Te Whakahaere Kukū NaOH i roto i te Hanganga Waenga Waro

I roto i te hanganga matū waro matatini, ko te whakahaere tika i te kukū o te konutai hauwai (NaOH) he mea nui hei whakatau i te kounga o te hua, te whai huatanga o te tukanga, me te hua. He mea nui te whakamahinga o te NaOH i roto i te hanganga o ngā matū waro pēnei i te tote phenoxide me te tote alkoxide i roto i te hanga tae, rongoā, me ngā rauemi polymeric, nā te mea he mea nui ēnei matū hei hanga i ngā matū waro utu nui.

Mō te hanganga o ngā tote phenoxide me te alkoxide, ko te tikanga mahi a te NaOH e ahu mai ana i tōna kaha kawakore. Mā te hangarau pūoko ultrasonic ā-roto, ka taea te aro turuki i te tukanga hanganga e whakahaerehia ana e te NaOH i te wā tūturu i ngā wāhanga rerekē.

Tirohia Ētahi Atu Taupānga

Ngā Uauatanga i roto i te Whakahaere Kukū NaOH mō te Hanganga Waenga Waro

Ko te whakahaere i te kukū NaOH i roto i te hanganga takawaenga waro he wero nui e pā ana ki ōna āhuatanga matū me ngā mahi tukanga. Ko tōna wairewatanga iti i roto i ngā whakarewa waro ka puta he ua, ko te ranunga ngoikore i roto i ngā tauhohenga nui ka puta he pikinga kukū—ka whakararu i te hanganga ōrite o te phenoxide/alkoxide.

Ko tōna waimeha/tauhohenga exothermic (ΔH = -44.51 kJ/mol) ka whakaoho i ngā pikinga pāmahana, ka whakararuraru i te taurite (hei tauira, te neke i te hanganga alkoxide ki te hydrolysis) me te mimiti i ngā whakarewa iti-koropupū pērā i te etanoru. Ko ngā rerekētanga pH e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kukū ka tūpono hoki ki ngā tauhohenga taha: >1.0 M NaOH ka whakatairanga i ngā tauhohenga Cannizzaro i roto i ngā whakapūpūtanga Claisen-Schmidt, ko te <2.5 M ka whakawhāiti i te carboxylation Kolbe-Schmitt.

Hei tāpiritanga, ka mimiti te NaOH i te CO₂/makuku hei hanga i te Na₂CO₃ poke, ā, ka araia te aroturukitanga wā-tūturu e te puhoi o te titration, te poke rānei o te mita pH i roto i ngā mea rauropi. Ka waikura anō ngā tauhohenga i te NaOH kukū (≥10 M), ka nui ake ngā raruraru whakahaere.

He pātai āu mō te arotau i ngā tukanga whakaputa?

Whakapā atu ki ngā Kaihanga

Ngā Pūwāhi Tāutanga Mita Kiato Ipurangi i roto i te Mana Whakahaere Kukū NaOH

E whā ngā hononga tukanga matua e tāutahia ana ngā mita mātotoru ipurangi, e arotahi ana ki te aroturuki i te kukū o ngā otinga NaOH i te wā tūturu hei whakarite i te pumau o te tukanga:

Te Whakarite Rauemi Mata NaOH

I te wā e whakarite ana i te NaOH totoka ki roto i ngā otinga waimeha e hiahiatia ana e te tukanga, ko tete kukū o te hauwai konutaimitakei te whakairihia ki runga i tewahome te o mixingtāke. Ka hurihia te mātotoru kua inehia ki te kukū i te wā tūturu, ka karohia ngā hapa mai i te puranga ā-ringa, ā, ka whakarite i te tika o te kukū o ngā rauemi whāngai.

Te Whakamaarama i mua i te Whāngai Tauhohenga

I mua i te pupuhitanga o te otinga NaOH ki roto i te tauhohenga, kapūoko kukū hauwai konutaikua tāutahia ki te paipa whāngai NaOH. Ka manatokohia te tutuki o te kukū hei ārai i te korenga o te hanganga takawaenga ūnga, ngā tauhohenga taha rānei i puta mai i ngā kukū kore-tauwhāinga.

Te Aroturukitanga Tauhohenga i roto i te Tukanga

Mō ngā tauhohenga e rerekē haere ana te kukū NaOH, ka whakanohoia te mita kiato ki runga i te paipa tohanga ā-roto o te tauhohenga, ki te paipa tauira putanga rānei. Ka aroturukihia ngā piki me ngā heke o te kukū i te wā tūturu hei ārahi i te hanga NaOH i te wā tika, kia kore ai e waikura, e kore rānei e oti te tauhohenga.

Te Whakaora/Te Horoi i Muri i te Tauhohenga

Mena ka hangarua, ka whakamahia rānei te NaOH kāore i tauhohe mō te horoi hua, ka tāutahia te mita mātotoru ki te tomokanga/putanga o te tāke rokiroki wai whakaora. Ka aroturukihia te kukū o te NaOH hangarua, ka whakatau mēnā ka whakaranua, ka tāpirihia rānei, ā, ka whakarite kia tutuki te kukū o te wai horoi i ngā whakaritenga parakore (hei tauira, te ārai i te nui rawa o te toenga NaOH i roto i ngā takawaenga).

Ako atu mō ētahi atu mita mātotoru

Mita Matotoru Parapara Kore-karihi

Mita Kukū Matū

Mita Kukū H₂O₂ Ā-roto

Ine Kukū Etanora Ipurangi

Ngā Painga i Kawea Mai e te Mita Kukū Hauwai Konutai

He nui te uara o te mita kukū konutai hauwai (NaOH) ki te hanga takawaenga waro mā te aro atu ki ngā wero matua o te whakahaere kukū, me ngā painga matua e whai ake nei:

●ahautMā te reira ka taea te aroturuki tika, ā-wā tonu, ka whakakapi i ngā tikanga puhoi, tuimotu pēnei i te titration. Mā te huri tonu i te mātotoru ki te kukū, ka whakarite kia noho tonu te NaOH i roto i ngā awhe ūnga, ka karo i te iti o te horopeta, te nui rawa rānei o te horopeta.

●ahauKa whakanui ake i te pumau o te tukanga me te ōritetanga o te hua. Mā te aukati i te whakamahinga nui o te NaOH me te whakahohe i te hangarua tika o te NaOH kāore i tauhohe, ka whakaitihia ngā utu rauemi me ngā taumahatanga tukatuka para.

●IKa whakarei ake i te haumaru me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga. Ka whakaitihia e ngā whakatūpato wā-tūturu mō ngā kukū rerekē te mōrearea o te waikura o te tauhohenga, te rerenga wera rānei. Hei tāpiri, ka tutuki i tana mahi takiuru raraunga ngā whakaritenga whai ture mō ngā ahumahi pēnei i te rongoā, ka whakangāwari ake i ngā tukanga arotake.