Cov txheej txheem ua ntej electroplating muaj cov kauj ruam ntxuav, kho, thiab ua kom cov nplaim rau electroplating. Cov txheej txheem no tshem tawm cov pa phem ntawm qhov chaw, ua kom cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm zoo dua, thiab tsim lub hauv paus rau kev nplaum zoo thiab sib xws.
Kev Txheeb Xyuas Txog Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Ntej Hauv Electroplating
Kev kho ua ntej electroplating pib nrog kev ntxuav thawj zaug kom tshem tawm cov roj, roj, lossis av ntawm qhov chaw substrate. Kev ntxuav cov kuab tshuaj, xws li kev muab tso rau hauv trichloroethylene lossis so nrog cov kuab tshuaj organic, tsom mus rau cov organic residues. Kev ntxuav alkaline siv cov tshuaj uas muaj surfactants thiab detergents - xws li sodium carbonate thiab trisodium phosphate - feem ntau nrog kev sib xyaw lossis hluav taws xob kom rhuav tshem cov pa phem ntxiv.
Cov khoom siv hauv pem teb ces yuav raug npaj ua ntej. Cov txheej txheem xws li xuab zeb, hlaws blasting, lossis txhuam yuav tshem tawm cov xeb, cov nplai, thiab cov oxides uas nyob ntev. Cov txheej txheem no yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov chaw uas muaj oxidized ntau lossis cov chaw ntxhib.
Kev ntxuav tshuaj lom neeg ua raws li, feem ntau yog siv cov tshuaj ntxuav kua qaub (pickling), uas tshem tawm cov khoom tsis muaj zog xws li cov nplai, oxides, thiab xeb. Hydrochloric acid yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov hlau, thaum sulfuric acid yog xaiv rau cov nplai hnyav. Cov khoom sib xyaw tshwj xeeb nrog cov tshuaj inhibitors tiv thaiv cov hlau los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntau dhau thaum lub sijhawm pickling. Rau cov hlau tsis yog ferrous, cov tshuaj tshwj xeeb xws li sodium hydroxide rau txhuas lossis dilute sulfuric acid rau tooj liab ua kom muaj kev sib xws thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws.
Kev Kho Mob Ua Ntej ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Electroplating
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Kev yaug yog sib xyaw ua ke thoob plaws cov kauj ruam ua ntej kho kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab tiv thaiv cov tshuaj tsis xav tau hauv kev kho tom qab. Kev yaug ob theem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab kua qaub pickling, txo qis ion nqa mus thiab txhim kho cov txheej txheem zoo dua, txo qis cov teeb meem plating.
Kev ua kom muaj zog yog kauj ruam kawg tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg. Kev muab cov kua qaub uas tsis muaj zog tso rau hauv cov kua qaub, xws li 10–20% hydrochloric lossis sulfuric acid, tshem tawm cov oxides uas tseem tshuav thiab ua kom lub substrate nyob rau hauv lub xeev tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj zog. Rau qee cov ntaub ntawv, cov tshuaj ua kom muaj zog tshwj xeeb lossis lub dab dej cathodic acid raug siv.
Muaj tej lub sij hawm, ib txheej xim ci ntsa iab los yog "strike" ntawm cov hlau uas ua hauj lwm catalytic—xws li tooj liab los yog nickel—yog ntxiv ua ntej txheej tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov hlau tsis yog hlau los yog cov hlau tsis sib zog. Cov kauj ruam ua ntej plating no txhim kho cov txheej txheem electroplating tom qab ntawd qhov sib xws thiab lub zog nplaum.
Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Ntej Kho Qhov Chaw hauv Kev Cuam Tshuam rau Electroplating Zoo
Kev kho ua ntej ntawm qhov chaw yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem electroplating. Txhua theem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov sib txuas ntawm cov nplaum uas tsim los ntawm cov substrate thiab cov txheej electroplated tom qab.
Kev tshem tawm cov roj, oxides, thiab cov khoom me me kom raug yuav ua kom cov electrolyte thiab cov hlau electrodeposited tuaj yeem sib cuag nrog lub hauv paus. Kev poob ntawm kev lo, cov xim tsis ci lossis tsis sib npaug, thiab blistering feem ntau yog vim kev ntxuav tsis tiav lossis cov kauj ruam ua haujlwm tsis raug. Kev ua qias tuaj ntawm qhov chaw tseem yog qhov ua rau muaj kev tsis lees txais cov plating, suav txog ntau dua ib nrab ntawm txhua qhov kev ua tsis tiav hauv kev lag luam.
Xyuas kom muaj zog nplaum zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej
Qhov kev nplaum ntawm cov txheej plated vam khom rau cov tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj zog, tsis muaj kuab paug. Kev siv cov txheej txheem ua ntej kho rau electroplating ua rau muaj kev sib txuas lus zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev sib txuas atomic thoob plaws qhov interface. Piv txwv li, cov kauj ruam ua kom muaj zog, los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov yeeb yaj kiab oxide nyias nyias, txhim kho kev sib raug zoo electrochemical thiab txhawb nqa lub zog nplaum siab hauv electroplating. Yog tias kev ua kom muaj zog tsis txaus lossis qhov chaw raug rov ua rau huab cua ua ntej plating, qhov kev nplaum tuaj yeem poob qis.
Kev cuam tshuam rau Gloss, Durability, thiab Txo Cov Qhov Tsis Zoo ntawm Qhov Chaw
Kev ua ntej kho kom zoo yuav ua rau muaj kev ci ntsa iab, kev ruaj khov ntawm cov qauv, thiab txo qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw xws li qhov khawb, qhov tawg, thiab qhov ntxhib. Cov chaw ntxuav thiab kho kom zoo muab kev sib txuas ua ke rau kev tso hlau, ua rau muaj qhov tuab thiab kev cuam tshuam sib npaug.
Kev tswj cov khoom siv electroplating, suav nrog qhov concentration ntawm cov kua potassium permanganate hauv kev kho ua ntej, tuaj yeem ua rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov yas thiab qee cov hlau. Qhov concentration ntawm cov kua potassium permanganate zoo tshaj plaws yog txiav txim siab los ntawm hom substrate thiab qhov kev ua haujlwm xav tau. Potassium permanganate rau electroplating, thaum npaj thiab yaug kom zoo, ua rau qhov chaw roughness ntau dua, muab kev sib txuas lus zoo dua rau cov txheej txheej thiab txhim kho ob qho tib si adhesion thiab kev ruaj khov mus sij hawm ntev. Kev concentration tsis raug lossis kev yaug tsis txaus thaum lub sijhawm npaj cov kua potassium permanganate rau kev kho saum npoo, txawm li cas los xij, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo lossis xim, ua rau ob qho tib si aesthetic thiab kev ua haujlwm kho tshuab puas tsuaj.
Hauv kev xaus, cov txheej txheem npaj nto electroplating muaj zog ncaj qha txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo, kev ntseeg siab, thiab qhov zoo li ntawm cov khoom electroplated. Txhua kauj ruam hauv cov txheej txheem ua ntej kho nto - txij li thawj zaug degreasing mus rau qhov kawg activation thiab xaiv tau strike coating - tsom mus rau ib chav kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm cov pa phem lossis cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw. Kev paub txog cov kab ke no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm electroplating zoo nrog lub zog nplaum siab tshaj plaws thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw tsawg kawg nkaus.
Cov Kauj Ruam Tseem Ceeb Rau Kev Npaj Nto
Kev Txheeb Xyuas thiab Tshem Tawm Cov Khoom Uas Muaj Peev Xwm Ua Rau Muaj Peev Xwm Ntau
Kev kho ua ntej electroplatingpib nrog kev txheeb xyuas cov khoom tsis huv xws li roj, roj, cov txheej oxide, hmoov av, cov khoom xeb, thiab cov txheej txheej qub. Cov roj thiab cov roj feem ntau yog los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom lossis kev tuav. Cov oxides tsim los ntawm cov hlau uas raug cua, txo cov hluav taws xob conductivity rau plating. Cov hmoov av thiab cov khoom seem me me tuaj yeem tseem nyob los ntawm kev siv tshuab lossis kev thauj mus los.
Yog tias tshem tawm cov kuab paug no tsis txaus, ces yuav ua rau cov khoom lo tsis zoo, ua pob, ua qhov, thiab tsis sib npaug hauv cov txheej electroplated. Piv txwv li, cov roj seem ua rau cov khoom lo tsis lo, thaum cov txheej oxide yuav ua rau pob lossis tev tawm thaum muaj kev ntxhov siab.
Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Ntej Kho Tshuab
Cov txheej txheem kho tshuab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ua ntej kho qhov chaw rau electroplating. Kev sib tsoo tshem tawm cov kuab paug ntau thiab ua kom cov qhov tsis sib xws tiaj tus. Kev txhuam ua kom qhov chaw du, txo cov qhov me me uas cov qhov tsis zoo yuav nucleate. Sandblasting ("grit blasting") tshem tawm cov oxides tawv ncauj, cov khoom seem, thiab cov khoom me me, thiab ua rau qhov chaw roughness kom zoo dua rau kev nplaum zoo dua. Deburring tshem tawm cov npoo ntse thiab cov khoom xoob uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov txheej txheem sib xws.
Cov txheej txheem xaiv nyob ntawm hom substrate thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm daim ntawv thov. Piv txwv li, grit blasting zoo dua rau cov hlau ua ntej nanocomposite nickel-tungsten (Ni-W/SiC) deposits, txhim kho microhardness thiab adhesion piv rau polishing. Cov hlau alloys uas npaj nrog abrasive blasting teb tau zoo dua rau kev tiv thaiv corrosion hauv kev siv hauv hiav txwv.
Qhov roughness ntawm qhov chaw yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub zog nplaum hauv electroplating. Qhov roughness siab dua—tsim los ntawm kev xuab zeb lossis kev sib tsoo—txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom tso, thiab ua rau cov txheej electroplated ruaj khov. Cov chaw uas tau txhuam, thaum du, tej zaum yuav txo qhov muaj zog sib txuas kom ua tiav qhov sib xws. Kev tshawb fawb pom tias cov chaw uas tau xuab zeb muab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev nplaum thiab kev ruaj khov.
Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Ntej Siv Tshuaj
Kev kho ua ntej siv tshuaj lom neeg tsom mus rau cov kuab paug uas tsis tau daws los ntawm cov txheej txheem kho tshuab, xws li cov roj nyias nyias thiab cov txheej oxide uas nyob ruaj khov.Kev tshem rojsiv cov organic solvents lossis alkaline solutions kom tshem tawm cov roj thiab cov roj av tag nrho; cov neeg sawv cev feem ntau suav nrog sodium hydroxide lossis trichloroethylene, nyob ntawm seb cov substrate sib xws li cas.
Kev siv cov tshuaj acidic los ntxuav cov hlau, ua rau cov oxides thiab cov nplai ntawm cov hlau. Piv txwv li, sulfuric acid lossis hydrochloric acid yog ib txwm muaj rau cov hlau, thaum nitric acid haum rau cov hlau txhuas. Kev siv acid etching—kev tswj hwm kev tawm tsam rau ntawm cov substrate—txhim kho kev npaj tshuaj lom neeg, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tso cov hlau kom zoo. Kev siv hydrofluoric acid etching yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov khoom siv ceramics, tshem tawm cov txheej siliceous thiab ua kom muaj zog kho.
Tom qab siv tshuaj lom neeg ntau dhau lawm, ces yaug nrog dej uas tsis muaj ionized kom tsis txhob muaj cov pa phem uas yaj hauv cov dej ntawd rov qab los. Tom qab ntawd, siv cov hauv paus tsis muaj zog (xws li sodium bicarbonate) los ua kom cov khoom siv tiv thaiv kab mob ruaj khov thiab tsis txhob muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis xav tau hauv cov dej plating tom qab. Qhov no ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ruaj khov thiab sib xws nrog cov khoom siv electroplating.
Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Qhov Chaw Electrochemical
Kev ua kom muaj hluav taws xob ntxiv ua rau lub substrate nto npaj ntxiv, siv cov pulses luv luv lossis kev kho anodic / cathodic hauv electrolyte baths. Cov txheej txheem no hloov kho lub zog ntawm qhov chaw, tshem tawm cov oxides seem, thiab txhim kho kev ntub dej - tseem ceeb rau kev sib cuag electrolyte thiab kev tso dej tom qab.
Cov ntsiab cai ntawm kev ua kom muaj hluav taws xob yog tswj los ntawm cov substrate thiab target coating. Piv txwv li, kev kho cathodic hauv sodium hydroxide rov pib dua qhov them ntawm qhov chaw thiab tshem tawm cov yeeb yaj kiab oxide uas nyob ntev. Cov kauj ruam no ua rau qhov concentration ntawm cov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw reactive ntau tshaj plaws, txhawb kev sib npaug ntawm cov txheej electroplated.
Zuag qhia tag nrho, txhua txoj kev kho ua ntej raug xaiv thiab ua raws li cov khoom siv ntawm cov khoom siv, hom tshuaj lom neeg, kev siv, thiab qhov zoo ntawm electroplating. Kev ua kom ntxhib, kev ntxuav tshuaj, thiab kev ua kom electrochemical ua ke ua rau muaj zog nplaum zoo tshaj plaws thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm txheej txheem electroplating.
Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Potassium Permanganate hauv Electroplating Pretreatment
Chemistry ntawm Potassium Permanganate Solutions
Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) yog ib yam khoom muaj zog heev uas ua rau cov hlau nplaum puas. Thaum nws yaj rau hauv dej, KMnO₄ yuav tawg ua tej daim me me thiab tso cov permanganate ions (MnO₄⁻), uas muaj peev xwm redox tau zoo heev. Qhov no ua rau cov organic thiab inorganic sib xyaws ua ke tau zoo heev, ua rau nws yog ib yam khoom siv zoo heev rau kev kho cov hlau nplaum ua ntej siv rau kev kho cov hlau nplaum ua ntej siv.
Lub zog oxidizing ntawm cov tshuaj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm cov organic contaminations uas nyob ntev. Cov no suav nrog cov roj, surfactants, thiab cov polymers seem uas tshuav ntawm cov hlau substrates. Qhov kev ua oxidative ua mus los ntawm kev hloov pauv electron ncaj qha, ua rau cov organic molecules no tawg mus rau hauv cov dej-soluble hom lossis tag nrho mineralization. Piv txwv li, cov nto electrochemically nquag ua haujlwm - xws li Mo-doped MnO₂ ntawm TiO₂ nanotube arrays - tau pom tias ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj sai ntawm cov organic contaminations los ntawm kev oxidation ncaj qha thiab kev tsim cov oxidants nruab nrab muaj zog, xws li Mn (III / IV) thiab hydroxyl radicals, uas txhim kho cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm zoo.
Rau kev tshem tawm cov khoom tsis muaj kuab lom, KMnO₄ cov tshuaj ua rau oxidation thiab immobilization ntawm cov hlau hnyav, xws li Pb (II), Cd (II), thiab Cu (II), ntawm qhov chaw lossis hauv matrices. Qhov no feem ntau yog vim muaj cov dej nag ntawm MnO₂ microparticles thaum lub sijhawm KMnO₄ tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas muaj ntau qhov chaw nquag rau cov hlau ion adsorption. Ntxiv mus, KMnO₄ tuaj yeem hloov kho cov pa roj carbon-raws li adsorbents, xws li hydrochar, los ntawm kev ntxiv cov pab pawg ua haujlwm oxygenated thiab txhawb lawv cov hlau hnyav uptake peev xwm - tseem ceeb rau kev npaj qhov chaw purity siab ua ntej electroplating da dej tau sib sau ua ke.
Qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj potassium permanganate zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib npaug ntawm kev tshem tawm cov pa phem thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov concentration ntau dhau yuav ua rau qhov chaw khawb ntau dhau lossis ua rau oxidation ntau dhau, thaum qhov concentration tsawg dhau yuav ua rau lub zog nplaum hauv electroplating tsis zoo thiab tso cov seem uas cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv electroplating da dej.
Kev Siv Hauv Cov Txheej Txheem Ua Ntej Kho Qhov Chaw
Kev siv cov potassium permanganate los electroplating rau hauv cov txheej txheem ua ntej kho uas twb muaj lawm pib nrog kev npaj cov tshuaj uas tswj tau zoo. Kev kho ua ntej feem ntau ua raws li cov kauj ruam no:
- Kev Ntxuav Qhov Chaw:Kev tshem tawm thawj zaug ntawm cov av qias neeg, roj, lossis cov khoom me me siv kev txhuam tshuab lossis kev ntxuav alkaline.
- Kev Kho Mob KMnO₄:Muab cov tshuaj potassium permanganate rau hauv cov substrate los yog txau cov tshuaj potassium permanganate rau hauv. Qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj potassium permanganate hauv electroplating yuav tsum phim rau hom substrate thiab cov khoom qias neeg kom tshem tawm tau zoo.
- Lub Sijhawm Teb:Tso sijhawm txaus rau kev sib cuag rau kev oxidation, feem ntau ntawm ob peb feeb mus rau ib nrab teev, nyob ntawm seb qhov chaw muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab hom kab mob sib kis.
- Ntxuav thiab neutralization:Yaug kom huv si nrog dej kom tshem tawm cov khoom seem uas lwj thiab, yog tias xav tau, tshem tawm cov KMnO₄ uas tseem tshuav nrog sodium bisulfite lossis cov tshuaj reductant zoo sib xws kom tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj electroplating tom qab.
- Cov Kev Tshawb Xyuas Nruab Nrab:Siv cov ntsuas inline density lossis viscosity los ntawm Lonnmeter los xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom seem thiab cov tshuaj pretreatment tau raug tshem tawm kom txaus thiab cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw ruaj khov rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov nplaum hauv electroplating.
Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem hloov kho rau ntau hom hlau sib txawv—tooj liab, npib tsib xee, lossis zinc—los ntawm kev kho cov tshuaj potassium permanganate rau kev kho qhov chaw. Kev saib xyuas cov chaw kawg ua ntej kev kho mob yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv kev overoxidation, uas tuaj yeem ua rau qhov zoo ntawm electroplating kawg lossis lub zog nplaum.
Cov tshuaj potassium permanganate muaj ntau yam zoo dua li cov tshuaj ua ntej kho mob ib txwm muaj xws li chromates lossis cov kua qaub yooj yim. Nws tsis muaj kev phom sij rau kev tuav thiab pov tseg dua li cov tshuaj hexavalent chromium. KMnO₄ lub peev xwm oxidizing dav dav txhais tau tias nws tuaj yeem daws ntau yam kab mob organic thiab inorganic hauv ib kauj ruam, ua kom yooj yim rau cov theem ua ntej kho mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim cov MnO₂ microparticles tuaj yeem txhim kho cov txheej txheem npaj nto tom ntej los ntawm kev txhim kho cov kab mob adsorption thiab pab txhawb kev tso cov hlau sib npaug ntawm cov khoom ua ntej kho.
Hauv kev xaus, potassium permanganate rau electroplating muab txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem npaj electroplating nto, nrog rau kev txhim kho sau tseg hauv kev tshem tawm zoo thiab lub zog nplaum kawg. Kev siv zoo tshaj plaws nyob ntawm kev tswj hwm qhov tseeb ntawm KMnO₄ concentration thiab kev koom ua ke nrog kev saib xyuas cov txheej txheem, xws li kev txheeb xyuas qhov ceev thiab viscosity los ntawm cov cuab yeej zoo li cov uas Lonnmeter muab.
Cov Txheej Txheem Hlau Plating
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Xyuas kom muaj zog nplaum thiab zoo ntawm txheej
Kev oxidation ntawm potassium permanganate yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kho ua ntej electroplating, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov polymers xws li ABS. Cov kauj ruam no daws qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau los ntawm kev hloov pauv tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev ntawm cov substrate.
Txoj Kev Ua: Yuav Ua Li Cas Potassium Permanganate Txhim Kho Lub Zog Ntawm Cov Nplaum
Potassium permanganate, yog ib yam tshuaj oxidizer muaj zog heev, nws hloov qhov chaw thaum lub sijhawm npaj electroplating. Ntawm cov polymer substrates, nws tsom mus rau cov pab pawg organic surface, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv polybutadiene domains uas pom muaj nyob rau hauv ABS plastics. Qhov oxidation txiav cov bonds ob npaug, qhia txog cov pab pawg ua haujlwm uas muaj oxygen ntau xws li hydroxyl (–OH) thiab carboxyl (–COOH). Cov pab pawg polar no ua rau lub zog ntawm qhov chaw zoo dua, txhim kho kev ntub dej thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj nrog cov hlau ions hauv cov khoom siv electroplating tom qab.
Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev siv permanganate etching ua rau muaj qhov me me-roughening, uas ua rau thaj chaw ntawm qhov chaw loj hlob thiab muab cov chaw anchoring. Qhov micro- thiab nanoscale texturization no ua rau qhov interface yooj yim dua rau nucleation thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov txheej hlau uas tau tso, thaum kawg ua rau muaj kev sib txuas lus thiab lub zog nplaum.
Qhov Txuas Ntawm Permanganate Pretreatment, Surface Activation, thiab Coating Durability
Cov txheej txheem ua ntej kho electroplating yuav tsum ua kom zoo tshaj plaws ob qho tib si kev ua haujlwm tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov qauv lub cev. Thaum siv potassium permanganate nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws - feem ntau ntawm cov concentration ntawm 0.5% thiab 2%, rau 3-10 feeb ntawm 60-80 ° C - nws ua tiav qhov ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw yam tsis ua rau puas tsuaj rau substrate.
Cov nplaim uas tau oxidized zoo qhia tau tias muaj cov pa oxygen ntau dua thiab qhov roughness ntawm qhov chaw, raws li tau pom los ntawm XPS thiab SEM. Cov yam ntxwv no muaj feem cuam tshuam ncaj qha nrog kev txhim kho kev nplaum thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov txheej txheem kawg. Lub zog nplaum zoo dua txhais tau tias muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo dua rau kev tawg, blistering, thiab thermal shock cycles, uas tseem ceeb heev rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau ntau xws li kev tsim khoom siv tsheb lossis khoom siv hluav taws xob.
Ntxiv mus, cov tsav tsheb ib puag ncig tab tom ua kom muaj kev hloov pauv mus rau kev kho ua ntej raws li permanganate. Raws li cov qauv kev cai lij choj txwv tsis pub siv chromic acid, permanganate oxidation muab kev sib piv lossis zoo dua thaum txo cov khib nyiab txaus ntshai. Txoj kev no tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thoob plaws ntau yam yas engineering, suav nrog polypropylene thiab polycarbonate, thaum cov xwm txheej daws teeb meem raug kho rau cov substrate hauv nqe lus nug.
Cov Cim Qhia Tseem Ceeb rau Kev Ntsuam Xyuas Lub Zog Nplaum tom qab Kev Kho Ua Ntej Nto
Kev ntsuam xyuas qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov kauj ruam potassium permanganate hauv cov txheej txheem ua ntej kho qhov chaw yog nyob ntawm ntau yam ntsuas tau:
- Kev Ntsuas Lub Zog Ntawm Peel:Ntsuas lub zog uas xav tau los tev cov txheej plated tawm ntawm lub substrate. Rau ABS kho nrog permanganate, cov nqi feem ntau nce ntxiv ntawm ~ 8 N / cm (tsis kho) mus rau > 25 N / cm, qhia txog qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov txheej txheem.
- Kev Kuaj Khawm thiab Kev Sib Txhuam:Soj ntsuam qhov tsis kam rau kev sib cais ntawm cov khoom siv, tsis yog tsuas yog qhia txog qhov zoo ntawm kev sib txuas xwb tab sis kuj tseem cuam tshuam ntawm qhov roughness ntawm qhov chaw thiab qhov ceev ntawm cov pab pawg ua haujlwm.
- Kev Caij Tsheb Kauj Vab Thermal thiab Kev Tiv Thaiv Av noo:Ua rau cov qauv plated raug hloov pauv ntau zaus ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab av noo, ntsuas qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov hlau-polymer interface dhau sijhawm.
- Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Me Me thiab Spectroscopic:SEM thiab XPS muab cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntawm cov qauv ntawm qhov chaw thiab cov khoom sib xyaw, uas tso cai rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov pa oxygen thiab micro-topography nrog cov ntsuas kev nplaum uas ntsuas tau.
Rau kev saib xyuas qhov ntsuas kev lag luam, kev tswj hwm nruj thiab rov ua dua ntawm cov tshuaj potassium permanganate yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Qhov no yog qhov uas cov thev naus laus zis ntsuas qhov ntom ntom lossis viscosity, xws li cov uas Lonnmeter muab, ua kom txhua pawg ua tiav qhov xwm txheej zoo tshaj plaws, txhawb nqa qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov txiaj ntsig plating downstream.
Kev Xav Txog Kev Nyab Xeeb, Ib puag ncig, thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm
Kev siv cov tshuaj potassium permanganate hauv cov txheej txheem electroplating thiab kev kho ua ntej ntawm qhov chaw xav tau cov txheej txheem zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv, kev nyab xeeb, thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Vim nws muaj zog oxidizing thiab reactivity, txhua kauj ruam txij li kev khaws cia mus rau kev pov tseg xav tau kev saib xyuas rau kev cai lij choj thiab kev ua haujlwm.
Kev Siv, Kev Khaws Cia, thiab Kev Pov Tseg Cov Tshuaj Potassium Permanganate Kom Zoo
Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv tus kheej (PPE) yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum twg kov cov tshuaj potassium permanganate. Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum siv cov hnab looj tes tiv thaiv tshuaj, cov tsom iav tiv thaiv, cov ntaub thaiv ntsej muag, thiab cov tsho tiv thaiv kev kuaj mob kom tiv thaiv kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab lub qhov muag. Ua haujlwm nrog cov tshuaj hauv qhov chaw uas muaj cua nkag tau zoo lossis hauv qab cov kaus mom pa kom tsis txhob nqus cov hmoov av lossis cov pa dej. Tsis txhob sib cuag ncaj qha thiab tsim cov pa tshuaj - KMnO₄ hmoov av lossis pos huab yog qhov txaus ntshai.
Kev siv ceev faj yuav tiv thaiv tau cov tshuaj lom neeg txaus ntshai. Potassium permanganate ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov nrog cov khoom siv organic, cov neeg ua kom cov khoom txo qis, thiab cov kua qaub, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws lossis tawg. Khaws nws kom nyob ib leeg ntawm txhua yam khoom uas kub hnyiab thiab cov tshuaj tsis sib xws ntawm txhua theem ntawm cov txheej txheem ua ntej kho rau electroplating.
Khaws cov tshuaj potassium permanganate rau hauv cov thawv uas kaw ruaj ruaj, tiv taus xeb (zoo dua yog HDPE lossis iav) rau hauv qhov chaw txias, qhuav, thiab muaj cua nkag tau zoo. Sau cov ntawv lo rau txhua lub thawv kom raug. Khaws kom deb ntawm tshav ntuj, qhov chaw kub, thiab cov khoom ua rau muaj kuab paug. Kev sib cais yog qhov tseem ceeb: tsis txhob khaws cia nrog cov kua qaub, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lossis cov tshuaj txo qis.
Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj dej ntws mus rau hauv dej, av, lossis cov kav dej ntws. Kev kaw thib ob, xws li cov tais uas tiv taus tshuaj lom neeg hauv qab cov thawv cia khoom, pab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj dej ntws mus txog ib puag ncig. Rau kev pov tseg, cov tshuaj potassium permanganate yuav tsum tau ua kom tsis muaj zog - feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tswj hwm nrog cov neeg sawv cev txo qis - ua ntej tswj hwm ua cov khib nyiab txaus ntshai. Pov tseg tag nrho cov khoom siv tu thiab ntxuav raws li cov cai hauv zos kom tiv thaiv cov dej zoo thiab cov ecosystem.
Yog tias muaj kev nchuav, tam sim ntawd cais thaj chaw ntawd thiab tshem tawm cov khoom uas ua rau kub hnyiab. Siv tsuas yog cov tshuaj nqus dej uas tsis muaj zog, tsis kub hnyiab rau kev ntxuav. Tsis txhob txhuam lossis nqus cov tshuaj kom qhuav - kev ntxuav ntub nrog PPE yog qhov zoo dua. Txhua qhov seem nchuav raug tswj hwm ua cov khib nyiab txaus ntshai thiab yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj raws li cov cai ib puag ncig.
Kev Cuam Tshuam Ib Puag Ncig thiab Cov Cai Tswjfwm rau Kev Siv Permanganate
Cov tshuaj potassium permanganate muaj tshuaj lom rau cov tsiaj hauv dej thiab nyob ruaj khov hauv ib puag ncig. Cov txheej txheem electroplating thiab kev kho qhov chaw yuav tsum muaj cov kev tiv thaiv uas tiv thaiv kev tso tawm tsis xav tau. Cov chaw ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau nruab nrog cov kev ntsuas kev tswj hwm thib ob thiab tshuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua rau qhov xau.
Kev ua raws li cov cai hauv tebchaws thiab cheeb tsam yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua. Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Lub Chaw Tiv Thaiv Ib Puag Ncig (EPA) tswj hwm cov kev txwv nruj rau kev tso tawm cov permanganate mus rau hauv cov dej. Cov qauv thoob ntiaj teb kuj lees paub potassium permanganate ua ib yam khoom uas muaj kev txhawj xeeb, xav tau cov ntaub ntawv sau txog cov khoom muag, kev siv, thiab kev pov tseg. Txhua qhov kev tso tawm tsis raug cai yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm raws li cov kev cai lij choj hauv zos. Kev tshuaj xyuas txoj cai feem ntau tsom mus rau cov xwm txheej khaws cia, cov phiaj xwm teb rau kev nchuav, thiab kev ua raws li cov txheej txheem pov tseg phom sij.
Cov Lus Qhia Txog Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Kev Nyab Xeeb ntawm Tus Neeg Ua Haujlwm
Cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau txais kev cob qhia txog kev phom sij ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj potassium permanganate hauv kev kho electroplating thiab cov txheej txheem kho ua ntej ntawm qhov chaw. Qhov no suav nrog kev siv PPE kom raug, kev tswj hwm cov xwm txheej nchuav, thiab kev teb rau kev raug tshuaj.
Cov txheej txheem kev pab thawj zaug suav nrog kev yaug nrog dej tam sim ntawd kom tsis txhob raug rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab qhov muag. Yog tias nqus tau pa, tsiv cov neeg mus rau qhov chaw huab cua ntshiab thiab nrhiav kev ntsuam xyuas kho mob. Yog tias noj, yuav tsum tau kho mob - tsis txhob ua kom ntuav. Kev nkag mus rau qhov chaw ntxuav qhov muag thiab chav da dej thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev hauv thaj chaw ua haujlwm tsis tuaj yeem sib tham tau.
Kev cob qhia thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev yuav tsum suav nrog kev tswj kev nchuav, kev ceeb toom rau cov tub ceev xwm kev nyab xeeb, thiab cov txheej txheem khiav tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov xwm txheej thiab kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau khaws cia kom ua tau raws li cov qauv kev cai lij choj thiab sab hauv kev tswj hwm kev pheej hmoo.
Hauv kev xaus, kev nyab xeeb, ib puag ncig, thiab kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev siv potassium permanganate rau electroplating. Lawv txhawb nqa kev ua raws li txoj cai thiab kev ua tau zoo xws li kev txhim kho lub zog nplaum hauv electroplating thaum tiv thaiv cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab ib puag ncig. Cov cuab yeej saib xyuas kom zoo, zoo li cov uas Lonnmeter muab, ntxiv pab nrog kev npaj cov tshuaj potassium permanganate kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab txhim khu kev qha rau kev kho qhov chaw thiab kev tswj xyuas cov txheej txheem zoo.
Kev daws teeb meem thiab cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws
Qhov kev nplaum thiab qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem electroplating feem ntau yog los ntawm cov teeb meem nrog cov txheej txheem ua ntej kho qhov chaw, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv cov tshuaj potassium permanganate. Daim ntawv teev cov txheej txheem kuaj mob yog qhov tseem ceeb kom taug qab qhov tsis ua tiav rov qab mus rau kev kho ua ntej. Cov yam tseem ceeb suav nrog kev txheeb xyuas qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj potassium permanganate hauv cov da dej electroplating thiab xyuas kom meej tias kev npaj cov tshuaj rau kev oxidation ntawm qhov chaw sib xws. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw tsis tiav feem ntau yog los ntawm kev sib xyaw tsis raug, kev tswj qhov kub tsis txaus, lossis lub sijhawm tsis txaus, uas tuaj yeem txo qhov muaj zog ntawm cov nplaum hauv electroplating thiab ua rau cov khoom sib txuas tsis muaj zog.
Cov khoom seem uas tsis huv, xws li cov roj ua haujlwm lossis cov seem ntawm cov txheej txheem yav dhau los, yuav tsum tau tshem tawm los ntawm kev ntxuav thiab yaug kom huv si. Txhua cov ntsev permanganate lossis cov organic seem uas tseem tshuav tuaj yeem txo qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov potassium permanganate concentration ntawm electroplating zoo. Kev khawb ntau dhau vim yog potassium permanganate ntau dhau lossis kev raug tshuaj ntev ntev tuaj yeem ua rau cov nplaim tawg yooj yim rau kev tawg. Qhov kub ntawm da dej, pH, thiab lub sijhawm raug tshuaj yuav tsum tau sau tseg thiab saib xyuas kom ntseeg tau tias muaj cov tshuaj potassium permanganate concentration zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua theem. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv kuj tseem yuav tsum tau sau tseg, vim tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov resin lossis cov khoom sau tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov kev teb rau kev kho ua ntej, cuam tshuam rau lub zog nplaum hauv electroplating.
Daim ntawv teev cov kev kuaj mob:
- Xyuas kom tseeb tias cov khoom siv electroplating hauv chav dej ua tau raws li cov qauv tshwj xeeb rau potassium permanganate thiab lwm yam khoom xyaw.
- Tshawb xyuas thiab kho qhov ntsuas qhov ceev ntawm Lonnmeter kom tsis tu ncua kom paub tseeb tias da dej sib xws.
- Saib xyuas qhov kub ntawm lub dab da dej thiab pH thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem npaj nto kom tswj tau qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj potassium permanganate zoo tshaj plaws.
- Siv cov cuab yeej ntsuas qhov chaw - xws li kev ntsuas lub kaum sab xis thiab FTIR - los ntsuas cov qib oxidation thiab xyuas kom meej tias qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo ib yam.
- Ua qhov kev sim kev nplaum (piv txwv li, kev sim lap shear lossis pull-off) kom paub qhov txawv ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, kev nplaum, lossis kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov substrate.
- Sau cov lej ntawm cov khoom siv substrate thiab ua raws li lub sijhawm teem tseg ntawm kev kho ua ntej thiab kev siv cov nplaum.
Kev kho cov txheej txheem txheej txheem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib xws. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem yuav tsum tau txhim kho siv cov ntaub ntawv saib xyuas los ntawm cov ntsuas qhov ceev hauv kab, uas muab cov nqi tiag tiag rau cov khoom siv electroplating da dej. Piv txwv li, yog tias kev ntsuas qhov ceev qhia txog potassium permanganate depletion, cov nqi dosing yuav tsum tau kho kom rov qab tau qhov concentration xav tau. Yog tias kev nyeem qhov ceev qhia txog ntau dhau permanganate, txo cov dosing lossis nce dilution kom tiv thaiv kev etching ntau dhau. Kev tswj qhov kub ntawm da dej pab tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntawm kev nplaum. Cov nqi co thaum lub sijhawm immersion yuav tsum tau ua tus qauv kom txhim kho kev sib cuag ntawm qhov chaw thiab tiv thaiv kev kho tsis sib xws.
Cov kev cai txij nkawm yog qhov tseem ceeb kom tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj ntawm chav dej thiab tswj cov txiaj ntsig electroplating zoo. Tshawb xyuas thiab ntxuav txhua yam khoom siv ntub dej, suav nrog cov thoob dej thiab cov kav dej, kom tshem tawm cov khoom seem lossis cov av noo. SivLonnmeter inline density meterslos taug qab cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub sijhawm da dej tiag tiag; kev hloov pauv sai sai feem ntau yog qhia txog kev ua qias tuaj lossis kev lwj ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg. Tsim kom muaj kev teeb tsa raws sijhawm ntawm cov khoom siv saib xyuas thiab kho cov sijhawm txij nkawm raws li cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv los ntawm cov txheej txheem electroplating. Hloov cov tshuaj da dej ntawm cov sijhawm tsis tu ncua raws li cov lus qhia ua haujlwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias cov khoom me me lossis cov khoom seem tsis tau lim tshaj qhov ntsuas. Kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv zoo, txij li cov voj voog ntxuav mus rau kev teeb tsa cov khoom siv, pab txhawb kev npaj cov tshuaj potassium permanganate zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kho qhov chaw thiab txo qis qhov ua tsis tiav uas cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom sib xyaw thiab kev ua qias tuaj ntawm lub dab da dej.
Kev ua raws li cov txheej txheem kuaj mob thiab kev saib xyuas no tsis tu ncua txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem npaj nto electroplating uas ruaj khov thiab txhim khu kev qha thiab txhim kho txoj hauv kev los txhim kho lub zog nplaum hauv electroplating. Kev koom ua ke cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheem los ntawm Lonnmeter's inline density meters ua rau muaj kev hloov kho cov txheej txheem ua ntej, thaum kawg txo cov kev ua tsis tiav ntawm kev nplaum thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws thoob plaws cov pawg ntau lawm.
Cov Lus Nug Feem Ntau (FAQs)
Lub hom phiaj ntawm electroplating pretreatment yog dab tsi?
Kev kho ua ntej electroplating yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem kho ua ntej ntawm qhov chaw, lub hom phiaj yog tshem tawm cov pa phem thiab ua kom lub substrate zoo ua ntej tso hlau. Qhov no suav nrog kev tshem tawm cov roj, roj, oxides, thiab cov khoom me me, uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev nplaum thiab kev npog. Kev kho ua ntej ua kom qhov roughness ntawm qhov chaw thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg ua haujlwm zoo dua, ua rau muaj kev sib npaug ntawm cov txheej electrodeposited. Cov substrates xws li cov hlau txhuas thiab cov yas luam tawm 3D xav tau cov txheej txheem kho ua ntej kom zoo rau kev txhim kho zoo thiab txo cov qhov tsis zoo xws li cov qhov lossis cov hlwv.
Yuav ua li cas potassium permanganate txhim kho cov txheej txheem electroplating?
Potassium permanganate rau electroplating yog siv los ua oxidizer muaj zog hauv cov kauj ruam ntxuav. Nws teb tau zoo nrog cov organic thiab qee cov inorganic residues, ua kom tshem tawm ntawm qhov chaw substrate. Qhov kev ua Oxidative no tsim kom muaj qhov chaw huv dua, muaj tshuaj lom neeg ntau dua, ua rau muaj zog nplaum zoo dua hauv electroplating thiab kev ua tau zoo dua. Rau cov substrates nyuaj, xws li cov uas yooj yim rau kev tsim oxide passive, kev npaj cov kua potassium permanganate rau kev kho qhov chaw ua rau qhov chaw ua haujlwm zoo dua.
Vim li cas kev saib xyuas qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj potassium permanganate thiaj li tseem ceeb?
Yuav tsum tswj kom zoo zoo seb cov tshuaj potassium permanganate puas muaj zog npaum li cas thaum siv electroplating. Yog tias cov tshuaj no tsis muaj zog txaus, yuav ua rau cov kua nplaum tsis lo thiab ua rau cov kua nplaum lo tsis zoo. Yog tias cov tshuaj no muaj zog dhau, yuav ua rau cov substrate puas los yog lo av, ua rau cov substrate puas. Yog tias cov tshuaj no muaj zog txaus, yuav ua rau cov substrate puas thiab lwj. Yog tias cov tshuaj potassium permanganate muaj zog txaus, yuav ua rau cov substrate tsis muaj zog thiab ua rau cov substrate tsis zoo, ces yuav ua rau cov substrate tsis muaj zog.
Kuv yuav ntsuas qhov concentration ntawm cov kua potassium permanganate li cas kom raug?
Feem ntau cov chaw soj nstuam siv kev tshuaj xyuas titrimetric los ntsuas cov qib potassium permanganate. Cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg no txiav txim siab qhov concentration nrog qhov tseeb siab, tab sis siv sijhawm ntau. Rau kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem tas mus li, cov sensors inline xws li cov ntsuas qhov ceev lossis viscosity los ntawm Lonnmeter tuaj yeem ntsia ncaj qha rau hauv lub dab dej electroplating. Cov no muab kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm cov yam ntxwv lub cev ntsig txog kev concentration ntawm cov tshuaj, txhawb kev hloov kho cov txheej txheem kom raug thiab txhim kho kev tsim khoom.
Puas siv tau potassium permanganate nrog txhua yam hlau hauv electroplating pretreatment?
Txawm hais tias potassium permanganate siv tau rau ntau yam hlau, nws qhov kev haum nyob ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov substrate. Piv txwv li, txhuas, nrog nws cov oxide tsim sai, xav tau cov kauj ruam ua ntej kho; kev siv tsis raug yuav ua rau muaj kev tsis haum lossis kev puas tsuaj ntawm qhov chaw. Soj ntsuam qhov sib xws rau txhua yam khoom siv thiab daim ntawv thov. Cov txheej txheem kho ua ntej rau electroplating yuav tsum tau hloov kho kom zoo dua cov txheej txheem npaj qhov chaw thiab zam cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm cov substrate.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Ob Hlis-08-2025
