Kev tswj kom muaj cov roj oleum zoo tshaj plaws ua rau muaj kev cov nyom sib txawv hauv cov thev naus laus zis smelting tooj liab hauv kev lag luam. Qhov xwm txheej ntawm oleum uas muaj zog thiab xeb xav tau kev ruaj khov heevkev sib sau ua ke ntawm oleumlub 'meter'sthiab cov txheej txheem ntsuas, muaj peev xwm xa cov ntawv nyeem raug thiab txhim khu kev qha hauv cov chaw tsim khoom txaus ntshai. Cov kauj ruam smelting tooj liab - xws li kev tsim khoom matte, kev tswj hwm slag, thiab kev ntxuav kom huv - feem ntau xav tau kev tswj hwm ntawm oleum concentration kom sib npaug cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm zoo thiab txo cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis xav tau uas yuav tsim cov pa tawm lossis ua rau cov khib nyiab txaus ntshai ntxiv.
To taub Oleum hauv Kev Smelting Tooj Liab
Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Daim Ntawv Thov ntawm Oleum
Oleum yog ib qho tshuaj sulfur trioxide (SO₃) yaj rau hauv sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), nrog nws qhov concentration qhia los ntawm feem pua ntawm SO₃ dawb. Hauv kev smelting tooj liab, oleum ua haujlwm ua tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb rau kev rov ua dua sulfuric acid. Cov kauj ruam smelting tooj liab tsim cov pa roj sulfur dioxide (SO₂) ntau thaum cov sulfide ores raug ci. SO₂ no raug oxidized hla tus catalyst rau SO₃, uas tom qab ntawd yuav tsum tau nqus tau zoo kom tsim cov kua qaub sulfuric lag luam.
Oleum siv rau hauv cov pej thuam nqus tshwj xeeb los ntes SO₃. Nws lub peev xwm nqus tau ntau dua li cov kua qaub sulfuric ib txwm muaj thaum cov ntsiab lus SO₃ nce siab tshaj 98%, tiv thaiv kev tsim cov kua qaub thiab ua kom muaj kev nqus ntau tshaj plaws. Los ntawm kev tsim oleum, cov txheej txheem tso cai rau kev rov qab tau cov sulfur zoo thiab txo qhov poob los ntawm cov pa phem nqa mus, uas yuav cuam tshuam kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua raws li ib puag ncig. Tom qab nqus tau, oleum tuaj yeem diluted hauv cov kauj ruam tswj hwm kom tsim cov kua qaub sulfuric ntawm cov concentration xav tau, feem ntau ntawm 98%. Qhov kev ywj pheej no ua rau kev ua haujlwm smelting teb rau cov qib SO₂ hloov pauv los ntawm cov khoom noj sib txawv thiab kev hloov pauv kev ua haujlwm.
Piv nrog cov kua qaub sulfuric ib txwm muaj, oleum lub zog yog nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv cov SO₃ loj thiab pab txhawb kev rov qab los ntawm cov kua qaub yam tsis muaj kev dilution ntau dhau lossis poob cov roj muaj nqis. Cov kua qaub sulfuric ib txwm tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm kev ntes cov SO₃ ntau thiab tuaj yeem tsim cov pa phem uas khiav tawm ntawm cov txheej txheem rov qab. Hauv kev ua haujlwm hlau tooj liab, qhov sib txawv no txhawb nqa kev siv oleum ua ib qho nruab nrab es tsis txhob cia siab rau kev nqus ib theem los ntawm sulfuric acid.
Cov Txheej Txheem Smelting Tooj Liab
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Txheej Txheem Txheeb Xyuas Txog Kev Smelting Tooj Liab
Cov txheej txheem rho tawm tooj liab suav nrog ntau cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb:
- Kev Ci ConcentrateCov hlau sulfide ores raug cua sov, tsim SO₂.
- Kev Sau thiab Txias RojCov pa roj uas muaj SO₂ raug sau, txias, thiab ntxuav cov khoom me me.
- Kev Ua Haujlwm Oxidation CatalyticSO₂ dhau los ntawm cov txaj catalyst, hloov nws mus ua SO₃.
- Theem Kev Nqus:
- Lub Tuam Tsev PibCov kua qaub sulfuric uas muaj concentrated nqus tau SO₃ mus txog rau nws qhov kev txwv solubility (≈98% H₂SO₄).
- Lub Tsev Oleum: Cov SO₃ uas tseem tshuav raug nqus los ntawm cov roj av uas tau ua tiav lawm, ua rau cov SO₃ concentration ntau ntxiv thiab tiv thaiv kev tsim cov pa roj acid.
- Kev Sib Xyaws Oleum: Oleum raug sib xyaw nrog dej los yog dilute acid streams kom rov ua dua sulfuric acid qib lag luam.
- Kev Rov Qab Los Ntawm Sulfuric AcidCov khoom siv acid kawg yog khaws cia lossis siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem downstream.
Daim duab qhia txog cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab feem ntau qhia txog:
- Cov ntsiab lus uas cov roj tawm raug xa mus rau kev ntes SO₂.
- Cov pej thuam uas SO₃ raug nqus mus rau hauv oleum.
- Cov chaw rau oleum dilution thiab acid rov qab.
- Cov thoob dej rov qab los thiab cov chaw saib xyuas pa phem.
Txhua qhov chaw nqus, tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab rov qab los yog qhov chaw tseem ceeb uas siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas oleum concentration. Cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov nroj tsuag siv cov sensors concentration oleum rau kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag, kom ntseeg tau tias SO₃ raug ntes tau zoo thiab kev hloov pauv zoo tseem siab. Cov txheej txheem ntsuas oleum concentration ib txwm tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws thiab pab ua raws li cov qauv ib puag ncig los ntawm kev txo qis SO₂ emissions thiab kev poob kua qaub.
Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Qhov Tseem Ceeb ntawm Oleum Concentration
Cov Ntsiab Cai Tshuaj thiab Kev Cuam Tshuam
Oleum, ib qho sib xyaw ua ke ntawm sulfur trioxide (SO₃) hauv sulfuric acid, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sijhawm sulfation thiab oxidation. Kev tswj hwm qhov tseeb ntawm oleum concentration ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab kinetics ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no.
Hauv theem sulfation, cov tooj liab oxides thiab lwm yam minerals residues react nrog oleum, hloov lawv mus ua cov tooj liab sulfates soluble. Qhov kev hloov pauv no yog lub hauv paus rau cov kauj ruam leaching tom ntej hauv cov txheej txheem rho tawm tooj liab, vim nws ua rau muaj kev yaj ntawm tooj liab zoo thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig ntau tshaj plaws. Cov oleum concentration siab dua sib raug rau kev muaj SO₃ ntau ntxiv, ua kom nrawm dua kev hloov pauv ntawm cov minerals uas muaj tooj liab los ntawm kev txhim kho lub zog sulfonating. Raws li kev tshawb fawb txog kev sim leaching kem, kev nce oleum dosages ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm sulfation siab dua txog li 49.7%, lees paub cov qauv theoretical xws li tus qauv shrinking core rau leaching kinetics.
Qhov muaj SO₃, tswj hwm los ntawm oleum concentration, tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau sulfation nce ntxiv xwb tab sis kuj cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv oxidation uas ua rau hloov pauv sulfides thiab lwm yam tsis huv. Cov theem SO₃ hauv zos hauv qhov chaw smelting raug tswj hwm los ntawm kev ntxiv oleum ncaj qha thiab catalytic oxidation ntawm SO₂ hla cov hmoov av smelting uas muaj oxides xws li Fe₂O₃ thiab CuO. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov concentration no tuaj yeem hloov pauv tus nqi, kev ua tiav, thiab kev xaiv ntawm oxidation thiab sulfation, yog li cuam tshuam rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv - tseem ceeb rau qhov zoo ntawm tooj liab - thiab kev tsim cov hom nruab nrab lossis cov khoom lag luam.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov oleum concentration tuaj yeem ua rau kev hloov pauv tsis tiav ntawm cov zaub mov tooj liab, txo qis solubility, lossis cov khoom tsis xav tau xws li cov tooj liab sulfates yooj yim, uas ua rau muaj kev sib cais hauv qab. Kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau, ntawm qhov tod tes, ua rau muaj acidity ntau dhau thiab ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov ntau ntxiv, ua rau muaj kev cov nyom hauv kev ua haujlwm thiab kev nyab xeeb. Qhov no yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas kev noj tshuaj thiab kev saib xyuas, qhov twg cov cuab yeej zoo li inline density meters thiab inline viscosity meters - xws li cov uas tsim los ntawmLonnmeter—muab kev nkag siab tiag tiag rau qhov tseeb ntawm oleum thaum lub sijhawm ua cov tooj liab hauv kev lag luam.
Cov Teeb Meem Ib puag ncig thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm
Qhov sib xws ntawm cov roj oleum concentration tsis yog tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev lag luam hlau xwb tab sis kuj tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Kev siv roj oleum tsis sib xws ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov txheej txheem, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tso pa tawm tsis raug tswj, sulfation tsis tiav, thiab kev tsim cov pa roj acid ntau ntxiv. Cov theem SO₃ siab los ntawm cov roj oleum ntau dhau tuaj yeem khiav tawm ua cov pa tawm khiav tawm, thaum kev siv tshuaj tsis txaus tso cai rau cov tshuaj sulfur lossis cov hlau tsis huv hla mus rau hauv cov kwj dej pov tseg.
Cov duab kos niaj hnub nim no ntawm cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev tswj hwm roj av, cov pej thuam nqus roj, thiab cov txheej txheem kho cov dej khib nyiab. Kev tswj hwm qhov concentration ntawm roj av kom raug yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ob qho tib si kev ruaj khov ntawm cov txheej txheem - txhais tau tias cov txiaj ntsig ruaj khov thiab txo lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm - thiab rau kev ua tau raws li cov kev txwv ntawm kev tso tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog cov pa roj acid (SO₃) thiab cov hlau hnyav hauv cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj roj lossis kua.
Kev ua raws li ib puag ncig yuav tsum tau saib xyuas thiab tswj hwm cov roj oleum kom tsawg kawg nkaus kom txo tau qhov hnyav ntawm ib puag ncig. Kev tswj hwm tsis txaus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis ua raws li txoj cai, xws li muaj cov pa roj sulfur ntau dhau lossis tso cov kua qaub tsis raug cai. Cov xwm txheej no ua rau muaj kev nyuaj ntxiv los ntawm cov khoom siv lub cev ntawm roj oleum: nws nyiam khov lossis tsim cov pa phem nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias tsis ruaj khov lossis cov txheej txheem kev sib xyaw, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev ua tiav thiab kev tuav pov hwm.
Kev tswj hwm qhov concentration ntawm oleum uas ruaj khov, uas tau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntsuas concentration hauv kab thiab cov sensors txhim khu kev qha, yog li ntawd qhov kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb. Cov khoom siv ntawm Lonnmeter, ua haujlwm hauv qhov chaw tshuaj lom neeg hnyav ntawm kev smelting, pab ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov concentration ntawm oleum raug kuaj pom tam sim ntawd. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev kho sai sai kom tswj tau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov nroj tsuag ruaj khov thaum ua raws li kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig thiab cov qauv kev cai lij choj rau cov txheej txheem rho tawm tooj liab.
Cov Txheej Txheem rau Kev Ntsuas Qhov Ntsuas Oleum
Cov Txheej Txheem Ntsuas Ib Txwm Muaj
Keeb kwm, qhov concentration ntawm oleum hauv cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab tau ntsuas nrog cov txheej txheem kuaj hauv chav kuaj, feem ntau yog titration thiab gravimetric analysis. Txoj kev cornerstone yog ob theem titration txheej txheem. Ua ntej, cov kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas txiav txim siab qhov dawb sulfur trioxide (SO₃). Ib qho qauv raug yaj rau hauv dej khov-txias, txo qis SO₃ volatility. Cov sulfuric acid tsim tawm raug titrated tawm tsam tus qauv alkali, siv cov cim qhia xws li methyl txiv kab ntxwv, uas ntseeg tau tias yog qhov kawg hauv cov kua qaub muaj zog. Tom ntej no, ib qho aliquot sib cais raug dilution tag nrho thiab raug titrated rau tag nrho acidity - ntsuas ob qho tib si H₂SO₄ thawj thiab SO₃-derived acid.
Qhov tseeb yog nyob ntawm kev ua cov qauv sai thiab tus kws tshaj lij lub peev xwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tiv thaiv SO₃ poob, uas yuav ua rau tsis kwv yees ntau dhau. Kev sib txawv tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshawb pom qhov kawg, kev xa khoom qeeb, thiab cov kauj ruam rov ua dua. Cov txheej txheem qub no tseem txhawb nqa kev tswj hwm thiab kev tshuaj xyuas daim ntawv pov thawj ntau ntau, suav nrog kev ruaj khov thiab tus nqi ua haujlwm qis, tseem tsis haum rau kev tswj hwm lub sijhawm tiag tiag lossis kev hloov kho cov txheej txheem sai thaum cov kauj ruam smelting tooj liab thiab cov duab kos duab ntawm cov txheej txheem rho tawm tooj liab hauv kev lag luam.
Cov Txheej Txheem Tshawb Fawb Niaj Hnub
Cov kev nce qib tsis ntev los no tau hloov kev tshuaj xyuas qhov concentration ntawm oleum mus rau txoj kev ua haujlwm sai dua, tsis siv neeg, thiab tsis ua puas tsuaj. Cov txheej txheem spectrophotometric, xws li Vis-SWNIR absorption spectroscopy, tso cai rau kev txiav txim siab sai, hauv-qhov chaw oleum concentration los ntawm kev soj ntsuam cov cim tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom oleum. Cov txheej txheem tsav los ntawm chemometrics ua cov ntaub ntawv spectral siv cov qauv lej, txhim kho kev xaiv thiab kev ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj.
Cov thev naus laus zis tshuaj ntsuam xyuas online sib xyaw cov sensors rau hauv cov khoom siv ua cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab, uas tso cai rau kev saib xyuas oleum concentration tas mus li yam tsis tas yuav rho cov qauv. Cov txheej txheem tiag tiag no muab cov lus teb sai, txhawb kev tswj hwm dynamic ntawm cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab. Cov txheej txheem titration potentiometric tsis siv neeg, thaum tseem ua raws li cov tshuaj neutralization reactions, ua kom yooj yim rau kev kuaj pom qhov kawg thiab txwv tsis pub ua yuam kev, txawm hais tias lawv yuav tsis tshem tawm tag nrho qhov xav tau kev tuav cov qauv kom raug.
Piv rau cov txheej txheem classical, cov txheej txheem niaj hnub muaj cov hauv qab no:
- Kev ntsuas tsis puas tsuaj, kev ntsuas tas mus li
- Kev tshuaj xyuas sai uas tsim nyog rau cov thev naus laus zis smelting tooj liab hauv kev lag luam hnyav
- Txo qhov yuam kev uas cuam tshuam rau tib neeg
- Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv cov txheej txheem saib xyuas cov roj oleum concentration zoo dua
Txawm li cas los xij, cov qauv kev cai lij choj rau kev lees paub qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom feem ntau txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem titrimetric ua qhov siv rau kev daws teeb meem thiab kev lees paub.
Cov Cuab Yeej Tseem Ceeb rau Kev Saib Xyuas Hauv Cov Txheej Txheem
Cov cuab yeej rau kev saib xyuas qhov concentration ntawm oleum hauv kab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov tooj liab niaj hnub nocov txheej txheem rho tawmCov ntsuas qhov ceev thiab cov ntsuas viscosity los ntawm Lonnmeter yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntsuas concentration oleum uas tsis nkag mus rau hauv cov kav dej. Lawv txoj kev tsim qauv ruaj khov tso cai rau kev teeb tsa ncaj qha rau hauv cov kav dej ua haujlwm, qhia txog cov khoom siv kua uas tseem ceeb rau kev suav cov concentration. Cov khoom siv no tsis tas yuav ntxiv cov tshuaj reagent thiab txuag cov qauv kom zoo, ua rau lawv sib xws nrog cov thev naus laus zis smelting tooj liab hauv kev lag luam.
Cov khoom siv automation, xws li cov tswj kev ntws thiab cov qhov ntsuas sampling, ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm meej thiab kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kwj deg oleum. Cov ntaub ntawv ntsuas los ntawm Lonnmeter's meters tuaj yeem koom ua ke ncaj qha rau hauv cov kab ke tswj hwm cog. Cov ntaub ntawv ntws tsis muaj qhov kawg no xa cov lus teb tas mus li rau kev hloov kho lub sijhawm tiag tiag, ua kom zoo dua kev tswj hwm oleum concentration thoob plaws txhua kauj ruam smelting tooj liab.
Los ntawm kev siv cov cuab yeej siv los ntsuas qhov kub thiab txias nrog rau kev tswj cov nroj tsuag tsis siv neeg, cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam tswj tau qhov kev kam rau siab dua ntawm cov txheej txheem, txhim kho kev nyab xeeb vim tias kev siv tes tsawg dua, thiab ua tiav qhov kev ntsuas oleum zoo tshaj plaws rau cov khoom lag luam. Kev koom ua ke ntawm cov cuab yeej ntsuas oleum tam sim no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom qhov kev ntsuas oleum zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev siv hauv kev lag luam, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ntseeg siab thiab ua raws li txoj cai thoob plaws hauv daim duab qhia txog cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab.
Cov Tswv Yim Tswj Xyuas Kev Ntsuas Oleum
Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Tswj Xyuas Txheej Txheem
Cov chaw ua tooj liab tswj tau qhov concentration ntawm oleum siv ob qho kev tswj hwm feedback thiab feedforward. Kev tswj hwm feedback siv kev ntsuas qhov concentration ntawm oleum tiag tiag. Yog tias tus nqi poob qis dua qhov teev tseg, lub kaw lus yuav kho cov kev hloov pauv ua haujlwm, xws li cov nqi ntxiv dej, qhov kub ntawm cov roj, lossis cov nqi ntws ntawm cov khoom nqus, kom kho qhov sib txawv. Piv txwv li, lub tshuab tswj PID suav qhov sib txawv ntawm lub hom phiaj thiab qhov concentration ntsuas tau, tom qab ntawd hloov kho cov tswv yim sib npaug, sib xyaw ua ke dhau sijhawm kom txo cov kev ua yuam kev tas mus li thiab suav nrog kev hloov pauv sai hauv cov xwm txheej txheej txheem.
Kev tswj hwm Feedforward kwv yees qhov kev cuam tshuam ua ntej lawv cuam tshuam rau qhov concentration ntawm oleum. Cov maub los no kwv yees cov lus teb rau kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov concentration ntawm cov roj SO₂ sab saud, cov nqi ntws ntawm cov txheej txheem, lossis qhov sib txawv ntawm cov zis ntawm lub cub tawg. Los ntawm kev hloov pauv cov txheej txheem nqus ua ntej, kev tswj hwm Feedforward tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv tsis xav tau hauv kev sib xyaw. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tswv yim tawm tswv yim thiab cov tswv yim Feedforward ua kom muaj kev tsis lees paub sai sai thiab kev kho cov qauv lossis cov cuab yeej ua yuam kev. Cov nroj tsuag feem ntau siv cov no hauv cov kab ke tswj hwm faib tawm (DCS) rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov xeev tswj thiab kev hloov kho dynamic thoob plaws theem smelting tooj liab.
Cov Txuj Ci Txhim Kho
Kev siv oleum los ntxiv, rov ua dua, thiab rov qab los ua kom zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom zoo. Cov nroj tsuag siv kev xam qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom, cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm cov txheej txheem, thiab kev saib xyuas tas mus li los kho qhov ntau ntawm sulfur trioxide, dej, thiab acid hauv cov pej thuam nqus. Kev rov ua dua oleum—rov xa ib feem ntawm cov khoom rov qab mus rau lub absorber—pab tswj qhov concentration thaum lub sijhawm pub mis hloov pauv lossis kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo; cov txheej txheem no kuj ua rau kev siv SO₃ ntau tshaj plaws, txo kev siv cov khoom siv raw.
Cov sensors siab heev ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Cov ntsuas qhov ceev thiab cov ntsuas viscosity—xws li cov los ntawm Lonnmeter—muab cov ntaub ntawv nyeem tau raws sijhawm thiab raug ntawm cov txheej txheem. Cov meters no ua rau cov qauv chemometric sib txuas cov ntaub ntawv sensor nrog cov concentration ntawm oleum tseeb. Siv kev tshuaj xyuas ntau yam, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem txuas cov yam xws li kub, ntws, lossis lub zog acid rau cov nqi concentration thiab kwv yees cov kev xav tau ntawm cov txheej txheem. Nrog rau txoj hauv kev no, cov nroj tsuag ua haujlwm kom zoo dua qhov kev noj oleum thiab kev rov qab los kom phim qhov xav tau, txo cov khib nyiab, thiab ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov khoom.
Kev daws teeb meem thiab kev kho kom raug
Kev tswj hwm qhov concentration ntawm oleum ntsib ntau qhov teeb meem tshwm sim:
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sensor:Qhov yuam kev los ntawm kev laus ntawm lub sensor lossis kev ua qias tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nyeem tsis raug, ua rau cov khoom tsis raws li qhov tau teev tseg lossis ua ntau yam kev kho kom raug.
- Cov txheej txheem tsis yog linear:Kev hloov pauv sai sai ntawm cov pa roj lossis cov dej ntws tuaj yeem ua rau cov voj voog tswj tsis tau zoo, ua rau tsis ruaj khov lossis oscillation.
- Kev Ncua Sijhawm ntawm Kev Siv Cov Cuab Yeej:Lub sijhawm qeeb hauv kev ntsuas lossis kev tswj hwm tuaj yeem ua rau lub kaw lus teb qeeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov teeb tsa ntau theem kev nqus.
Cov kev daws teeb meem kev siv tshuab suav nrog kev xaiv cov sensor ua tib zoo, cov txheej txheem tswj hwm zoo, thiab kev kuaj mob tsis tu ncua. Piv txwv li, kev teeb tsa ob lub sensor tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas cov nyeem ntawm oleum concentration kom pom qhov txawv txav sai. Cov tswj hwm sib cais ua rau kev hloov pauv yooj yim hla cov theem nqus thaum cov txheej txheem hloov pauv tsis tau xav txog.
Kev ntsuas, kev lees paub, thiab kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas qhov tseeb. Kev ntsuas suav nrog kev sib piv tsis tu ncua ntawm cov zis sensor inline (Lonnmeter's density lossis viscosity meters) rau cov qauv hauv chaw kuaj mob uas ntseeg tau, kho qhov sib txawv sai sai. Kev kuaj xyuas kev lees paub sim tag nrho cov saw hlau ntsuas kom tau txais kev teb zoo hauv qab cov txheej txheem simulated. Cov txheej txheem saib xyuas - kev ntxuav cov sensor probes, kev kuaj xyuas cov kab xa hluav taws xob, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus mounting - pab tiv thaiv kev sib sau ua ke thiab kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov khoom siv, ua kom ntseeg tau tias kev saib xyuas txhim khu kev qha dhau sijhawm.
Los ntawm kev sib txuas cov tswv yim tswj hwm zoo nrog kev ntsuas inline siab heev, kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws, thiab kev ntsuas kom zoo, cov chaw ua tooj liab ua tiav qhov kev sib sau ua ke ntawm oleum kom raug thiab ruaj khov thoob plaws txhua kauj ruam ntawm cov txheej txheem rho tooj liab.
Kev Tswj Xyuas Ib Puag Ncig thiab Kev Txo Cov Khib Nyhiab
Kev Tswj Xyuas Cov Dej Kwj Uas Muaj Acidic Thiab Saline
Cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab tsim cov kua qaub thiab cov dej ntsev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas muaj cov tshuaj chlorine thiab cov chloride ntau. Cov dej khib nyiab no ua rau muaj kev cov nyom vim yog kev xeb, kev txwv tsis pub ua, thiab kev pheej hmoo rau kev puas tsuaj rau ib puag ncig. Kev tswj hwm zoo suav nrog kev ua cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm ob qho tib si cov kua qaub thiab cov dej ntsev uas feem ntau yog cov kauj ruam hauv cov txheej txheem rho tawm tooj liab.
Cov txheej txheem rho tawm-stripping-salting tawm muab kev ntxuav rau cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev smelting tooj liab. Hauv theem rho tawm, cov chloride ions raug cais tawm xaiv los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj rho tawm quaternary ammonium ntsev. Cov neeg sawv cev no qhia tau tias muaj kev sib raug zoo rau chloride thaum txo qis kev sib koom ua ke ntawm lwm cov ions. Cov tshuaj rho tawm uas tau thauj khoom ces raug stripping, hloov cov chloride mus rau hauv theem dej tswj kom yooj yim dua rau kev tswj hwm lossis kev rov qab tau cov peev txheej.
Tom qab ntawd siv cov tshuaj ntsev tawm. Los ntawm kev qhia cov tshuaj xws li potassium nitrate lossis sodium sulfate, qhov kev yaj ntawm chloride hauv cov dej theem raug txo qis, tsav kev sib cais ntxiv los ntawm kev nag lossis kev faib theem. Txoj hauv kev no ua tiav ntau dua 90% chloride tshem tawm kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab txo qis kev ua qias tuaj thib ob piv rau cov nag lossis cov thev naus laus zis ib txwm muaj.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem no suav nrog qhov kub thiab pH—cov no cuam tshuam rau kev xaiv chloride, kev pheej hmoo sib koom ua ke, thiab tus nqi ua haujlwm. Cov cuab yeej ntsuas inline rau qhov ceev thiab viscosity, xws li cov uas tsim los ntawm Lonnmeter, txhim kho kev koom ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem, tso cai rau kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm ob qho tib si kev rho tawm thiab kev ntsev tawm theem hauv cov thev naus laus zis smelting tooj liab.
Cov Txheej Txheem Smelting Tooj Liab Flash cc
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Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Kev Tswj Xyuas Oleum Ruaj Khob
Kev tswj cov roj oleum kom raug ncaj qha txhim kho qhov huv ntawm cov dej khib nyiab hauv cov kauj ruam smelting tooj liab. Kev tswj hwm qhov muaj zog acid thiab viscosity zoo tshaj plaws txo qhov tso tawm sulfur trioxide ntau dhau, ua kom cov txheej txheem rho tawm tooj liab ruaj khov thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov khoom tsis huv uas tsis xav tau. Thaum qhov concentration ntawm oleum raug tswj hwm nruj nreem los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntsuas txhim khu kev qha - xws li cov ntsuas viscosity inline los ntawm Lonnmeter - kev kho cov dej khib nyiab hauv qab yuav yooj yim dua thiab kwv yees tau ntau dua.
Kev tswj cov txheej txheem zoo dua hauv kev kho oxidation thiab slag kuj txhawb nqa kev rov qab tau tooj liab zoo thaum txo qis kev ua qias tuaj hauv cov khib nyiab kawg. Nrog cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas oleum concentration siab heev, cov chaw ua haujlwm ua tau raws li kev ua raws li ib puag ncig yooj yim dua. Cov dej khib nyiab nrog cov khoom phom sij raug txo qis, thiab cov khoom tsis huv raug khaws cia qis dua qhov txwv tsis pub tawm. Kev saib xyuas hauv nruab nrab siv cov sensors ceev thiab viscosity muab kev pom dav dav ntawm oleum concentration hauv kev siv hauv kev lag luam thiab pab txhim kho cov txheej txheem teeb tsa rau ob qho tib si lub hom phiaj tsim khoom thiab kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig.
Kev koom ua ke nrog Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Cov Hoobkas
Kev Sib Txuas Lus Tswj Oleum nrog Kev Ua Haujlwm Smelting Tag Nrho
Kev tswj cov roj oleum concentration yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab. Kev koom ua ke cov ntaub ntawv concentration oleum meej rau hauv kev ua haujlwm thoob plaws hauv cov nroj tsuag ua kom muaj kev tsim cov tooj liab zoo ib yam, kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov txheej txheem, thiab cov khoom zoo. Cov cuab yeej ntsuas concentration oleum inline, xws li cov uas tsim los ntawm Lonnmeter, xa cov ntawv nyeem tiag tiag uas tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov tshuaj reagent thiab tswj qhov tseeb ntawm qhov chaw teeb tsa.
Cov txheej txheem automation hauv kev lag luam feem ntau siv OPC UA thiab Modbus TCP/IP protocols. Cov platform no pab txhawb kev sib txuas lus ruaj ntseg, bidirectional ntawm cov sensors, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), thiab supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. OPC UA siv tau ntau hom ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv, txhawb kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas oleum concentration los ntawm inline density thiab viscosity meters nrog rau lwm cov sensor inputs. Kev sib pauv cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag ua rau muaj kev hloov kho tsis siv neeg hauv cov nqi dosing, kho qhov sib txawv uas pom hauv kev nyeem oleum concentration.
Teeb tsa cov txheej txheem automation hierarchies los txhais cov haujlwm ntawm cov khoom siv kom meej. Ntawm theem khoom siv, xyuas kom meej tias qhov calibration thiab kev saib xyuas ntawm cov analyzer raug. Ntawm theem tswj, cov algorithms kho qhov dosing thiab cov nqi ntws raws li cov lus teb ntsuas oleum nyob, txo qhov kev cuam tshuam tes thiab txo qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem. Cov thawj coj saib xyuas sau cov ntaub ntawv, ua rau cov ntawv qhia, thiab teeb tsa cov lus ceeb toom txog kev saib xyuas yog tias muaj qhov tsis zoo xws li sensor drift lossis algorithmic instability pom. Kev tshaj tawm raws li qhov xwm txheej, txhawb nqa los ntawm OPC UA, tso cai rau lub kaw lus teb tam sim ntawd rau qhov sib txawv lossis cov xwm txheej ua qias tuaj, xws li cov reagent spikes tsis zoo lossis sensor faults, yog li txhawb nqa kev kho sai dua thiab txhim kho kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Piv txwv li, yog tias lub cuab yeej ntsuas inline pom tias muaj kev hloov pauv sai ntawm cov concentration, OPC UA-driven systems tuaj yeem tswj cov reagent dosing thiab ceeb toom rau cov neeg ua haujlwm. Thaum muaj kev ua qias tuaj lossis kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, qhov kev teb tam sim no txwv lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm thiab tiv thaiv kev tsim khoom tsis raws li qhov xav tau.
Xaus lus
Kev tswj cov roj oleum yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom zoo dua cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab. Kev tswj hwm zoo ua kom ntseeg tau tias kev nqus cov sulfur dioxide tau siab tshaj plaws, ncaj qha txhawb kev ua haujlwm smelting thiab txo cov pa phem SO₂. Cov nroj tsuag uas ua tiav ± 0.5% SO₃ ntawm lawv lub hom phiaj oleum concentration qhia txog kev txhim kho kev hloov pauv zoo thiab tsawg dua cov kev rau txim rau ib puag ncig, lees paub cov txiaj ntsig ua haujlwm ntawm kev saib xyuas ze thiab kev hloov kho.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom tooj liab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov sib xws ntawm oleum. Cov tshuaj sulfuric acid ruaj khov txo cov hlau tsis muaj kuab paug thiab ua kom cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab yooj yim dua, txhawb nqa qhov huv ntawm cathode. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau hais tias qhov nce 3-4% ntawm kev rov qab tau tooj liab thaum lub sijhawm electrowinning yog vim muaj cov kua qaub uas tau tswj hwm los ntawm cov txheej txheem tswj kev sib xyaw ua ke.
Cov txiaj ntsig no nyob ntawm seb muaj cov cuab yeej ntsuas thiab saib xyuas ua ke. Cov ntsuas qhov ceev thiab cov ntsuas viscosity los ntawm Lonnmeter ua haujlwm ua cov khoom tseem ceeb - xa cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheem tiag tiag rau kev tshuaj xyuas qhov concentration ntawm oleum hauv kev siv hauv kev lag luam. Ua ke nrog kev tswj hwm kev tawm tswv yim siab heev, lawv qhov kev xa tawm ua rau pom tau qhov sib txawv thaum ntxov thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntau ntxiv.
Cov kev cai lij choj xav tau kev txo qis kev tso pa tawm thiab kev taug qab cov khoom lag luam tau ua rau muaj qhov xav tau ntawm cov txheej txheem saib xyuas oleum concentration kom meej, ua rau lawv tsis tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem rho tawm tooj liab niaj hnub no. Kev siv cov kev ntsuas thiab kev tswj hwm kom tiav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev ua haujlwm, qhov zoo ntawm cov kua qaub, thiab kev ruaj khov rau ob qho tib si cov thev naus laus zis smelting tooj liab qub thiab niaj hnub no.
Cov Lus Nug Feem Ntau
Oleum yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas nws thiaj tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab?
Oleum, feem ntau hu ua fuming sulfuric acid, yog ib qho sib xyaw ua ke ntawm sulfuric acid thiab sulfur trioxide. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tooj liab smelting yog ua qhov chaw muaj zog ntawm sulfuric acid lossis rau kev muab sulfur trioxide, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev ua haujlwm uas xav tau lub zog acid siab heev. Txawm hais tias sulfuric acid yog cov tshuaj ua haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev rho tawm tooj liab, smelting, thiab refining, oleum feem ntau yog siv los rov ua dua lossis muab cov sulfuric acid ntshiab hauv cov nroj tsuag no, ua lub luag haujlwm txhawb nqa, tsis yog ncaj qha, tshuaj lom neeg hauv cov kauj ruam rho tawm tooj liab tseem ceeb. Nws ua rau kev rho tawm thiab kev ntxuav kom zoo dua nyob rau hauv qhov xav tau acidity siab thiab pab tswj cov txheej txheem tsis huv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm sulfonation ntau dua thaum xav tau tshwj xeeb.
Feem ntau ntsuas qhov concentration ntawm oleum li cas hauv cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab?
Cov txheej txheem ib txwm siv los txiav txim siab qhov concentration ntawm oleum suav nrog kev titration tes, uas ntsuas qhov ntau ntawm sulfur trioxide hauv cov kua qaub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov chaw ua tooj liab niaj hnub no siv cov txheej txheem inline, tsis ua puas tsuaj xws li kev tshuaj xyuas spectrophotometric thiab kev tshuaj xyuas chemometrics-based spectroscopy. Cov txheej txheem tam sim no, txuas ntxiv mus lossis cov sensors inline - zoo li cov uas tsim los ntawm Lonnmeter - xa cov ntaub ntawv meej, sai yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem, tso cai rau kev hloov kho tam sim ntawd rau kev ua kom zoo dua qub thiab kev nyab xeeb zoo dua. Cov tshuab tshuaj xyuas tsis siv neeg no txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntsig txog kev tuav cov qauv corrosive heev thiab txhim kho kev sib xws hauv kev tswj hwm qhov concentration ntawm oleum.
Daim duab qhia txog cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab zoo li cas thiab oleum ntxiv rau qhov twg?
Daim duab qhia txog cov txheej txheem rau cov txheej txheem smelting tooj liab feem ntau suav nrog cov theem tseem ceeb hauv qab no: ore roasting, smelting (tsim cov tooj liab matte thiab slag), hloov pauv (oxidation ntawm matte los tsim cov tooj liab blister), thiab refining (hluav taws thiab electrolytic). Oleum nws tus kheej tsis yog ib qho kev nkag ncaj qha hauv feem ntau cov duab smelting tooj liab. Thaum siv, nws tshwm sim feem ntau ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas xav tau kev ua haujlwm sulfuric acid ntau dua, xws li hauv cov voj voog sulfuric acid rov ua dua lossis hauv cov theem refining uas xav tau lub zog acid siab heev rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv. Cov ntsiab lus no feem ntau nyob ib sab ntawm, tab sis tsis yog ib feem ntawm, cov kauj ruam smelting tooj liab uas tau teev tseg hauv cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj.
Kev tswj cov roj oleum kom zoo yuav pab tau cov txheej txheem smelting li cas?
Kev tswj kom muaj oleum concentration zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Nws tso cai rau cov tshuaj lom neeg ua tiav thiab rov qab tau tooj liab ntau tshaj plaws, thiab nws txo qis cov khoom tsim tawm, xws li cov pa roj acidic tsis xav tau lossis txo qis cov khoom tsis huv. Kev ruaj khov oleum concentration kuj tiv thaiv cov khoom siv cog los ntawm kev txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev xeb tsis tswj hwm thiab txuas ntxiv lub neej ntawm cov reactors thiab cov kav dej. Los ntawm kev xav txog nyiaj txiag, kev tswj hwm lub zog acid zoo txo cov kev siv tsis tsim nyog, txo cov nuj nqis ua haujlwm thaum ua kom ntseeg tau tias ua raws li txoj cai thiab txo cov teeb meem ib puag ncig.
Tej teeb meem ib puag ncig twg yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev tswj hwm cov roj oleum tsis zoo?
Kev tswj tsis zoo ntawm cov roj oleum ua rau muaj cov dej khib nyiab uas muaj kua qaub ntau lossis muaj sulfate thiab chloride ntau. Qhov no ua rau kev kho cov dej khib nyiab nyuaj, ua rau cov nqi ua haujlwm thiab kev kho kom zoo dua, thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kua qaub nchuav thiab cov pa phem uas ua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab ib puag ncig muaj kev phom sij. Kev tsis ua raws li cov cai ib puag ncig yuav tshwm sim, ua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm raug nplua, raug rau txim, thiab ua rau lub koob npe puas tsuaj.
Cov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev ntsuas qhov concentration ntawm oleum yog dab tsi?
Kev ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm oleum concentration hauv cov thev naus laus zis smelting tooj liab hauv kev lag luam raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam:
- Qhov chaw ib puag ncig uas muaj xeb heev ua rau cov sensors ib txwm puas tsuaj.
- Kev kuaj tes yog qhov txaus ntshai thiab tej zaum yuav ua rau muaj cov txiaj ntsig tsis sib xws.
- Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov txheej txheem lossis cov khoom sib xyaw tshwm sim sai, xav tau kev tshuaj xyuas ntau zaus thiab lub sijhawm tiag tiag.
Cov cuab yeej ntsuas niaj hnub thiab cov sensors, xws li cov uas Lonnmeter muab, daws cov teeb meem no ncaj qha. Cov txheej txheem ntsuas tsis siv neeg, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ua kom cov ntaub ntawv raug tseeb hauv qab cov xwm txheej nyuaj, thaum kev ntsuas niaj hnub pab tswj kev ntseeg tau ntawm kev ntsuas.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Ob Hlis-05-2025
