ContinuousgKev ntsuas viscosity ntawm cov roj hmab uar ua rau muaj kev soj ntsuam qhov tseeb ntawm kev hloov pauv viscosity txuas nrog kev sib xyaw. Kev kwv yees rheological modeling pab txiav txim siab qhov concentration tshwj xeeb xav tau rau cov viscosity ntau yam, tseem ceeb rau kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev tsim lub tank sib tov thiab xyuas kom meej tias cov kua dej tawg sib xws. Qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm concentration-viscosity no pab cov engineers hauv kev sau cov viscosities tswj hwm rau ntau yam kev xav tau ua haujlwm.
Kev Nkag Siab Txog Guar Gum Hauv Cov Kua Hydraulic Fracturing
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Guar Gum ua ib qho Thickener
Cov polymers ntuj xws li guar gum yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tawg cov kua dej vim lawv muaj peev xwm ua kom viscosity ntau ntxiv, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ncua thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm proppant. Los ntawm cov taum guar, guar gum cov qauv polysaccharide sai sai hydrates los ua cov kua nplaum viscous - tseem ceeb rau kev nqa xuab zeb lossis lwm yam proppants tob rau hauv cov pob zeb tawg thaum lub sijhawm hydraulic fracturing.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm Viscosity thiab Stability:
- Cov roj hmab Guar sib xyaw thiab nthuav dav hauv dej, ua rau muaj kev sib txhuam ntawm cov molecule thiab cov kua dej tuab. Qhov viscosity siab no txo qhov ceev ntawm cov proppant hauv cov kua hydraulic fracturing, ua rau muaj kev ncua thiab tso cov proppants zoo dua.
- Cov neeg sawv cev sib txuas xws li boric acid, organoboron, lossis organozirconium ntxiv txhim kho qhov viscosity. Piv txwv li, organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) kua khaws cia ntau dua 89.7% ntawm lawv qhov viscosity pib ntawm 120 ° C nyob rau hauv high shear, ua tau zoo dua cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj thiab xa cov peev xwm nqa proppant muaj zog dua hauv cov kua dej tawg.
- Kev nce qhov ceev ntawm cov crosslink, ua tiav los ntawm kev nce qhov concentration ntawm cov thickener, ua kom cov qauv gel muaj zog thiab tso cai rau kev ruaj khov zoo dua, txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj ntawm cov pas dej.
Cov kua nplaum Guar gum uas tsim sai sai ua rau lub tank sib tov dej tawg zoo tshaj plaws. Txawm li cas los xij, nws rhiab heev rau kev txiav thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm cov kab mob me me; yog li ntawd, kev npaj ua tib zoo thiab cov khoom ntxiv kom zoo yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntev.
Hmoov Guar Gum
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Cov Khoom Tseem Ceeb Uas Muaj Feem Xyuam Rau Kev Ua Haujlwm Fracturing
Kev Ruaj Ntseg Kub
Cov kua roj Guar gum yuav tsum tswj lawv cov viscosity profile ntawm qhov kub siab. Cov guar gum uas tsis tau hloov kho pib lwj siab tshaj 160°C, ua rau viscosity poob thiab txo cov proppant suspension. Kev hloov kho tshuaj lom neeg—xws li sulfonation nrog sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate—txhim kho kev ua kom sov, tso cai rau cov kua roj kom tswj tau viscosity siab tshaj 200 mPa·s ntawm 180°C rau ob teev (shear 170 s⁻¹).
Cov crosslinkers yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias:
- Organozirconium crosslinkers qhia tau tias muaj kev khaws cia viscosity zoo dua ntawm qhov kub siab piv rau cov kab ke borate.
- Cov gels Borate crosslinked muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv qab 100 ° C tab sis poob zog sai sai saum qhov ntsuas no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj cov biopolymer tsawg.
Cov tshuaj ntxiv sib xyaw thiab cov tshuaj hloov kho guar derivatives thawb cov ciam teb rau cov chaw khaws cia tob heev, ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov kua dej tawg rheology thiab viscosity tswj tau thoob plaws ntau qhov kub.
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Pom
Kev tiv thaiv kev lim dej yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv kev poob dej hauv cov qauv uas tsis muaj permeability. Cov kua Guar gum, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas txuas nrog nanoparticles zoo li nano-ZrO₂ (zirconium dioxide), ua rau pom kev zoo dua ntawm cov xuab zeb thiab txo qhov kev poob dej ntawm kev lim dej. Piv txwv li, 0.4% nano-ZrO₂ ntxiv rau hauv cov kua proppant txo qhov kev poob ntawm cov proppant, ua rau cov khoom me me nyob hauv qab qhov ruaj khov thiab muaj kev kub siab.
Cov roj hmab Guar ua tau zoo dua li feem ntau cov polymers tsim hauv kev tiv taus shear thiab filtration, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias siab thiab muaj ntsev ntau. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov teeb meem ntawm cov khoom seem tom qab gel tawg tseem yog thiab yuav tsum tau tswj kom ua kom muaj kev sib kis tau zoo tshaj plaws.
Kev suav nrog cov khoom ntxiv xws li thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) —methanol thiab PEG-200 — tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua haujlwm antifiltration, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov av uas muaj hydrate. Cov kev txhim kho no pab txhawb kev rov qab tau roj zoo dua thiab pab txhawb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tank sib tov rau cov kua dej tawg.
Cov teebmeem ntawm kev tiv thaiv av nplaum
Kev tiv thaiv av nplaum tiv thaiv kev o thiab kev txav mus los ntawm cov av nplaum, txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qauv thaum lub sijhawm hydraulic fracturing. Cov kua Guar gum ua tiav qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov av nplaum los ntawm:
- Txhim kho viscosity thiab proppant suspension, txwv tsis pub proppant txav mus los uas tuaj yeem ua rau av nplaum tsis ruaj khov.
- Kev nqus ncaj qha rau ntawm cov shale nto, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw ntawm cov av nplaum.
Cov khoom siv hloov kho guar derivatives—xws li maleic anhydride-grafted anionic guar—tsawg dua cov ntsiab lus tsis yaj hauv dej, txo qis kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov qauv thiab txhim kho kev ruaj khov ntawm cov av nplaum. Cov fluorinated hydrophobic cationic guar gum variants thiab polyacrylamide-guar copolymers ua rau kev nqus dej ntau ntxiv, ua rau muaj kev tiv taus cua sov zoo dua thiab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov kua thiab av nplaum ruaj khov.
Hauv cov chaw khaws dej uas muaj hydrate ntau, kev siv cov hydroxyl pawg-bearing THIs (piv txwv li,methanol, PEG-200) pab tswj cov kua dej tawg, pab txhawb kev ruaj khov ntawm cov av nplaum thiab ua kom cov nqi tsim khoom ntau ntxiv.
Los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke cov kev hloov kho tshuaj lom neeg siab heev thiab cov khoom ntxiv uas tau tsom mus rau, cov kua dej tawg uas siv cov roj guar gum niaj hnub no muab cov viscosity zoo dua, tiv taus kev lim dej, thiab tswj cov av nplaum, txhawb nqa kev thauj mus los zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev puas tsuaj tsawg kawg nkaus.
Cov Ntsiab Lus Tseem Ceeb ntawm Guar Gum Viscosity thiab Concentration Dynamics
Kev Sib Txheeb: Guar Gum Viscosity vs Concentration
Qhov viscosity ntawm Guar gum qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ncaj qha, feem ntau yog kab ncaj qha rau nws qhov concentration hauv cov kua dej. Thaum qhov concentration ntawm guar gum nce ntxiv, qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua dej nce ntxiv, txhim kho lub peev xwm ntawm cov kua dej los ncua thiab thauj cov proppants hauv kev ua haujlwm hydraulic fracturing. Piv txwv li, cov kua dej nrog cov concentration ntawm guar gum txij li 0.2% txog 0.6% (w/w) tuaj yeem hloov kho kom zoo li cov qauv zoo li nectar lossis zib ntab, uas zoo rau kev ncua proppant hauv ob qho chaw khaws cia qis thiab siab permeability.
Qhov concentration ntawm guar gum zoo tshaj plaws ua rau qhov viscosity sib npaug rau lub peev xwm nqa proppant thiab pumpability. Qhov concentration qis dhau ua rau proppant poob sai thiab txo qhov dav ntawm qhov tawg; qhov concentration ntau dhau yuav cuam tshuam kev ntws thiab ua rau cov nqi ua haujlwm nce siab. Piv txwv li, 0.5 wt% guar gum loading hauv hydrogels ua rau cov khoom shear-thickening nce li ntawm 40%. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm 0.75 wt%, qhov kev ruaj khov ntawm lub network poob qis, txo qhov kev ncua proppant thiab kev thauj mus los zoo.
Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Shear Rate thiab Kub rau Viscosity
Cov tshuaj guar gum qhia txog tus cwj pwm shear-thinning: viscosity txo qis thaum shear rate nce. Tus cwj pwm no tseem ceeb heev rau hydraulic fracturing, ua kom muaj kev twj zoo thaum muaj shear siab thiab muaj zog proppant-carrying ntawm cov nqi ntws qis. Piv txwv li, thaum txhaj tshuaj sai, guar gum's viscosity poob qis, ua kom cov kua txav mus los ntawm cov kav dej thiab cov pob txha tawg. Thaum cov dej ntws qeeb hauv cov tes hauj lwm tawg, viscosity rov qab zoo, tswj cov proppant suspension thiab txo qhov ceev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke.
Kub kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua dej tawg. Thaum kub nce siab, cov polymers guar gum muaj kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cua sov, txo qhov viscosity thiab elasticity. Kev tshuaj xyuas thermal qhia tau tias sulfonated guar gum tiv taus qhov poob viscosity zoo dua li cov qauv tsis hloov kho, khaws cia qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov qauv thiab lub peev xwm nqa proppant ntawm qhov kub txog li 90–100 ° C. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov kub thiab txias heev saum toj no qhov txwv no, feem ntau cov guar gum variants (suav nrog hydroxypropyl guar lossis HPG) qhia txog qhov viscosity thiab kev ruaj khov txo qis, xav tau kev hloov kho lossis cov tswv yim ntxiv.
Qhov concentration ntawm ntsev thiab cov ionic nyob rau hauv cov kua dej (piv txwv li, dej hiav txwv) ntxiv cuam tshuam rau ob qho tib si shear-thinning thiab thermal stability. Cov salinity siab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog ntau cov cations, tuaj yeem txo qhov o thiab viscosity, cuam tshuam rau kev thauj mus los ntawm proppant.
Kev Cuam Tshuam ntawm Guar Gum Modifications
Kev hloov kho tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov roj hmab guar tso cai rau kev kho kom zoo ntawm viscosity, solubility, thiab kub resilience, ua kom zoo dua qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua dej tawg. Sulfonation—qhia cov pab pawg sulfonate rau hauv cov roj hmab guar—ua rau cov dej solubility ntau dua thiab ua rau muaj viscosity nce 33%, lees paub los ntawm IR, DSC, TGA, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntsiab lus. Sulfonated guar gum tswj tau viscosity thiab ruaj khov txawm tias nyob hauv cov chaw saline lossis alkaline, ua tau zoo dua li cov roj hmab tsis tau hloov kho hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj ntawm cov pas dej.
Hydroxypropylation (HPG) kuj ua rau kom cov viscosity nce siab thiab txhim kho kev yaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov kua dej uas muaj zog ionic siab. HPG gels qhia tau tias muaj viscosity siab thiab elasticity ntawm pH 7 thiab 12.5, hloov mus rau Newtonian cov yam ntxwv tsuas yog ntawm pH >13. Hauv dej hiav txwv, HPG thiab guar gum khaws cov viscosity zoo dua li lwm cov modified gums xws li carboxymethyl guar (CMG), ua kom lawv tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm hauv hiav txwv thiab saline.
Kev sib txuas ua ke, feem ntau ua tiav nrog cov neeg sawv cev xws li boric acid, organoboron, lossis organozirconium, yog lwm txoj hauv kev los txhawb kom cov qauv network ntawm guar gum muaj zog. Kev nce ntxiv ntawm kev sib txuas ua rau lub zog gel thiab viscosity nce ntxiv, qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ncua proppant ntawm qhov kub siab thiab tus nqi shear. Kev xaiv tus neeg sawv cev sib txuas zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm lub pas dej tshwj xeeb. Cov qauv kwv yees ua rau cov engineers tuaj yeem kho ob qho tib si thickener thiab cross-linker loadings rau kev ua kom haum rau cov kua dej tawg thiab kev tswj viscosity.
Cov Kev Sib Tw thiab Cov Kev Daws Teeb Meem rau Kev Tswj Xyuas Viscosity Hauv Lub Sijhawm Tiag Tiag Hauv Cov Ntawv Siv Hauv Kev Lag Luam
Kev Kov Yeej Qhov Kev Ntsuas thiab Kev Sib Tov Qhov Nyuaj
Kev ua cov tshuaj guar gum hauv kev lag luam ntsib teeb meem tas li hauv kev ntsuas viscosity tiag tiag. Kev ua qias ntawm lub sensor yog ib txwm muaj vim tias guar gum nyiam tsim cov khoom seem ntawm cov nplaim viscometer. Kev ua qias cuam tshuam qhov tseeb thiab ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv; piv txwv li, cov polymer tsim tuaj yeem zais qhov kev hloov pauv viscosity tiag tiag, ua rau kev nyeem tsis ntseeg tau. Cov tswv yim txo qis niaj hnub no suav nrog cov txheej txheem sib xyaw, xws li cov yeeb yaj kiab CNT-PEG-hydrogel, uas tiv thaiv cov organic deposits thiab tswj hwm qhov rhiab heev ntawm sensor nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej viscous. Cov neeg txhawb nqa turbulence 3D luam tawm, muab tso rau hauv cov thoob dej sib tov, tsim cov turbulence hauv zos ntawm cov nplaim sensor, txo cov khoom seem tsim thiab ua kom ntev qhov tseeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Cov sensors RFID-IC sib xyaw ua ke ntxiv txhim kho kev saib xyuas, txo qis kev saib xyuas thaum ua haujlwm hauv cov kua dej nyuaj, txawm hais tias cov no kuj xav tau cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv kev ua qias kom ruaj khov rau kev ntseeg siab mus sij hawm ntev.
Cov xwm txheej ntawm lub tank uas hloov pauv tau, xws li cov kua dej tsis sib xws, qhov kub thiab txias hloov pauv, thiab kev faib tawm tsis sib xws, kuj cuam tshuam rau kev tswj viscosity. Piv txwv li, cov tank sib tov uas tsis muaj geometry zoo tuaj yeem tawm cov guar gum aggregates tsis sib xyaw, ua rau muaj viscosity spikes hauv zos thiab tsis tiav hydration. Kev ua kom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim lub tank - los ntawm baffles thiab cov khoom sib tov high-shear - txhawb kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab ua kom muaj kev ntsuas tseeb tiag tiag. Kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas tseem ceeb; kev ntsuas hauv qhov chaw tsis tu ncua siv cov qauv ntsuas tau pab tiv thaiv kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sensor thiab kev poob haujlwm dhau lub voj voog ua haujlwm ntev.
Cov Tswv Yim Rau Kev Sib Thooj Viscosity Hauv Cov Txheej Txheem Loj
Kev ua tiav qhov viscosity sib xws ntawm cov kua nplaum guar gum thoob plaws cov txheej txheem sib tov loj xav tau kev sib koom ua ke, cov txheej txheem tswj hwm tsis siv neeg. Cov viscometers hauv kab ua ke nrog PLC-based (programmable logic controller) cov txheej txheem automation tso cai rau kev hloov kho qhov ceev ntawm kev sib tov, kev ntxiv dosing, thiab kub. IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) frameworks ua rau muaj kev ntes cov ntaub ntawv tas mus li, kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag, thiab kev kwv yees ua haujlwm - cov qauv kev kawm tshuab kwv yees qhov sib txawv thiab ua cov kev hloov kho ua ntej viscosity strays sab nraum qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb.
Cov txheej txheem tsis siv neeg ua rau txo qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no qhia tau tias qhov sib txawv ntawm viscosity poob qis txog li 97% thiab cov khoom pov tseg txo qis 3.5% thaum muaj kev tswj hwm tiag tiag. Kev siv tshuaj tsis siv neeg ntawm cov neeg sawv cev crosslinking - suav nrog boric acid, organoboron, thiab organozirconium - nrog rau kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias, xa cov kev ua haujlwm rheological rov ua dua rau cov kua dej nqa proppant. Kev ntsuam xyuas hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus guar gum sib xyaw qhia tau tias cov qauv tsav IIoT dhau cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tes, ua rau muaj kev ncua proppant raug dua thiab txo qis qhov ceev ntawm kev sib sau ua ke, qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm hydraulic fracturing.
Cov tswv yim los txo qhov sib txawv ntawm ib pawg mus rau ib pawg suav nrog kev xaiv thiab kev ntsuas cov khoom sib txuas thiab cov khoom ruaj khov. Kev koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) xws li methanol lossis PEG-200 ua rau kom cov viscosity khaws cia thiab gel ruaj khov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej kub heev. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv cov concentration yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo tshaj plaws - kev noj tshuaj ntau dhau ua rau cov shear thinning nce thiab ua rau lub peev xwm nqa proppant poob qis, xav tau kev sib npaug zoo nrog cov neeg sawv cev thickener thawj zaug.
Kev daws teeb meem: Kev daws cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kua dej uas tsis yog raws li qhov tau teev tseg
Thaum cov kua dej tawg tsis txaus, muaj ntau yam kev daws teeb meem tseem ceeb. Kev tsis muaj dej txaus thiab kev tawg tsis zoo ntawm cov roj hmab guar feem ntau ua rau muaj pob, ua rau cov nyeem viscosity tsis ruaj khov thiab txo qis kev ncua proppant. Kev sib xyaw ua ntej ntawm cov roj hmab guar nrog cov neeg sawv cev sib txuas lossis kev sib xyaw cov hmoov rau hauv cov khoom tsis yog dej xws li glycol tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev sib sau ua ke thiab txhawb kev npaj cov tshuaj sib xws. Cov txheej txheem ntxiv sai thiab theem yog nyiam kom tsis txhob muaj viscosity nce siab; cov txheej txheem no ua kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab txo cov av noo hauv cov thoob dej sib xyaw hydraulic fracturing.
Kev paub tseeb zoo nyob ntawm kev taug qab kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm cov khoom ntxiv thiab kev saib xyuas kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cua sov lossis shear. Cov txheej txheem microscopic thiab spectroscopic (SEM, FTIR) qhia txog kev tsim cov khoom seem thiab gel tawg, uas qhia txog teeb meem ntawm kev tsim cov tshuaj. Kev hloov kho yuav xav tau hloov cov neeg sawv cev crosslinking - piv txwv li, cov kab ke organozirconium khaws cia ntau dua 89% ntawm qhov pib viscosity nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav (> 120 ° C, high shear), zoo tagnrho rau cov kua dej tob tob. Thaum siv cov stabilizers xws li methanol thiab PEG-200, cov concentration yuav tsum tau kho kom raug; cov qib qis ruaj khov, tab sis ntau dhau yuav txo qhov viscosity thiab ua rau lub peev xwm nqa proppant tsis zoo.
Cov khoom siv kua uas tsis zoo li qub tas li yuav tsum tau muaj cov lus teb rov qab los ntawm cov sensors hauv kab thiab cov txheej txheem tswj hwm los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Kev kho thiab ntxuav cov txheej txheem, ua ke nrog kev saib xyuas ua ntej, daws qhov tsis sib xws thiab ua kom muaj kev ntseeg siab ntawm kev ntsuas viscosity, ncaj qha ua kom zoo dua qhov tsim lub tank sib tov, kev tawg ntawm cov kua dej rheology, thiab kev ncua proppant ntev hauv cov ntawv thov hydraulic fracturing.
kev ncua xuab zeb siab thiab lub peev xwm adsorption ntawm guar gum
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Cov Viscometers Tsis Siv Neeg Hauv Kab
Hauv cov ntawv thov hydraulic fracturing,cov viscometers hauv kabCov txheej txheem tshiab—xws li kev kawm tshuab thiab lub computer vision viscometers—kwv yees qhov viscosity xoom-shear los ntawm kev thaij duab kua lossis kev teb dynamic, npog ntau yam los ntawm kev dilute mus txog rau cov slurries viscous heev. Cov kab ke no tuaj yeem koom ua ke rau hauv kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem tsis siv neeg, txo kev cuam tshuam tes.
Piv txwv li:
- Cov viscometers siv lub computer vision-based automation automation los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas tus cwj pwm ntawm cov kua dej hauv lub vial inverted lossis flow apparatus, muab cov txiaj ntsig sai rau kev ua haujlwm automation lossis cov loops tom ntej.
Kev Soj Ntsuam Xyuas Qhov Ntsuas ntawm Guar Gum tiag tiag
Kev tswj kom muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm cov roj guar thaum lub sijhawm sib tov txo qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua dej tawg. Cov thev naus laus zis rau kev saib xyuas qhov sib npaug ntawm lub sijhawm tiag tiag suav nrog:
SLIM Technology (Ross Solids/Liquid Injection Manifold):SLIM txhaj cov hmoov guar gum rau hauv qab cov kua, sib xyaw nrog cov kua tam sim ntawd los ntawm kev sib tov high-shear. Tus qauv tsim no txo qhov kev sib sau ua ke thiab kev poob viscosity vim yog kev sib tov ntau dhau, ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm qhov concentration ntawm txhua theem.
Non-Nuclear Slurry DensityMeter:Cov ntsuas qhov ceev uas tau teeb tsa rau hauv cov thoob sib tov saib xyuas cov khoom hluav taws xob thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ceev thaum ntxiv cov roj guar thiab tawg, uas ua rau muaj kev taug qab tas mus li ntawm qhov concentration thiab kev kho tam sim ntawd.
Kev Siv Ultrasonic Imaging Ua Ke Nrog Rheometry (“Rheo-ultrasound”):Cov txheej txheem siab heev no ntes tau cov duab ultrasonic ceev heev (txog li 10,000 thav duab / vib nas this) nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv viscosity rheometric. Nws ua rau muaj kev soj ntsuam tib lub sijhawm ntawm cov concentration hauv zos, cov nqi shear, thiab kev tsis ruaj khov, qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txheeb xyuas cov kev sib xyaw tsis sib xws thiab kev hloov pauv viscous sai hauv cov kua guar gum.
Piv txwv li:
- Cov cuab yeej ntsuas hluav taws xob ceeb toom cov neeg ua haujlwm yog tias ntxiv hmoov ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov concentration, ua rau kho tau tam sim ntawd.
- Cov txheej txheem Rheo-ultrasound pom cov xwm txheej sib xyaw, cim cov agglomeration hauv zos lossis kev tawg tsis tiav uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov kua dej tawg tsis zoo.
Cov Cuab Yeej Saib Xyuas Kev Siv Tau Thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Ib Txwm
Cov txheej txheem xws li covLonnmeter inline industrial viscometersmuab cov txheej txheem ntsuas viscosity uas siv tau thiab txhim khu kev qha hauv cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov cuab yeej no tsim nyog rau kev kuaj xyuas ib txwm thaum lub sijhawm sib tov, yog tias cov txheej txheem tseem nyob hauv cov kev cai teev tseg.
Cov Txheej Txheem Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Zoo thiab Kev Koom Tes
Cov txheej txheem ntsuas viscosity thiab concentration tas mus li yuav tsum tau lees paub qhov kev ntseeg tau thiab qhov tseeb:
- Cov Txheej Txheem Calibration:Kev ntsuas tsis tu ncua raws li cov qauv paub ua kom lub sensor raug thiab sib xws.
- Kev Txheeb Xyuas Kev Kawm Tshuab:Cov viscometers uas siv computer vision-based tau kawm txog neural network thiab benchmarking los xyuas kom meej tias cov viscosity ntawm cov guar gum ntau npaum li cas thiab cov kua viscosity zoo npaum li cas.
- Kev Koom Tes QA Lub Sijhawm Tiag Tiag:Kev koom ua ke nrog cov txheej txheem tswj cov txheej txheem tso cai rau kev hloov pauv, kev kuaj pom qhov yuam kev, thiab kev teb sai rau qhov kev hloov pauv, txhawb nqa ob qho tib si zoo ntawm cov khoom thiab kev ua raws li txoj cai.
Hauv kev xaus lus, lub peev xwm los saib xyuas qhov viscosity thiab concentration ntawm guar gum tas li nyob ntawm kev xaiv thiab kev koom ua ke ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tsim nyog. Cov ntsuas viscosity rotational, cov sensors in-line siab heev, SLIM mixing technology, thiab rheo-ultrasound muab lub hauv paus sensory, thaum cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo thiab cov txheej txheem QA ruaj khov ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm txhim khu kev qha thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem sib tov hauv kev lag luam.
Kev Ntsuas Cov Txuj Ci rau Kev Saib Xyuas Tsis Tu Ncua hauv Cov Thawv Sib Tov
Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Ntsuas Viscosity
Kev ntsuam xyuas qhov viscosity tas mus li hauv cov thoob sib tov yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov rheology ntawm cov kua dej fracturing uas ua los ntawm guar gum. Cov viscometers hauv kab tau teeb tsa dav hauv cov tshuab kev lag luam kom xa cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag ntawm viscosity ntawm guar gum. Cov sensors no ua haujlwm ncaj qha hauv txoj kev ntws, tshem tawm qhov xav tau kev kuaj tes thiab yog li txo qhov qeeb hauv kev tawm tswv yim.
Vilub tsho hauv siabtionalcov viscometerstswj kev ntsuas cov kua dej uas tsis yog Newtonian vim lawv muaj peev xwm ntes cov lus teb ntawm cov kua dej. Cov cuab yeej zoo li lub ntsuas viscometer hauv kab yog tsim los rau kev teeb tsa hauv kab thiab muab kev nyeem ntawv tas mus li rau cov kev sib txawv thiab viscosities, raws li tau ntsib hauv kev npaj kua dej hydraulic fracturing. Txoj kev no zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov kua guar gum vim lawv tus cwj pwm shear-thinning thiab ntau yam viscosity, ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev tau txais cov ntaub ntawv zoo thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Kev Ntsuas Kev Ntsuas Tsis Tu Ncua
Kev ua tiav qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kua dej tawg yuav tsum tau tswj hwm qhov concentration ntawm guar gum kom meej. Qhov no ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem ntsuas concentration tas mus li xws liACOMP (Kev Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Polymerization Hauv Online Tsis Siv Neeg)cov txheej txheem. ACOMP siv kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov twj tso kua dej ntws los, cov khoom sib tov, thiab cov khoom ntsuas qhov muag ntws los xa cov qauv concentration tiag tiag thiab cov nyeem viscosity intrinsic thaum cov tshuaj polymer tau npaj rau hauv cov thoob dej sib tov loj.
Kev kuaj xyuas zoo hauv qhov chaw sib xyaw ua ke suav nrog kev ua qauv txheej txheem thib peb los txhais cov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov concentration tiag tiag. Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov zaus teb ua kom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov qauv theoretical thiab cov ntaub ntawv sim, muab cov kev nkag siab ua tau rau kev npaj cov kua guar gum tas li. Cov thev naus laus zis no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov concentration sai, kev hloov kho dosing, thiab txo qis kev hloov pauv ntawm ib pawg mus rau ib pawg.
Kev koom ua ke nrog cov tshuab dosing tsis siv neegntxiv txhim kho kev tswj hwm kev sib sau ua ke. Lonnmeterlub ntsuas qhov ntom ntawm ultrasonicntsia ncaj qha rau hauv lub tank lossis cov kav dej, muab cov lus teb tsis tu ncua; cov twj tso kua mis tsis siv neeg kho cov nqi dosing raws li cov ntaub ntawv sensor nyob, xyuas kom meej tias guar gum viscosity vs concentration phim lub hom phiaj fracturing fluid rheology. Qhov kev sib koom tes no txo qis kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg thiab tso cai rau kev kho tam sim ntawd rau cov pawg tsis raws li qhov xav tau.
Cov teebmeem ntawm cov khoom ntxiv thiab kev hloov kho txheej txheem rau Guar Gum Viscosity
Kev Hloov Kho Sulfonation
Sulfonation qhia txog cov pab pawg sulfonate rau hauv cov roj hmab guar, ua kom zoo dua qhov viscosity thiab solubility ntawm cov kua roj hmab guar siv hauv hydraulic fracturing. Cov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau tswj hwm qhov kub thiab txias, lub sijhawm, thiab cov tshuaj reagent concentration. Piv txwv li, siv sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate ntawm 26 ° C, nrog 2 teev lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, 1.0%NaOH, thiab 0.5% sulfonate los ntawm guar gum mass, ua rau muaj 33% nce ntxiv hauv viscosity pom tseeb thiab txo cov dej-insoluble cov ntsiab lus los ntawm 0.42%. Cov kev hloov pauv no txhim kho proppant-carrying peev xwm hauv fracturing kua thiab txhawb nqa ntau dua thermal thiab filtration stability.
Lwm txoj kev sulfonation—xws li sulfation nrog sulfur trioxide–1,4-dioxane complex ntawm 60°C rau 2.9 teev, siv 3.1 mL chlorosulfonic acid—kuj qhia tau tias viscosity zoo dua thiab cov feem tsis yaj tsawg dua. Cov kev txhim kho no txo cov seem hauv cov hydraulic fracturing fluid mixing tanks, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm clogging thiab pab txhawb kev ntws rov qab zoo dua. FTIR, DSC, thiab elemental analyses lees paub cov kev hloov kho no, nrog rau kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb ntawm C-6 txoj haujlwm. Qib ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab qhov hnyav molecular txo qis ua rau muaj kev yaj zoo dua, kev ua haujlwm antioxidant, thiab kev txhim kho viscosity zoo—cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov kua dej fracturing thiab kev tswj viscosity.
Cov Neeg Sawv Cev Sib Txuas thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo ntawm Cov Qauv
Qhov viscosity ntawm Guar gum hauv cov kua dej tawg tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm kev siv cov neeg sawv cev sib txuas. Organozirconium thiab borate-based cross-linkers yog cov feem ntau:
Cov Organozirconium Cross-linkers:Cov neeg sawv cev organozirconium nyiam siv rau cov chaw khaws cia kub siab, ua rau kom muaj kev ruaj khov ntawm cov guar gels. Ntawm 120 ° C thiab 170 s⁻¹ shear, hydroxypropyl guar gum crosslinked nrog organozirconium khaws cia ntau dua 89.7% ntawm nws qhov viscosity pib. SEM imaging qhia cov qauv network peb-seem nrog cov qhov loj me hauv qab 12 μm, txhawb nqa kev txhim kho proppant suspension thiab txo qis proppant settling velocity hauv hydraulic fracturing.
Borate Cross-linkers:Cov tshuaj boric acid thiab organoboron cross-linkers ib txwm muaj qhia tau tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm qhov kub nruab nrab. Kev ua tau zoo tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm kev siv cov khoom ntxiv xws li polyethyleneimine (PEI) lossis nanocellulose. Piv txwv li, nanocellulose-boron crosslinkers tswj cov viscosity seem saum 50 mPa·s ntawm 110 ° C rau 60 feeb nyob rau hauv high shear, qhia tau tias muaj zog kub thiab ntsev tsis kam. Hydrogen bonding los ntawm nanocellulose pab txhawb nqa cov khoom viscoelastic xav tau rau proppant nqa peev xwm hauv cov kua dej tawg.
Kev sib txuas ntawm cov kua nplaum guar ua rau muaj kev txhim kho hauv kev txiav nyias thiab elasticity, ob qho tib si tseem ceeb rau kev nqus dej thiab kev ncua proppant. Cov hydrogels sib txuas ua ke los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj zog rov qab los ntawm thixotropic, txhais tau tias viscosity thiab cov qauv rov qab los tom qab shear siab - tseem ceeb thaum lub sijhawm tso kua thiab ntxuav hauv kev ua haujlwm hydraulic fracturing.
Kev Sib Piv ntawm Cov Txheej Txheem Dej Uas Tsis Yog Polymeric vs Polymeric
Cov kua dej polymeric thiab cov kua dej uas tsis yog polymeric muaj cov qauv rheological sib txawv, uas cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev thauj cov proppant:
Cov Txheej Txheem Polymeric:Cov no suav nrog cov khoom ntuj (guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar) thiab cov polymers hluavtaws. Cov kua polymeric tuaj yeem hloov kho rau viscosity, yield point, thiab elasticity. Cov amphoteric copolymers siab heev (piv txwv li, ATP-I) ua tiav qhov kev khaws cia viscosity zoo dua thiab rheological stability hauv qhov kub thiab txias siab piv rau cov qauv polyanionic cellulose qub. Qhov viscosity thiab elasticity nce ntxiv txhim kho proppant suspension, txo qis settling velocity, thiab ua kom zoo dua kev tsim lub tank sib xyaw rau cov kua dej tawg. Txawm li cas los xij, viscosity siab dua tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev thauj mus los proppant hauv cov qauv qis-permeability tshwj tsis yog tias sib npaug zoo.
Cov Txheej Txheem Uas Tsis Yog Polymeric (Raws Li Surfactant):Cov no vam khom cov tshuaj surfactants viscoelastic es tsis yog cov polymer networks. Cov kua dej uas muaj surfactant ua rau cov khoom seem tsawg dua, ntws rov qab sai, thiab nqa cov proppant zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov pas dej tsis zoo uas qhov kev ntxuav tsis muaj cov khoom seem yog qhov tseem ceeb. Txawm hais tias cov kab ke no muab cov viscosity tsawg dua li cov polymers, lawv ua haujlwm zoo txog kev ncua proppant thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev txhaws hauv cov hydraulic fracturing fluid mixing tanks.
Qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov kua polymeric thiab cov kua uas tsis yog polymeric fracturing nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm qhov viscosity, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ntxuav, kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig, thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm proppant. Cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj cov polymers thiab viscoelastic surfactants tab tom tshwm sim los siv ob qho tib si viscosity siab thiab kev rov qab los ntawm cov kua dej sai. Kev sim rheological—siv linear oscillatory deformations thiab flow sweeps—muab kev nkag siab rau hauv thixotropic thiab pseudoplastic tus cwj pwm, pab txhawb kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov qauv rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb.
Cov Tswv Yim Txhim Kho Kom Zoo Dua Rau Kev Ua Kom Cov Kua Dej Fracturing Viscosity Thiab Proppant-Carrying Capacity
Kev coj cwj pwm rheological thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm proppant
Kev ua kom cov kua nplaum guar viscosity zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj cov proppant settling velocity hauv hydraulic fracturing. Cov kua nplaum viscosity siab dua txo qhov nrawm uas cov khoom proppant poob qis, ua rau muaj kev thauj mus los zoo rau hauv lub network tawg. Crosslinking ua rau cov viscosity zoo dua los ntawm kev tsim cov qauv gel ruaj khov; piv txwv li, organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar fluids tsim cov network ntom ntom nrog cov qhov loj me hauv qab 12 μm, uas txhim kho kev ncua thiab txo qhov nrawm piv rau cov kab ke organoboron.
Kev kho qhov concentration ntawm guar gum ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua guar gum. Thaum qhov concentration ntawm polymer nce siab, qhov ceev ntawm crosslinking thiab lub zog gel kuj nce siab, uas txo qhov kev tso tawm ntawm proppant thiab ua kom qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws. Piv txwv li: kev nce qhov concentration ntawm crosslinker hauv cov kua HPG ua rau qhov viscosity khaws cia siab dua 89% thaum lub sijhawm kub siab (120 ° C) shear, ua kom muaj peev xwm nqa proppant txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej nyuaj ntawm lub pas dej.
Cov Txheej Txheem Kho Kom Zoo Dua ntawm Cov Qauv
Cov tswv yim tsav los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm cov kua dej tawg thiab kev sib sau ua ke. Cov qauv kev kawm tshuab - hav zoov random thiab tsob ntoo txiav txim siab - kwv yees cov kev ntsuas rheological xws li kev nyeem viscometer tam sim ntawd, hloov cov kev sim hauv chaw kuaj mob qeeb, tsis tu ncua. Hauv kev xyaum, cov twj tso kua dej sib xyaw hydraulic fracturing uas muaj cov txheej txheem ua raws li cov txheej txheem thiab cov sensors piezoelectric ntsuas viscosity ntawm cov kua guar gum thaum cov khoom kua hloov pauv, nrog rau kev kho qhov yuam kev ntawm kev rhuav tshem hom empirical.
Cov neeg ua haujlwm saib xyuas qhov viscosity thiab concentration hauv-situ, tom qab ntawd kho qhov dosing ntawm guar gum, crosslinkers, lossis lwm yam thickeners raws li cov lus teb sensor nyob. Qhov kev hloov kho tam sim no ua kom cov kua fracturing tswj tau qhov viscosity zoo tshaj plaws rau proppant suspension yam tsis muaj downtime. Piv txwv li, kev ntsuas viscosity yeeb nkab ncaj qha pub rau hauv cov kab ke tswj hwm tso cai rau kev hloov kho dynamic fluid, khaws cia qhov zoo tagnrho proppant suspension thaum lub pas dej lossis cov kev ua haujlwm hloov pauv.
Cov teebmeem synergistic nrog av nplaum thiab cov khoom ntxiv rau qhov kub thiab txias
Cov tshuaj stabilizers av nplaum thiab cov tshuaj ntxiv rau kev ruaj khov ntawm thermal yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev khaws cia cov viscosity ntawm guar gum hauv cov shale uas muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab cov chaw kub siab. Cov tshuaj stabilizers av nplaum—xws li sulfonated guar derivatives—tiv thaiv cov av nplaum o thiab tsiv teb tsaws chaw; qhov no tiv thaiv cov viscosity ntawm cov kua guar gum los ntawm kev poob sai sai los ntawm kev txwv kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov hom ionic hauv cov qauv. Ib qho stabilizer ib txwm muaj, sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate–modified guar gum, ua rau muaj cov viscosities sab hauv uas tsim nyog rau kev tawg thiab tiv taus cov ntsiab lus tsis yaj hauv dej, tswj cov qauv gel thiab cov proppant suspension zoo txawm tias nyob rau hauv cov qauv av nplaum nplua nuj.
Cov tshuaj ua kom sov, suav nrog cov tshuaj ua kom sov siab heev thiab cov tshuaj ua kom sov thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (piv txwv li,methanol, PEG-200), tiv thaiv kev tawg ntawm viscosity siab tshaj 160 ° C. Hauv cov kua dej uas siv brine thiab ultra-high temperature, cov additives no ua rau viscosity khaws cia siab tshaj 200 mPa·s nyob rau hauv 180 ° C shear, ntau dua li cov viscosifiers guar gum ib txwm muaj.
Piv txwv li:
- Sulfonated guar gumrau ob qho tib si av nplaum thiab qhov kub thiab txias.
- Cov kab txuas Organozirconiumrau kev ruaj khov thermal siab heev.
- PEG-200ua ib qho THI los txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kua dej thiab txo cov khoom seem.
Cov txheej txheem thiab cov pob khoom ntxiv no tso cai rau cov neeg teb xov tooj kom ua kom zoo dua cov qauv tsim lub tank sib tov rau cov kua dej tawg thiab kho cov txheej txheem ntsuas viscosity ntawm guar gum rau kev ua kom viscosity tas mus li thiabkev ntsuas qhov concentrationQhov tshwm sim yog qhov muaj peev xwm nqa tau zoo dua thiab muaj kev tawg sib xws, txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov chaw qis heev.
Txuas Guar Gum Viscosity rau Proppant Settling Velocity thiab Fracturing Efficiency
Kev Nkag Siab Txog Mechanistic rau hauv Proppant Suspension
Qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua nplaum guar ua lub luag haujlwm ncaj qha hauv kev tswj qhov ceev ntawm cov proppant thaum lub sijhawm tawg hydraulic. Thaum qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua nplaum guar nce ntxiv, lub zog rub uas ua rau cov khoom proppant nce ntxiv, txo lawv qhov nrawm ntawm kev tawg qis. Hauv kev xyaum, cov kua uas muaj cov kua nplaum guar siab thiab cov khoom nplaum zoo dua - suav nrog cov uas hloov kho nrog cov khoom ntxiv polymer thiab cov fibers - muab lub peev xwm nqa cov proppant zoo dua, ua rau cov khoom dai kom sib npaug thoob plaws hauv lub network tawg es tsis txhob sib sau ua ke hauv qab.
Cov kev tshawb fawb hauv chav kuaj qhia tau tias, piv rau cov kua Newtonian, cov kua guar gel uas ua rau nyias nyias qhia tau tias qhov ceev ntawm cov proppant settling qis dua, uas yog los ntawm ob qho tib si viscosity thiab elastic effects. Piv txwv li, ob npaug ntawm qhov concentration ntawm guar gum tuaj yeem ua rau qhov ceev ntawm settling ib nrab, ua kom cov proppant tseem nyob ntev dua. Kev ntxiv cov fibers ntxiv cuam tshuam kev sedimentation los ntawm kev tsim cov mesh-zoo li network, txhawb kev tso proppant sib xws. Cov qauv empirical thiab coefficients tau tsim los kwv yees cov teebmeem no nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tawg thiab cov kua dej, lees paub qhov sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kua dej rheology thiab proppant suspension.
Hauv cov pob txha tawg uas qhov dav sib npaug zos rau txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov proppant, cov teebmeem kev kaw ntxiv ua rau qeeb qeeb kev sib sau ua ke, ua rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj guar viscosity siab dua. Txawm li cas los xij, viscosity ntau dhau tuaj yeem txwv kev txav mus los ntawm cov kua dej, ua rau txo qhov tob ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm proppant thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov khoom seem uas ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev coj ua pob txha tawg.
Ua Kom Qhov Dav thiab Ntev ntawm Qhov Pob Txha Zoo Tshaj Plaws
Kev kho kom haum rau qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua nplaum guar muaj feem cuam tshuam loj heev rau qhov tawg thaum lub sijhawm hydraulic fracturing. Cov kua dej viscosity siab feem ntau ua rau muaj qhov tawg dav dua vim lawv muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov kev nyem kaw thiab kis cov kab nrib pleb hla lub pob zeb. Kev sim ua kua dej dynamics (CFD) thiab kev saib xyuas acoustic emission lees paub tias qhov viscosity siab ua rau muaj cov qauv tawg nyuaj dua thiab qhov dav dua.
Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev lag luam ntawm viscosity thiab qhov ntev ntawm qhov tawg yuav tsum tau tswj hwm kom zoo. Thaum qhov tawg dav dav ua rau muaj kev tso proppant zoo thiab conductivity, cov kua viscous ntau dhau tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov siab sai sai, cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm qhov tawg ntev. Kev sib piv empirical qhia tau hais tias kev txo qis viscosity hauv cov kev txwv tswj hwm ua rau nkag mus tob dua, ua rau muaj qhov tawg ntev uas txhim kho kev nkag mus rau hauv lub pas dej. Yog li, viscosity yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo tshaj plaws - tsis yog qhov siab tshaj plaws - raws li hom pob zeb, qhov loj me ntawm proppant, thiab txoj kev ua haujlwm.
Kev sib txhuam ntawm cov kua dej, suav nrog kev ua kom nyias nyias thiab cov khoom viscoelastic los ntawm kev hloov kho cov pos hniav guar, ua rau cov kab nrib pleb pib thiab cov qauv kev loj hlob tom qab. Kev sim hauv thaj chaw hauv cov pas dej carbonate lees paub tias kev kho qhov concentration ntawm cov pos hniav guar, ntxiv cov tshuaj thermal stabilizers, lossis kev qhia cov tshuaj surfactant-based tuaj yeem kho qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm cov pos hniav, ua kom dav thiab ntev tshaj plaws nyob ntawm lub hom phiaj txhawb nqa.
Kev koom ua ke nrog Downhole Operational Parameters
Yuav tsum tswj qhov viscosity ntawm Guar gum hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag vim tias qhov kub thiab siab ntawm qhov downhole hloov pauv thaum lub sijhawm hydraulic fracturing. Qhov kub siab ntawm qhov tob tuaj yeem txo qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua guar gum, txo lawv lub peev xwm ntawm proppant suspension. Kev siv cov crosslinkers, thermal stabilizers, thiab cov khoom ntxiv siab heev - xws li thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors - pab tswj qhov viscosity zoo tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov pas dej kub siab.
Cov kev nce qib tshiab hauv kev ntsuas viscosity, suav nrog cov yeeb nkab viscometry thiab regression modeling, tso cai rau cov neeg teb xov tooj saib xyuas thiab kho qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua dej tawg dynamically. Piv txwv li, cov hydraulic fracturing fluid mixing tanks muaj cov sensors tiag tiag los taug qab cov kev hloov pauv viscosity thiab cia li ntxiv guar gum lossis stabilizers raws li qhov xav tau, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj peev xwm nqa proppant tas li.
Qee tus neeg ua haujlwm ntxiv lossis hloov cov roj hmab guar nrog cov tshuaj txo kev sib txhuam siab (HVFRs) lossis cov polymers hluavtaws kom ruaj khov dua thiab txo cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov khoom seem. Cov txheej txheem kua dej hloov pauv no ua rau muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo heev thiab tiv taus kev puas tsuaj ntawm shear, tswj tau qhov viscosity siab rau kev ncua proppant txawm tias nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej hnyav heev.
Cov kev ntsuas ua haujlwm xws li qhov loj ntawm proppant, concentration, fluid flow rate, thiab fracture geometry tau koom ua ke nrog cov tswv yim tswj viscosity. Kev ua kom zoo dua cov kev hloov pauv no ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov kua dej fracturing tuaj yeem txhawb nqa kev thauj mus los proppant hla qhov ntev thiab dav ntawm qhov tawg xav tau, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev txhaws, channeling, lossis kev npog tsis tiav. Kev hloov pauv viscosity tsis yog tsuas yog txhawb nqa kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tawg xwb tab sis kuj txhim kho cov hydrocarbon ntws los ntawm thaj chaw stimulated.
Cov Lus Nug Feem Ntau (FAQs)
Q1: Qhov concentration ntawm guar gum cuam tshuam li cas rau nws cov viscosity hauv cov kua dej tawg?
Qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua nplaum guar nce ntxiv thaum muaj qhov concentration siab dua, ua rau cov kua nplaum muaj peev xwm nqa tau cov proppant. Cov ntaub ntawv hauv chav kuaj pom tseeb tias qhov concentration ntawm 40 pptg muab qhov viscosity ruaj khov, qhov fracture opening index zoo dua, thiab cov residue tsawg dua li qhov concentration siab dua, sib npaug ob qho kev ua haujlwm thiab tus nqi. Cov ntsev ntau dhau lossis cov ions ntau hauv dej tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov kua nplaum guar o, txo qhov viscosity thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm fracturing.
Q2: Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub tank sib tov hauv kev tswj hwm qhov zoo ntawm cov kua guar gum yog dab tsi?
Lub tank sib tov kua hydraulic fracturing ua rau cov guar gum sib xyaw ua ke, tiv thaiv cov pob thiab tsis sib xws. Cov khoom sib tov high shear yog qhov zoo dua, vim lawv ua rau lub sijhawm sib tov luv dua, rhuav cov polymer agglomerates, thiab xyuas kom meej tias muaj viscosity thoob plaws hauv cov tshuaj. Cov cuab yeej ntsuas tas mus li hauv cov tank sib tov pab tswj qhov concentration ntawm guar gum thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov kua, tso cai rau kev kho tam sim ntawd yog tias cov khoom tsis zoo ntawm cov nqi.
Q3: Cov kua dej tawg ua rau cov kua dej viscosity cuam tshuam li cas rau qhov ceev ntawm cov proppant?
Qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua dej uas tawg yog qhov tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab tias cov khoom proppant yuav tawg sai npaum li cas. Qhov viscosity siab dua ua rau qhov ceev ntawm kev tawg qeeb, ua rau proppant nyob ntev dua thiab ua rau nkag mus tob dua rau hauv qhov tawg. Cov qauv lej lees paub tias cov kua dej uas muaj viscosity ntau dua ua rau kev thauj mus los kab rov tav zoo dua, txhim kho geometry ntawm lub txhab nyiaj, thiab txhawb kom muaj qhov chaw proppant sib xws dua. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev pauv pauv: viscosity siab heev tuaj yeem ua rau qhov ntev ntawm qhov tawg luv dua, yog li qhov viscosity zoo tshaj plaws yuav tsum tau xaiv rau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb ntawm lub pas dej.
Q4: Cov tshuaj ntxiv dab tsi cuam tshuam rau qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua nplaum guar?
Kev hloov kho sulfonation ntawm guar gum ua rau kom viscosity thiab ruaj khov. Cov khoom ntxiv xws li boric acid, organoboron, thiab organozirconium cross-linkers ua rau kom viscosity khaws cia thiab kub ruaj khov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej hnyav uas feem ntau tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm roj. Qhov cuam tshuam nyob ntawm qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke: cov qib cross-linker siab dua ua rau muaj viscosity ntau dua tab sis yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm yooj yim thiab tus nqi. Cov ntsev thiab cov ntsiab lus ionic hauv cov tshuaj kuj ua lub luag haujlwm, vim tias salinity siab (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntau cov cations) tuaj yeem txo qhov viscosity los ntawm kev txwv cov polymer o.
Q5: Puas tuaj yeem ntsuas thiab tswj cov kua viscosity tas li thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm tawg?
Yog lawm, kev ntsuas viscosity tas mus li yog ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov in-line viscometers thiab cov tshuab saib xyuas kev ntsuas concentration. Cov yeeb nkab viscometers thiab cov sensors tiag tiag uas sib xyaw nrog cov algorithms siab heev tso cai rau cov neeg teb xov tooj kom taug qab, kho, thiab ua kom zoo dua qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua dej tawg. Cov kab ke no tuaj yeem them rau lub suab nrov ntawm lub sensor thiab kev hloov pauv ib puag ncig, ua rau muaj kev ua tau zoo dua ntawm cov proppant thiab ua kom zoo dua cov txiaj ntsig hydraulic fracturing. Cov tshuab tswj hwm ntse kuj tseem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv sai rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej zoo lossis cov nqi tso tawm.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Kaum Ib Hlis-05-2025
