Nkọwa nke Mbelata Chrome na Mmiri Mkpofu Electroplating nke Ụlọ Ọrụ
Chromium Hexavalent (Cr(VI)) bụ ihe dị oke mkpa na usoro electroplating ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. A na-ewebata ya site na ịsa ahụ chromic acid na usoro imecha elu chromate. Mmiri mkpofu sitere na ya nwere ike ịnwe mkpokọta Cr(VI) site na iri ruo narị milligrams kwa lita, nke bụ oke ibu karịa oke mwepụta nke mba ụwa kwadoro.
Cr(VI) na-agbaze nke ukwuu, na-adịgide adịgide n'ime mmiri, a na-akpọkwa ya ihe na-akpata kansa nke otu 1. Ihe egwu ahụike mmadụ gụnyere mmetụta akpụkpọ ahụ, ọnya ọnya afọ, nsogbu iku ume, mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na mmụba ohere nke kansa. N'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, Cr(VI) na-emebi ọrụ enzyme na osisi ma na-egbu egbu nye ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmiri na oke dị ala dịka 0.05 mg/L. Njem ya na-eme ka ọ na-aga n'ala na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala, na-ebute mmetọ na-adịgide adịgide na nke gbasaara ebe niile.
Ebe ọ bụ na Cr(VI) nwere nsí na ikike iwu, usoro mbelata chrome bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa n'ịgwọ mmiri mkpofu site na electroplating. Usoro a gụnyere ịtụgharị Cr(VI) na-egbu egbu na kemịkal ka ọ bụrụ trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), nke na-adịghị ize ndụ nke ukwuu ma enwere ike iwepụ ya n'enweghị nsogbu. Sodium bisulfite solution bụ ihe na-ebelata ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ebe a na-enyocha ntinye ya nke ọma maka ịdị irè kacha mma. A na-enweta nhazi ziri ezi site na ịtụ njupụta sodium bisulfite mmiri mmiri; nha njupụta inline, site na iji teknụzụ dị ka mita njupụta oscillating, na-ahụ na njikwa usoro ziri ezi ma belata mkpofu kemịkalụ.
Nrubeisi gburugburu ebe obibi maka ebe a na-etinye ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị mma chọrọ mbelata chromium hexavalent ruo n'ókè iwu kwadoro tupu mmiri mkpofu agbapụ. Iwu sitere na US EPA na EU na-amachikarị mkpokọta Cr(VI) a na-anabata ka ọ ghara ịdị ihe karịrị 0.05 mg/L na ihe na-eme ka ihe ghara ịdị mma. Ịgbaso ụkpụrụ ndị a chọrọ nlekota ion chromium n'oge, nha njupụta akpaka, na usoro ọgwụgwọ siri ike. Ịtụle njupụta inline na-aga n'ihu maka sekit electroplating dị oke mkpa, ebe ọ bụ na ntinye bisulfite na-ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ mbelata ezughị ezu na-ahapụ ọkwa Cr(VI) karịa oke nrubeisi, na-eduga na ibu ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ntaramahụhụ iwu nwere ike ime.
Usoro njikwa ihe mkpofu Electroplating na-agụnye ngwa nlekota sitere n'aka ndị nrụpụta dịka Lonnmeter, bụ ndị ọkachamara na mita njupụta inline. Ngwaọrụ ndị a na-enye data ozugbo, nke akpaaka maka nlekota njupụta sodium bisulfite ma na-enyere aka ijikwa usoro mbelata chrome ngwa ngwa.viscositynanjupụtaNlekota na-ebelata ihe egwu, na-eme ka nchekwa ọrụ dịkwuo mma, ma na-enweta nrubeisi siri ike nke mwepụta mmiri mkpofu. Nke a bụ ntọala maka njikwa mmetọ chromium hexavalent nke oge a na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu maka chromium n'ọnọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
Ọgwụgwọ Mmiri Mkpofu Chrome Plating
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Mgbanwe Kemịkalụ: Hexavalent gaa na Trivalent Chromium
Usoro na Kemistri
Ịtụgharị hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) ka ọ bụrụ trivalent chromium (Cr(III)) bụ nzọụkwụ dị mkpa na usoro mbelata chrome maka usoro electroplating ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu electroplating. Sodium bisulfite solution na mmiri sodium bisulfite bụ ihe ndị na-ebelata ihe ndị a na-ejikarị ewepụ hexavalent chromium, nke na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, na-agbaze, ma na-agagharị, site na mmiri mkpofu usoro. Mbelata ahụ na-eme karịsịa n'okpuru ọnọdụ acidic, yana arụmọrụ kacha mma na obere pH (<4).
A na-ahọrọ Sodium bisulfite karịa sulfur dioxide n'ihi na ọ dị mfe ijikwa, ọ chọghị sistemụ nrụgide, ọ dịkwa mma maka njikwa dose dị mma. Sulfur dioxide dị irè dị ka ihe na-ebelata ihe; agbanyeghị, ọ na-eweta nsogbu njikwa n'ihi ọnọdụ gas na nsí ya. N'ọmụmụ ihe ụlọ nyocha na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, sodium bisulfite na-enweta mwepụ Cr(VI) na-aga n'ihu ma dị irè, ebe enyere pH na njikwa dose ziri ezi, ebe sulfur dioxide nwere ike inye ọnụego mbelata yiri ya mana yana mmụba nke ihe achọrọ maka ọrụ na nchekwa.
Mmetụta nke mbelata ahụ dabere nke ukwuu na pH. pH dị n'etiti 2-3 kacha mma iji mee ka ọnụego na izu oke nke mgbanwe Cr(VI) dịkwuo elu ma belata oke oriri bisulfite na mmepụta sulfate nke abụọ. Ka pH na-abawanye karịa 4, ọnụego mmeghachi omume na arụmọrụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu, na-ebute mbelata ezughị ezu na ọnụ ahịa kemịkalụ dị elu. Ya mere, a na-eji teknụzụ nha njupụta inline na teknụzụ mita njupụta oscillating, dị ka nke Lonnmeter mepụtara, eme ihe maka nlekota njupụta oge nke ngwọta sodium bisulfite, na-ahụ na agbakwunyere ntinye reagent ziri ezi iji mezuo ebumnuche mwepụ chromium hexavalent ebe ọ na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa dịkwuo mma ma na-ebelata ihe mkpofu.
Nleba anya n'ọkwa sodium bisulfite na-enyekwa aka ịhazi ọnụego nri ma belata ojiji gabigara ókè, nke dị oke mkpa maka ịnọgide na-agbaso iwu mmiri mkpofu na ibelata ibu nke iyi mmiri jupụtara na sulfate.
Mmiri na mwepụ nke mmiri ozuzo
Ozugbo e belatara chromium hexavalent site na kemịkalụ ka ọ bụrụ trivalent chromium, ihe ọzọ ga-eme bụ mmiri ozuzo. Cr(III) na-emepụta chromium hydroxide na-anaghị agbaze mgbe pH nke ngwọta ahụ dị elu, nke a na-ejikarị site na itinye alkali dịka sodium hydroxide.
Mmiri ozuzo dị irè chọrọ njikwa pH nke ọma. pH kacha mma maka mmiri ozuzo chromium hydroxide na-adịkarị n'ime 7.5 ruo 9.0. Ọ bụrụ na pH dị oke ala, hydroxide agaghị emepụta ma ọ bụ ga-agbaze ọzọ; ọ bụrụ na pH dị oke elu, mmiri ozuzo amphoteric nwere ike ime, nke na-eduga na mmụba chromium na mmiri. Ntinye nke trivalent chromium na-emetụtakwa nhazi nke ihe na ịdị jụụ; mmụba Cr(III) dị elu na-akwalite uto nke ihe ndị ahụ siri ike karị, na-eme ka ihe ndị dị na sludge ka mma ma dị mfe nkewa.
Maka njikwa sludge kacha mma na njikwa ihe mkpofu electroplating, ikewapụ chromium hydroxide precipitate nke ọma dị oke mkpa. Usoro dịka ndọda mmiri, nkọwapụta, na nzacha ka a na-eji. Usoro kachasị mma gụnyere ịnọgide na-enwe pH na-adịgide adịgide, ime ka mgbakwunye flocculant dịkwuo mma, na iji nha njupụta akpaka iji nyochaa nguzozi sludge, nke na-ejikọ na nrubeisi na nhazi usoro na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu maka chromium.
Nha nha inline maka electroplating, site na iji ngwa dịkamita njupụta oscillating(ụkpụrụ oscillation mita njupụta), na-enye ndị ọrụ nzaghachi ozugbo na ọdịnaya siri ike ma na-enyere aka na mgbanwe usoro iji hụ na mwepụ sludge dị irè na-enweghị mmiri gabigara ókè ma ọ bụ ion chromium na-enweghị mbelata. Nkewa na njikwa nke ọma nke ihe na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị na ya na-ebelata mmetọ nke abụọ ma na-enyere aka iru eru maka usoro gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike maka ebe a na-etinye ihe na electroplating.
Na nchịkọta, njikọta nke ngwa sodium bisulfite kpọmkwem na electroplating, njikwa pH siri ike, na nlekota usoro oge - nke ngwaọrụ dị elu dịka ndị sitere na Lonnmeter na-enyere aka - na-abụ isi ihe dị mkpa nke usoro mbelata chromium nke oge a na electroplating ma na-ahụ na ọrụ nlekọta mmiri mkpofu dị nchebe ma dabara adaba.
Njikwa na Ngwa Usoro
Usoro Nleba Anya Dị Mkpa
Nleba anya mgbe niile nke mbelata chromium hexavalent dị oke mkpa maka nnabata usoro electroplating ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. Isi ihe dị mkpa na-arụ ọrụ gụnyere pH, ikike mbelata oxidation (ORP), na mkpokọta ion chromium. Ịnọgide na-enwe pH n'ime oke kachasị mma nke 2.0–3.0 na-eme ka mbelata arụmọrụ nke chromium hexavalent dịkwuo elu ma na-enye ohere maka njikwa ziri ezi na mgbanwe gaa na chromium trivalent, na-ebelata ihe egwu mmetọ ma na-ahụ na iwu kwadoro na nnabata nke mwepụta mmiri mkpofu.
Nlekota ORP na-enye nzaghachi ngwa ngwa na ọnọdụ redox, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ngosi mbụ maka mwepụ chromium hexavalent ezughị ezu. Elektrọd ọlaedo, nke a na-ahọrọ maka enweghị ike na nkwụsi ike kemịkalụ ha, na-enye arụmọrụ ka mma na matrices mmiri mkpofu siri ike. N'adịghị ka ọla ndị ọzọ, ọlaedo na-eguzogide mmebi ma na-ejigide akara ORP ziri ezi, karịsịa ebe oke chloride, ọla dị arọ, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ ga-emebi ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike imebi ihe electrode. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge usoro mbelata chrome dị elu, elektrọd ọlaedo na-ejigide nhazi karịa ọrụ agbatịkwuru ma na-enye nsonaazụ a na-emegharị emegharị ọbụlagodi n'okpuru ibu kemịkalụ na-agbanwe agbanwe.
Nlekota ion Chromium, nke a na-eme site na iji ihe nyocha oge, na-enyocha ọganihu mbelata ahụ ma hụ na mgbanwe zuru oke. Nzọụkwụ a dị oke mkpa n'ihi na chromium hexavalent na-adịgide adịgide na-enwe nnukwu ihe egwu ahụike na nrubeisi na nhazi na ọgwụgwọ na njikwa mmiri mkpofu electroplating.
Ngwaọrụ Ntụle Inline na akpaghị aka
Nlekota njupụta sodium bisulfite nke ọma dị oke mkpa iji chịkwaa usoro mbelata ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị sodium bisulfite eme ihe dị ka ihe na-ebelata ihe mgbu maka iwepụ chromium hexavalent. Ekwesịrị iji sodium bisulfite mmiri mmiri mee ihe na ibu ihe ruru unyi, nke na-eme ka nha njupụta dị n'ime ya dị mkpa maka ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.
Igwe njupụta oscillating na-enye nha akpaaka, nke dị n'ime ahịrị site na ịchọpụta njupụta ngwọta site na ụkpụrụ nke oscillating mita njupụta. Ebe ọ bụ na ntinye nke sodium bisulfite solution na-ejikọta kpọmkwem na njupụta, ngwa ndị a na-enye nha na-aga n'ihu, nke na-anaghị akpata nsogbu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mita njupụta oscillating nke Lonnmeter na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.mgbanwe njupụta egwu, na-eme ka mgbanwe ngwa ngwa nke dose dị mfe iji mee ka ojiji sodium bisulfite dị mma na ọnọdụ electroplating.
Mita njupụta nke oge a, gụnyere ndị sitere na Lonnmeter, na-ewepụta akara ọkọlọtọ nke 4–20 mA, na-eme ka njikọta na sistemụ njikwa usoro akpaaka dị mfe. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na ngwaọrụ pH dị n'ime na ORP, ha na-emepụta usoro nzaghachi mechiri emechi. Sistemụ a na-agbanwe usoro ọgwụ na paramita ọrụ n'oge, na-egbochi oke oriri, oke ọgwụ, ma ọ bụ mmebi iwu na usoro mbelata chrome. A na-ejikwa data sitere na ngwa ndị a maka akwụkwọ na-aga n'ihu na akụkọ nye ndị ọchịchị nchịkwa.
Usoro nhazi na mmezi dị oke mkpa maka nha a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi. Ngwaọrụ nha njupụta dị n'ime ahịrị chọrọ nhazi efu na ogologo oge site na iji ụkpụrụ ama ama nke ngwọta sodium bisulfite ma ọ bụ mmiri demineralized. A ga-eji ihe nchekwa redox asambodo nyochaa mita ORP, yana ngwaọrụ pH ejiri ngwọta pH nke NIST na-enyocha tupu mgbanwe ọrụ ọ bụla, ọkachasị na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu maka chromium.
Maka nnabata gburugburu ebe obibi dị irè maka njikwa mmetọ electroplating na hexavalent chromium, ngwaọrụ nha ndị a na-akwado:
- Nha njupụta akpaaka iji hụ na e tinyere ọgwụ kemịkalụ n'usoro
- Nlekota njupụta oge maka mmezi usoro siri ike
- Nzaghachi ozugbo na sistemụ PLC ma ọ bụ SCADA site na iji mmepụta 4-20 mA
Usoro ndị a na-akwado nyocha nhazi kwa ụbọchị, nhicha ihe mmetụta kwa ọnwa, na nyocha oge site na usoro nhazi ụlọ nyocha iji nọgide na-enwe izi ezi ma belata ntụgharị. E mere usoro a siri ike iji chekwaa nkwụsi ike usoro, chebe nrubeisi, ma melite usoro mbelata chromium na gburugburu mmiri mkpofu electroplating.
Hụ na mwepụ Hexavalent Chromium dị irè na nrubeisi gburugburu ebe obibi
A na-eme mmemme ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu site na Electroplating gburugburu nrubeisi na ụkpụrụ mwepụ siri ike maka mkpokọta chromium hexavalent (Cr(VI)). Usoro ọrụ a na-amalitekarị site na nkewa nke iyi ndị na-ebu chromium ma na-eso usoro mbelata na nlekota ọtụtụ ọkwa.
Usoro ọgwụgwọ ọkọlọtọ na-amalite site n'ịgbanwe pH nke mmiri mkpofu, wee tinye ihe na-ebelata ihe dị ka mmiri sodium bisulfite. Nzọụkwụ mbelata ahụ na-agbanwe chromium hexavalent na-egbu egbu ka ọ bụrụ trivalent chromium (Cr(III)), nke na-adịghị egbu egbu ma enwere ike ịkpalite ya dị ka hydroxide. Nleba anya na mkpokọta sodium bisulfite dị oke mkpa iji hụ na mbelata zuru oke na izere ojiji gabigara ókè, nke na-eduga na ọnụ ahịa ihe na-adịghị mkpa na mmetọ nke abụọ.
Njikwa usoro dị elu na-adabere na nha njupụta dị n'ahịrị, nke teknụzụ dị ka mita njupụta oscillating sitere na Lonnmeter na-enye. Oscillation mita njupụta na-atụ nha nke sodium bisulfite mmiri mmiri n'oge, na-ahụ na a na-enye ya ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị n'oge usoro mbelata chrome. Nha njupụta dị n'ahịrị maka electroplating na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịchọpụta ike reagent na-akpaghị aka, na-ebelata ntinye aka na njehie nke onye ọrụ.
Mgbe ebelatachara ya, a ga-ewepụ chromium trivalent e tinyere na mmiri. Iji hụ na mmiri ahụ ruru ụkpụrụ a kapịrị ọnụ maka mkpokọta ion chromium, usoro nnabata nke mmiri mkpofu chọrọ nlekota nyocha ziri ezi. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) bụ usoro ọkọlọtọ ọlaedo maka ịchọpụta ọkwa akara nke ma Cr(VI) na mkpokọta chromium; nkọwapụta ya na-akwado akụkọ iwu a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi. Nyocha agba, dabere na mmeghachi omume diphenylcarbazide, na-enye ngwa nyocha ngwa ngwa maka chromium hexavalent fọdụrụnụ, na-eme ka nlekota ugboro ugboro, n'ebe ahụ na-enwe nnukwu mmetụta.
Ịnọgide na-agbaso iwu gburugburu ebe obibi maka ọrụ electroplating dabere na ikike nke ileba anya na ijikwa ụdị chromium mgbe niile n'oge ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu maka usoro chromium. Nha nha akpaaka na-enye nzaghachi ozugbo maka ojiji sodium bisulfite na electroplating, na-akwado njikwa nzaghachi nke ọnụego doseing. Nsonaazụ nlekota sitere na AAS na nyocha colorimetric na-ejikọta ọnụ na oke iwu - ọtụtụ mgbe ≤0.1 mg/L maka Cr(VI) - iji kwado arụmọrụ njikwa mmetọ na idetuo iwu maka ndị ọchịchị.
Ọ bụrụ na usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ achọpụta ọkwa dị elu nke chromium hexavalent fọdụrụnụ, a na-akpali usoro mgbanwe dịka mgbakwunye reagent incremental, nhazi pH, ma ọ bụ oge njigide agbatịkwuru. Mgbanwe ike a, yana nlekota njupụta inline a pụrụ ịdabere na ya site na mita Lonnmeter, na-eme ka mwepụ chromium hexavalent dị irè. Site na ijikọta ihe ndị a, usoro mbelata chromium na-adaba na ọkọlọtọ mwepụta na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-ebelata ihe egwu ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ metụtara ikpughe chromium hexavalent.
Atụmatụ Nhazi Maka Ọrụ Ụlọ Ọrụ
Nlekota njupụta sodium bisulfite dị mkpa iji belata oriri kemịkalụ na ọnụ ahịa ya n'oge a na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu site na electroplating. Ngwọta sodium bisulfite na-eje ozi dị ka ihe dị mkpa site n'ịtụgharị ion hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) na-egbu egbu ka ọ bụrụ chromium trivalent dị nchebe karị (Cr(III)), si otú a na-eme ka o kwe omume ịgbaso iwu mwepụ gburugburu ebe obibi.
Nha nha njupụta dị n'ime ahịrị—iji ngwa dị ka mita njupụta oscillating—na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ileba anya na ijikwa ọkwa sodium bisulfite. Igwe njupụta dị n'ime ahịrị Lonnmeter na-esochi njupụta ngwọta mgbe niile, na-enye nzaghachi ozugbo nke ndị ọrụ nwere ike iji chọpụta oke mkpokọta sodium bisulfite mmiri mmiri na usoro usoro ahụ. Data kpọmkwem a na-enye ohere ka mgbanwe dose n'oge na-efe efe, na-ebelata ihe mkpofu reagent ma na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa kemịkalụ. Nhazi dose kachasị mma anaghị egbochi naanị iji sodium bisulfite gabiga ókè kamakwa ọ na-ebelata ihe egwu nke mbelata ion chromium zuru oke, nke ga-eduga na mmebi iwu ma ọ bụ mkpa maka ịlaghachi azụ dị oke ọnụ.
Ihe atụ: N'ime sistemụ ndozi nke na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu electroplating, ijikọta oscillation mita njupụta maka nlekota bisulfite n'oge ahụ nyere ohere mbelata reagent ruo 15% ebe ọ na-edobe ọkwa chromium hexavalent n'okpuru oke iwu. Nlekota njupụta oge n'oge na-akwado nkwụsi ike ọrụ site na ịchọpụta mgbanwe usoro a na-atụghị anya ya n'oge, dị ka mgbanwe mberede na nhazi mmiri ma ọ bụ olu sludge. Mmeghachi omume a na-ebelata oge ọrụ dị oke ọnụ ma na-ebelata ihe egwu nnabata gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ijikwa oxidation sludge na ịdị mma nke mmiri na-emetụtakwa arụmọrụ na ọnụ ahịa ọrụ ozugbo. Iwepụ chromium hexavalent site na usoro electroplating ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta sludge, nke ọ bụrụ na oxidized gabiga ókè, nwere ike igbochi sedimentation na nzacha chromium trivalent na-esote. Nleba anya dị irè - iji nha njupụta inline maka ngwa electroplating na nyocha ezubere iche - na-eme ka njirimara anụ ahụ nke sludge ahụ ka dị mma maka ijikwa na mkpofu. Njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị nke ọnọdụ oxidation na nhazi mmiri nwere ike inye aka belata ibu mmiri mgbe emechara usoro, belata ọnụ ahịa mkpofu, ma belata ihe egwu nke ịgafe oke nnabata nke mmiri mkpofu.
Nlekota ion Chromium, yana nha njupụta inline, na-enye nghọta dị irè maka mmezi ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịhazi ụkpụrụ njupụta yana ọnụego mbelata chromium na-enye ndị otu aka ijikọ mgbanwe dose ngwa ngwa na nsonaazụ usoro n'ezie. Usoro mwepụ kinetic na-egosi na idobe ntinye sodium bisulfite na oke kachasị mma na-eme ka mgbanwe Cr(VI) dịkwuo ngwa ngwa site na 35%, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nhazi ogbe na-enweghị nzaghachi na-aga n'ihu:
-- ...
| Oge (nkeji) | Mwepụ Cr(VI) (%) | Njupụta (g/cm³) |
|--------------|------------------|
| 0 | 0 | 1.02 |
| 15 | 60 | 1.06 |
| 30 | 90 | 1.10 |
| 45 | 98 | 1.13 |
-- ...
Nchịkọta data na nyocha na-eme ka usoro mbelata chrome dịkwuo mma na electroplating site n'inyere aka ịhazi ọnụọgụgụ amụma na mmezi nkewa mbụ. Nleba anya na-aga n'ihu nke ihe ngwọta - dịka njupụta site na mita njupụta oscillating - na-akwado nchọpụta ngwa ngwa nke enweghị nhazi kemịkalụ. Nyocha usoro dị elu na-eji nha ndị a n'oge a iji duzie ojiji sodium bisulfite na electroplating, na-ebelata ma mmefu reagent na mmepụta ngwaahịa, nke na-eme ka njikwa mkpofu electroplating dịkwuo mfe ma na-eme ka arụmọrụ sistemụ zuru oke dịkwuo mma.
Ntụle njupụta inline a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi maka electroplating abụghị naanị na ọ na-akwado njikwa mmetọ chromium hexavalent, kamakwa ọ na-eme ka nnabata gburugburu ebe obibi sie ike maka ọrụ electroplating. Site na teknụzụ Lonnmeter etinyere na isi ihe dị mkpa na usoro ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike iji obi ike na-edobe mkpokọta chromium, mezuo ihe atụ iwu, ma na-akwado ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ kwụsiri ike na-enweghị ojiji kemịkalụ gabigara ókè ma ọ bụ ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.
Nchọpụta nsogbu na mmezi
Ihe ịma aka ndị a na-ahụkarị: Nsi nke ihe mmetụta, ịṅụ ọgwụ na-ezighi ezi nke reagent, na-eme ka ngwa ọrụ ghara ịdị irè.
N'ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu chrome, nlekota oge nke mkpokọta sodium bisulfite na mbelata ion chromium na-adabere na ihe mmetụta ndị a na-ekpughere na gburugburu ebe siri ike. Nsị sensọ, nke a na-emekarị site na ntinye nke hexavalent chromium, trivalent chromium, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ, na-emebi nha njupụta inline ziri ezi na nlekota ngwọta sodium bisulfite. Ndokwa na-etolite na nyocha na electrodes, na-eduga na mbelata mmetụta, ọgụgụ na-adịghị mma, ma ọ bụ mfu zuru oke nke ọrụ. Ion ígwè dị arọ na ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nwere ike igbochi elu ihe mmetụta, ebe ọnọdụ acidic ma ọ bụ oxidative nwere ike imebi ihe mmetụta, na-eme ka ngwa ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na enweghị ike ịgbagọ agbagọ.
Ịṅụ ọgwụ na-ezighi ezi nke reagent, ọkachasị na sodium bisulfite mmiri mmiri, na-eme ka njikwa usoro dịkwuo mgbagwoju anya. Ịṅụ ọgwụ na-erughị oke nwere ike ibute mbelata zuru oke nke hexavalent chromium, na-etinye ihe egwu na agaghị erube isi na iwu mwepụta mmiri mkpofu. Ịṅụ ọgwụ gabigara ókè na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa kemịkalụ dịkwuo elu ma nwee ike ibute mmetọ na-adịghị mkpa. Ndagharị ngwaọrụ - na-agbanwe na nzaghachi mmalite n'ihi afọ sensọ, mmebi, ma ọ bụ mmebi ihe - na-ebute nlekota mkpokọta sodium bisulfite a na-apụghị ịtụkwasị obi ma chọọ nhazigharị ugboro ugboro iji zere mmejọ na sistemụ dose ma ọ bụ nzaghachi akpaka. Ihe ịma aka ndị a na-eme ka nha mgbanwe chromium siri ike, na-aga n'ihu dị mkpa maka nnabata gburugburu ebe obibi na ntọala usoro electroplating ụlọ ọrụ.
Ndụmọdụ Maka Ndozi Maka Nnyocha, Electrodes, na Mita Njupụta
Nlekọta mgbe niile dị oke mkpa iji belata mmetụta nke nsị sensọ na mmegharị ngwaọrụ. A ga-enyocha nyocha na elektrọd ugboro ugboro maka mmebi a na-ahụ anya, mgbanwe agba, ma ọ bụ mmebi anụ ahụ. Usoro nhicha na-adabere na ụdị ihe mmetụta na ọnọdụ usoro. Nhicha igwe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ahịhịa dị nro ma ọ bụ ihe nhicha) nwere ike iwepụ ihe dị n'ime ihe na ihe nkiri elu. Nhicha ultrasonic akpaka nke etinyere na nhazi nyocha na-enyere aka iwepụ ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime ozugbo na-achọghị oge ọrụ.
Usoro nhicha kemịkalụ—iji asịd ndị a gwakọtara agwakọta, ntọala, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaze pụrụ iche—na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-adịgide adịgide, akwa oxide metal, na ihe ndị na-emebi ihe. Mgbe e sachara ya, a ga-eji mmiri deionized sachaa ihe mmetụta ahụ nke ọma iji gbochie mmetọ nke abụọ. Nnyocha na elektrọd ndị e ji PTFE, platinum, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-eguzogide nchara arụ na-egosikarị iguzogide mmetọ ka mma ma chọọ nhicha dị mfe.
A ga-eji mmiri ntụaka a kwadoro tụọ mita njupụta na-agagharị agagharị, dịka ndị Lonnmeter mepụtara, site na iji mmiri ntụaka a kwadoro n'oge dị iche iche akọwapụtara site na nkwụsi ike usoro na ndụmọdụ ndị nrụpụta. Nnwale oge na-eme ka a hụ na ntụgharị ma ọ bụ mmebi anaghị emetụta izi ezi nke nha njupụta dị n'ime, nke dị oke mkpa maka njikwa njupụta sodium bisulfite n'oge mwepụ chromium hexavalent. Ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụla nke mkpọtụ ma ọ bụ enweghị ntụkwasị obi na mgbaàmà oscillation mita njupụta nwere ike igosi mmebi ma ọ bụ mmebi ngwaike ma kwesịrị ime ka a lelee ma hichaa ya ozugbo.
Dochie gaskets, ihe mkpuchi, na akụkụ mmiri ndị metụtara ya n'oge akwadoro iji gbochie ntapu mmiri ma hụ na sensọ ga-adịru ogologo oge n'ime iyi mmiri mkpofu na-achọ kemịkalụ. Debe ndekọ ọrụ zuru ezu nke na-edekọ ihe omume mmezi, ihe omume nhazigharị, mmejọ ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, na oge nzaghachi iji nyere aka chọpụta nsogbu ndị na-apụta ugboro ugboro ma melite mmezi n'ọdịnihu.
Nhazi Nchekwa Maka Mkpu na Ọdịda
Sistemụ mkpu na sistemụ nchekwa ọdịda bụ isi ihe dị mkpa maka ịnọgide na-agbaso iwu na igbochi nsogbu usoro na ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu electroplating. Paramita dị mkpa - gụnyere mkpokọta sodium bisulfite, njupụta inline, ikike mbelata, na ọnụego mmiri a haziri ahazi - kwesịrị ịnwe oke mkpu n'ime sistemụ njikwa usoro osisi ahụ. Mkpu dị elu ga-akpalite ma ọ bụrụ na nha njupụta inline na-egosi ọdịiche sitere na ebe ntọala maka ngwọta sodium bisulfite ma ọ bụ ọ bụrụ na eruteghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbelata ion chromium.
A ga-ejikọ kọntaktị mkpu sitere na ihe mmetụta dị mkpa, dịka mita njupụta Lonnmeter inline, na mkpọchi nhazi nke na-egbochi mgbapụta dose ma ọ bụ na-atụgharị mmiri mkpofu na-adịghị mma gaa na tankị ndị na-ejide ya. Usoro nchekwa na-adịghị mma ga-eme ka o doo anya na, n'ihe gbasara ọdịda sensọ (dịka akara efu na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ ọgụgụ na-apụ apụ), sistemụ ahụ ga-alaghachi n'ụdị ọrụ kachasị nchebe - dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkwụsị mbelata dose chromium ma ọ bụ iwepụ ahịrị ọgwụgwọ metụtara.
Nkwụsịtụ mkpu na ihe mgbochi mkpọchi na-ebelata mkpu nsogbu nke obere mgbanwe usoro na-akpata, mana ntọala mkpu ga-egosipụta oke mwepụ iwu maka chromium na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ. Na nrụnye akwadoro, oge mwepụ - iji ihe mmetụta yiri ya ma ọ bụ mita njupụta ndabere - nwere ike ichebe megide mfu data site na nsị sensọ ma ọ bụ ọdịda ngwa ọrụ. Nnwale ọrụ oge niile nke mkpu na mkpọchi, nke akwadoro na njem usoro n'ezie, dị mkpa iji hụ na onye ọrụ na-aza oge nzaghachi ma gbochie mmebi iwu na mwepụ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ.
Nlekọta dị n'usoro, nhazi mkpu n'oge, na nzaghachi siri ike nke na-adịghị mma bụ ntọala nke nlekota nchekwa sodium bisulfite a pụrụ ịdabere na ya, njikwa mmetọ chromium hexavalent, na njikwa mkpofu electroplating na-adịgide adịgide.
Mbelata chrome nke ọma na usoro electroplating ụlọ ọrụ na-adabere n'ụzọ dị mma maka njikwa kemịkalụ, nlekota, na ịgbaso gburugburu ebe obibi. Isi ihe dị mkpa nke iwepụ chromium hexavalent a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi bụ ịnọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ acid kwesịrị ekwesị - nke kachasị na pH 3 - maka ojiji sodium bisulfite kacha mma, na-ahụ na mgbanwe zuru oke nke hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) dị ize ndụ gaa na trivalent chromium (Cr(III) dị nchebe dịka ụlọ ọrụ iwu kwadoro ma na-akwado ya site na omume ụlọ ọrụ. Idebe ngwọta sodium bisulfite nke a tụrụ aro ugboro 3-5 nke ọdịnaya Cr(VI) molar na-enyere aka hụ na chromium na-ada ngwa ngwa, zuru oke na mmiri ozuzo a na-atụ anya ya n'oge usoro ọgwụgwọ ndị ọzọ.
Nlekota njupụta sodium bisulfite n'oge dị mkpa iji nọgide na-enwe nkwekọ ọrụ. Teknụzụ nha njupụta n'ime ahịrị, dịka ndị dabere na ụkpụrụ mita njupụta oscillating, na-enye ndị ọrụ ụzọ ha ga-esi na-esochi ike na nkwụsi ike nke nri sodium bisulfite mmiri mmiri mgbe niile. Ijikọta mita njupụta akpaka na usoro ahụ na-enye ohere ka e nwee mgbanwe nhazi ziri ezi karị, na-ebelata ojiji kemịkalụ gabigara ókè, ma na-achọpụta ngwa ngwa ọpụpụ ọ bụla site na ọnọdụ nri zuru oke. Ọkwa njikwa dị elu a na-akwado kinetics mbelata chromium na-aga n'ihu na nrubeisi na ụkpụrụ mwepụta dị n'ime na ọrụ iwu maka nrubeisi mwepụta mmiri mkpofu.
Nlekota ion chromium ziri ezi na-akwadokwa nnabata gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike maka ebe a na-etinye ihe na electroplating. Nha nha n'ime ahịrị maka electroplating abụghị naanị na-ebelata nri ndị na-akpata nsogbu kamakwa ọ na-agwakwa ebe ndị ọzọ dị mkpa na njikwa mmiri mkpofu maka chromium, na-enyere ndị ọrụ aka inweta ọnụego mwepụ ihe ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha ma na-ebelata ihe egwu njikwa mmetọ chromium hexavalent n'ụzọ dị irè. Iji nlekota njupụta akpaka, nke oge a na-akpaghị aka n'oge usoro mbelata chrome na-ebelata mmejọ onye ọrụ ma na-ebelata ịdabere na nlele aka na-ewe oge, na-akwado ma arụmọrụ ọrụ na nrubeisi na iwu gburugburu ebe obibi.
Njikọta teknụzụ, nke nwere ngwa ọrụ dị elu dịkanjupụta dị n'ime ahịrịnamita viscositySite n'aka ụlọ ọrụ dịka Lonnmeter, ha na-ahụ na usoro mbelata chrome ka a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi ma dị irè n'oge mgbanwe na ibu mmiri mkpofu dị iche iche. Nha a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi na-enyere ndị injinia usoro aka ịzaghachi ngwa ngwa na mgbanwe, mezuo usoro mbelata chromium na usoro kachasị mma maka electroplating, ma gbanwee usoro dose dịka ọ dị mkpa maka ịgbaso gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụzọ a na-akwado njikwa mkpofu electroplating na-adịgide adịgide ma na-enye ohere maka mmechi ugboro ugboro nke mmachibido mwepụ na-enweghị oriri kemịkalụ na-enweghị isi ma ọ bụ ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.
Njikọta nke nlekota mkpokọta sodium bisulfite kpọmkwem, nha njupụta inline, na njikwa usoro zuru oke bụ ntọala nke omume mwepụ chromium nke oge a, nke iwu kwadoro, na nke dị irè. Nlekota siri ike na njikọta teknụzụ abụghị naanị nkwalite - ha bụ ihe dị mkpa ugbu a iji nweta ọrụ dị irè, doro anya, na nke kwesịrị ekwesị maka gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ajụjụ Ndị A Na-ajụkarị
Kedu ka mmiri sodium bisulfite si eme ka mwepụ hexavalent chromium dị mfe site na mmiri mkpofu electroplating?
Ngwọta sodium bisulfite bụ ihe na-ebelata ihe mgbu nke a na-etinye n'ime usoro mbelata chrome iji gbanwee hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)), ihe na-akpata kansa ma na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu, ka ọ bụrụ chromium trivalent dị nchebe (Cr(III)).
Usoro a na-eme nke ọma n'ọnọdụ acidic (pH 2–5), ebe chromium belatara na-ada dị ka chromium hydroxide mgbe pH gbanwere na ọkwa alkaline, na-eme ka mwepụ ya dị mfe site na mmiri mkpofu. Ụzọ a na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ nwee ike iru eru maka nnabata siri ike nke mmiri mkpofu site na ibelata mkpokọta Cr(VI) n'okpuru oke nchọpụta, na-ebelata ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike.
Gịnị bụ mkpa nha njupụta inline dị na usoro mbelata chrome?
Nha nha njupụta dị oke mkpa maka ijikwa dose sodium bisulfite mmiri mmiri n'oge mbelata nke hexavalent chromium na usoro electroplating ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Mita njupụta na-agbanwe agbanwe, dịka ndị Lonnmeter mepụtara, na-enye nlekota akpaaka ozugbo nke mkpokọta sodium bisulfite. Nke a na-eme ka a na-agbakwunye oke kachasị mma nke reductant, na-eme ka arụmọrụ mbelata Cr(VI) dịkwuo elu ebe ọ na-ebelata ihe mkpofu reagent. Ugboro oscillation nke mita ndị a dabara kpọmkwem na njupụta ngwọta, na-enye nzaghachi ozugbo nke na-ejigide njikwa usoro na-aga n'ihu, na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ọrụ, ma na-egbochi ọdịda nrubeisi.
Gịnị mere nlekota ion chromium na-aga n'ihu ji dị mkpa maka nnabata gburugburu ebe obibi na nhazi electroplating?
Nleba anya mgbe niile nke mkpokọta ion chromium—nke a na-ejikarị spectrophotometry ma ọ bụ colorimetry—dị mkpa iji hụ na mmiri mkpofu na-anọ n'ime oke mwepụta iwu maka chromium hexavalent. Ndị ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi na-achọkarị njikwa siri ike na ma ọ bụ na-erughị 0.1 mg/L iji gbochie mmetọ chromium hexavalent. Nha nha oge na-enye ohere ime mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na usoro, na-ebelata ihe egwu nke mmebi iwu, ntaramahụhụ, na mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi site na mbelata ezughị ezu ma ọ bụ nsogbu usoro.
Kedu ọrụ pH na-arụ n'oge ntụgharị site na hexavalent gaa na trivalent chromium?
Ịchịkwa pH dị oke mkpa maka ma mbelata kemịkalụ na usoro mmiri ozuzo chromium na-esote. Ọnọdụ acidic (nke na-abụkarị pH 2–5) dị mkpa n'oge mmeghachi omume mbelata, ebe ha na-ejigide chromium hexavalent n'ụdị ionic kachasị arụ ọrụ. Mgbe mbelata gasịrị, a na-ebuli pH ngwọta ahụ (ọtụtụ mgbe >8.5) iji mee ka Cr(III) dị ka chromium hydroxide. Nhazi pH kwesịrị ekwesị na-eme ka mmeghachi omume ngwa ngwa, na-eme ka arụmọrụ mwepụ dịkwuo elu, na-ebelata ojiji kemịkalụ, ma na-eme ka nkewa na mkpofu ihe na-esi na mmiri dị mfe.
Kedu ka mita njupụta oscillating ga-esi meziwanye nlekota njupụta sodium bisulfite?
A na-eji mita njupụta oscillating eme ihe maka nlekota njupụta sodium bisulfite n'ihi na ha na-eme ka o kwe omume nke ọma,nha ahịrị dị n'imena-enweghị mkpa maka nnwale aka. Ụkpụrụ tube na-ama jijiji na-ejikọta ozugbo mgbanwe ugboro oscillation na mgbanwe na njupụta ngwọta, na-enye ohere nzaghachi akpaaka maka sistemụ dose kemịkalụ. Nlekota njupụta oge ziri ezi na-egbochi ma oke dose, nke na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa ọrụ na ngwaahịa sulfate dịkwuo elu, yana oke dose, nke nwere ike ibute mbelata chromium na enweghị nrubeisi. Site na ijikọta ngwaọrụ Lonnmeter, nkwụsi ike usoro na njikwa dose maka ojiji sodium bisulfite na electroplating na-akawanye mma nke ukwuu, na-eme ka mbelata chromate nọgide na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma bụrụ nke a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi.
Oge ozi: Disemba-10-2025
