiwehe gel kua tino ōrite, ka hua ake he horoinga pai ake, he iti ake te ngaronga wai, me te whakaohooho puna pai ake i ngā pūnaha tuku iho.

Ngā Tawhā Whakahaere e Pā Ana ki te Angitu o te Whakaoho Waikawa

He nui te pānga o te whakahaere mahi i te wā e pakaru ana te waikawa ki ngā hua. Ko ngā tawhā whakahaere matua ko te tere o te papu, te rōrahi waikawa i werohia, me te whakahaere i te kōtaha pēhanga:

• Te tere o te papu: Ka whakatau i te tere me te āhua o te horapa o te pakaru. Ka whakatairanga te tere teitei ake i te urunga waikawa hohonu ake me te taunekeneke waikawa-toka tonu, engari me taurite kia kore ai e pau wawe te waikawa, e tipu kore rānei te pakaru.
• Te rahinga werohanga waikawa: Ka pā ki te roa me te whānui o ngā whatiwhatinga i werohia e te waikawa. Ko ngā rahinga nui ake e hiahiatia ana mō ngā hanganga iti-te uruhanga, ahakoa mā te arotau i te rahinga waikawa me ngā whakarerekētanga matotoru ka taea te whakaiti i te whakamahinga matū koretake me te pupuri i te kawe hiko.
• Whakahaere pēhangaMā te whakahaere i te pēhanga o raro me te mata i te wā tūturu ka noho tuwhera tonu te whati, ka urutau ki te ngaronga wai, ā, ka ārahi i te whakatakotoranga waikawa i ngā rohe whati kua tohua.

I roto i te mahi, kua whakaatuhia ngā wātaka werohanga waikawa kua whakaritea, kua taurite rānei—ina taurite ngā momo waikawa, ngā matotoru rānei—ka whakarei ake i te hanganga awaawa, ka whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā whati piko, me te arotau i te rohe rerenga wai o te puna hinu. Hei tauira, ka taea e te werohanga waikawa taurite e rua-wāhanga te hanga i ngā awaawa hohonu ake, he nui ake te kawe hiko, ka pai ake i ngā tikanga kotahi-wāhanga i roto i ngā tautuhinga taiwhanga me te mara.

He mea nui te whakataurite i ngā tikanga whakakawa ki te rerekētanga o ngā puna wai. I roto i ngā puna wai kirikiri me ngā mineralogy rerekē me ngā pakaru taiao, ka whakamahia te whakatauira matapae me te aroturuki wā-tūturu hei ārahi i te wā me te raupapa o ngā werohanga. Mā ngā whakatikatika i runga i ngā āhuatanga pakaru (hei tauira, te aronga, te hononga, te whakapai ake i te awa turuturu taiao) ka taea e ngā kaiwhakahaere te whakatikatika i ngā tawhā whakahaere mō te whakaohooho nui me te iti o te kino o te hanganga.

Te Whakatauira Matapae me te Whakauru Raraunga

Ko te hoahoa pakaru waikawa hou e whakauru ana i ngā tauira matapae e hono ana i ngā tawhā mahi, ngā āhuatanga wai pakaru waikawa, me te kawe hiko i muri i te pakaru. Ko ngā tauira matatau e whai ake nei:

• Te tikanga me te tere o te tauhohenga waikawa-toka, e hopu ana i te whanaketanga o te āhua waikawa me te whakairo i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te mara.
• Ngā āhuatanga motuhake ki te puna waipērā i te porosity me te permeability, te rerekētanga o ngā kohuke, me ngā whatunga pakaru kua tīariari kē.

Ka whakamahia e ēnei tauira ngā raraunga ā-wheako, ngā hua taiwhanga, me te ako mīhini hei matapae i te pānga o ngā panonitanga o te matotoru, ngā tere papu, te kukū waikawa, me ngā kōtaha wera ki ngā tikanga hanga pakaru i roto i te pakaru waipēhi me te arotautanga o te rohe rerenga wai mō te wā roa.

Ko ngā aratohu matua mō te whakataurite i ngā here o te mara me te hoahoa whakahaere ko:

• Te whiriwhiri i te matotoru me te hanganga waikawa i runga i te tere o te tauhohenga waikawa-toka e tumanakohia ana, te kōtaha pāmahana e tumanakohia ana, me ngā whāinga otinga (hei tauira, te whakanui ake i te urunga iti o te toka, te whakaoti rapanga ngoikore rānei mō ngā awa turuturu taiao).
• Mā te whakamahi i ngā huarahi e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga hei whakarerekē hihiri i ngā wātaka werohanga waikawa, ngā tere papu, me ngā horopeta pakaru, kia arotauhia ai te rahi o te whati me te whakaoranga i muri i te maimoatanga.

Ko ngā tauira mai i ngā whakatinanatanga o te mara tata nei e whakaatu ana ka whakanui ake ēnei tikanga matapae i te kawe hiko i muri i te pakaru me te whakapai ake i ngā matapae whakaputa hinu, ka taea ai ngā rautaki pakaru waikawa whai hua me te pono ake puta noa i ngā puna kirikiri me te warowaihā matatini.

Te Whakawhanui i te Rohe Whakaheke Hinu me te Pupuri i te Arahi Whati

Te Tango i te Ārai Hanganga me te Whakapai ake i te Hononga

Ko te keri waikawa te tikanga matua i roto i ngā tono wai pakaru waikawa hei whakakore i te wero o te aukati hanganga, pērā i te kohikohinga o te waikura me te tauine kohuke, i roto i ngā puna kirikiri. Ina werohia te waikawa—ko te waikawa hauwaiora (HCl) te tikanga—ka tauhohe ki ngā kohuke tauhohe pērā i te calcite me te dolomite. Ka whakarewahia e tēnei tikanga tauhohenga waikawa-toka ngā putunga kohuke, ka whakanuia ngā āputa pore, ka hono i ngā pore kua wehea i mua, ka whakapai ake i te pore me te uruhanga i roto i ngā puna hinu. Ko te tere tauhohenga waikawa-toka, me te hanganga wai pakaru waikawa motuhake e whakamahia ana, ka rerekē i runga i te mineralogy kirikiri me te hanganga aukati.

I roto i ngā kirikiri whai kāponāte, ka nui ake te kaha o te HCl ki te tango i te kōhatu me te aukati nā te tere me te whai hua o te tauhohenga waikawa-toka. Mā te whakarite i te hanganga waikawa ki te ihirangi kāponāte me te silicate motuhake o te puna wai ka pai ake te tukanga tango, ka whakaora pai i ngā awaawa wai māori, ā, ka whakatika i ngā otinga awaawa wai māori ngoikore. Ka piki ake te taratara o te mata i runga i ngā mata pakaru o nāianei hei hua o te wairewa waikawa, e pā tika ana ki te kawe hiko pakaru kua whakarei ake me ngā awaawa rere pakari ake mō ngā warowaihā. Kua whakamanahia tēnei tikanga e ngā raraunga whakamātautau e whakaatu ana i ngā whakapainga nui i roto i te whakaputanga hau me te taupū werohanga i muri i ngā maimoatanga waikawa kua whakaritea i roto i ngā hanganga iti-permeability.

He mea nui te kawe pūmau o ngā pakaru mō te hua roa o ngā puna hinu kirikiri. I roto i te wā, ka ngaro te kawe pūmau o ngā pakaru nā te kuru o te proppant, te diagenesis, te whakaurunga, te hekenga rānei o ngā mea iti. Ka whakaitihia e ēnei tukanga ngā ara tuwhera i hangaia e te pēhanga pakaru o te pakaru waipēhi, ka pā kino ki te whakaoranga o ngā warowaihā. E whakaatu ana te whakatauira pāngarau me ngā rangahau taiwhanga, ki te kore he whakahaere tika, ka taea e te pirau o te proppant te whakaiti i te whakaputanga tae atu ki te 80% i roto i ngā tau 10. He mea nui ngā āhuatanga pēnei i te pēhanga kati, te rahi o te proppant, me ngā āhuatanga o te mata pakaru taketake. He mea nui te whiriwhiri i te proppant tika me te whakahaere kaha i ngā pēhanga o raro i te poka hei pupuri i ngā ara whānui i hangaia e te keri waikawa mō te rere tonu o te hinu me te hau.

Te Whakawhanui me te Tiaki i te Whatunga Pakaru

Ko te whakawhānui rautaki i te rohe rerenga wai o te puna hinu e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hoahoa me te whakatinanatanga whai hua o ngā pūnaha waikawa whakahaeretia. He pūnaha wai pakaru waikawa hangarau ēnei kei roto ngā tāpiringa—pēnei i ngā mea whakaroa, ngā mea whakakī, me ngā mea whakakoi—hei whakahaere i te whakatakotoranga waikawa, hei whakahaere i te tere tauhohenga waikawa-toka, me te whakaiti i te turuturu wai i te wā e tukatukahia ana. Ko te hua he tukanga whakairo kua arotahi ake e whakanui ana i ngā tikanga hanga pakaru i roto i te pakaru waipēhi, ā, e tautoko ana i te horapa o ngā pakaru tuatahi me tuarua (piko).

Mā ngā pūnaha waikawa whakahaeretia, inā koa ko ngā waikawa i whakapūkaratia me ngā waikawa i roto i te wāhi, ka āwhina i te whakahaere i te whakatakotoranga me te roa o te waikawa i roto i ngā pakaru. Ka whakaroahia e ēnei pūnaha te taunekeneke waikawa-toka, ka roa ake te tawhiti urunga, ā, ka taea te keri waikawa whānui ake hei whakarei ake i te pakaru. Ka whakanuia e tēnei huarahi te rōrahi toka whakaohooho, ka whakawhānui ake i te rohe rerenga wai o te puna hinu, ā, ka aro atu ki ngā wero me ngā otinga awaawa waikura taiao ngoikore i roto i ngā tautuhinga warowaihā me te kirikiri. E whakaatu ana ngā take mara ka hangaia e ēnei tikanga he whatunga pakaru whānui ake, he hononga ake, ka akiaki i te whakaora warowaihā nui ake.

Ko te pupuri i ngā whakapainga uruhanga i raro i te ahotea pūngao hihiri tētahi atu whakaaro nui. Ko te horapa o ngā pakaru i roto i ngā toka e pāngia ana e te ahotea kati nui ka arahi ki te whakaiti i te whānui o te pakaru, te kati wawe rānei, ka whakararu i te kawe hiko. Hei ārai i tēnei, he maha ngā rautaki e whakamahia ana:

• Hangarau poka e honoa ana ki te ahotea:Mā tēnei tikanga ka taea te whakahaere i te tīmatanga me te horapa o ngā whati, me te arotau i te taupatupatu i waenga i te whakaurunga o te kaha whakaoho me te whakawhānui i te whatunga whati. Hei tauira, i te Pōuri o Jiyang, i whakaitihia e tēnei hangarau te kaha e hiahiatia ana mā te 37% me te whakapai ake i te hononga me ngā putanga taiao.
• Ngā maimoatanga i mua i te whakakawakawa:Mā te whakamahi i ngā pūnaha waikawa polyhydrogen, i ētahi atu wai pakaru i mua i te waikawa rānei, ka taea te whakaiti i te pēhanga pakaru me te aukati i te hanganga tuatahi, ka whakatakoto i te huarahi mō te hanganga pakaru pai ake, roa ake hoki.
• Te whakatauira ā-pūkaha:Te Whakaurute ine i te ahotea wā-tūturuā, mā te aroturuki i ngā puna wai ka taea te matapae me te whakarerekē i ngā tawhā maimoatanga waikawa, ka āwhina ki te pupuri i te kawe hiko pakaru ahakoa ngā āhuatanga ahotea kei roto tonu i te wāhi e whanake haere ana.

Mā ēnei tikanga—me te whakakotahitanga o ngā tāpiringa wai pakaru waipēhi kua arotauhia me te hanganga wai pakaru waikawa—ka mau tonu ngā painga uruhanga. Ka āwhina i ngā kaiwhakahaere hinu ki te whakanui me te pupuri i ngā whatunga pakaru, ka whakarei ake i te uruhanga toka iti te porowhita me te tautoko i te tango rauemi mō te wā roa.

Hei whakarāpopototanga, mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā mahi keri waikawa auaha, ngā pūnaha waikawa matatau e whakahaeretia ana, me ngā rautaki pakaru e whai whakaaro ana ki te āhua whenua, ko ngā tikanga whakaohooho puna wai hou e arotahi ana ki te whakanui ake i ngā wāhi rerenga wai waro tata tonu me te tiaki i te kawe hiko pakaru e hiahiatia ana mō te mahi whakaputa tonu.

Whakamutunga

Ko te ine me te arotau i te matotoru o te wai pakaru waikawa te mea nui ki te whakanui ake i te hanganga pakaru, te whai huatanga o te keri waikawa, me te rerenga wai hinu mō te wā roa i roto i ngā hanganga kirikiri. Ko ngā mahi pai rawa atu ka whakamōhiotia e te māramatanga matatau o ngā hihiri wai i raro i ngā āhuatanga o te puna wai, me te whakaurunga o ngā raraunga taiwhanga me te mara hei whakarite i te hiranga o te mahi.