Kev ntsuas qhov ceev tiag tiag yog ib qho kev tsim kho tshiab tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau. Lonnmeter inline density meters ntsuas qhov ceev ntawm cov kua propylene thiab slurries nrog kev nyeem ntawv tas mus li thiab raug heev. Qhov kev saib xyuas tiag tiag no ua rau cov neeg teb xov tooj teb tau tam sim ntawd rau qhov kev hloov pauv, kho cov nqi pub lossis cov xwm txheej txheej txheem kom khaws cov polymerization hauv cov lus qhia.
Cov Lus Qhia Tseem Ceeb
Cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau yog ib qho kev daws teeb meem tseem ceeb rau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev ua qias tuaj ib puag ncig los ntawm cov yas uas siv roj av tas mus li. Nws tsom mus rau kev tsim khoom ruaj khov los ntawm kev hloov cov peev txheej rov ua dua tshiab, xws li lignin los ntawm kev lag luam pulp thiab ntawv, mus rau hauv cov polymers uas zoo rau ib puag ncig nrog cov khoom tsim thiab tswj kev puas tsuaj. Daim teb no npog ntau theem tseem ceeb, los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw thiab kev hloov kho tshuaj, los ntawm cov txheej txheem polymerization siab heev, mus rau kev hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov khoom tiav los ntawm cov txheej txheem molding tshwj xeeb.
Yas uas lwj tau
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Lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau yog nyob rau hauv ob txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb ntawm polymerization: condensation polymerization thiab ring-opening polymerization (ROP). Cov no ua rau muaj kev tswj hwm qhov hnyav molecular thiab cov qauv khoom siv, uas tseem ceeb rau kev kho kom zoo dua biodegradation thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab. Cov kev tsim kho tshiab tsis ntev los no tau tsom mus rau kev koom ua ke lignin rau hauv polyester matrices, siv graft-onto thiab graft-from copolymerization los txhim kho ob qho tib si tensile zog thiab qhov kawg ntawm lub neej tawg. Kev tsim los ntawm microreactor-based flow systems ntxiv teeb tsa tus qauv tshiab rau kev ua haujlwm zoo. Tsis zoo li cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj, microreactors muab kev tswj hwm thermal thiab kev sib xyaw zoo heev, ua kom ceev polymerization thaum txo kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom catalysts hauv kev nyiam ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev zoo dua. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws ntawm cov polymers nrog kev sib xws zoo dua thiab txo qis kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig.
Ib qho nyuaj tseem ceeb hauv kev nthuav dav cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau yog los ntawm kev txhais cov kev tshawb pom tshiab hauv chaw kuaj mob mus rau hauv kev tsim khoom loj thiab txhim khu kev qha. Kev siv rau hauv kev lag luam yog nyob ntawm kev tswj xyuas zoo thiab lub sijhawm tiag tiag. Ib qho kev sib tw tas mus li yog kev ua kom muaj kev faib tawm qhov hnyav molecular sib npaug thoob plaws cov kab ntau lawm, qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kwv yees kev ua tau zoo thiab kev pom zoo los ntawm cov cai. Ib yam li ntawd, cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab thermal yuav tsum phim cov kev cai nruj ntawm cov ntim khoom, cov khoom siv rau cov neeg siv khoom, thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab ua liaj ua teb.
Kev saib xyuas polymerization thiab tswj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov yas biodegradable tau nce qib los ntawm cov cuab yeej ntsuas qhov tseeb. Inline density thiab viscosity meters, xws li cov uas tsim los ntawm Lonnmeter, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag thaum lub sijhawm propylene slurry lossis bulk polymerizations. Cov cuab yeej no tso cai rau kev ntsuas tas mus li ntawm cov kua propylene ceev thiab viscosity, ua rau muaj kev hloov kho tam sim ntawd ntawm cov kev ntsuas nkag. Real-time propylene ceev saib xyuas pab txhawb kev tswj hwm kev sib xws, kev siv catalyst zoo dua, thiab xyuas kom meej cov khoom ntawm cov polymer - qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txo cov khib nyiab thiab cov nqi overruns thaum ua tiav cov hom phiaj kev ruaj khov. Cov propylene ceev ntsuas qhov tseeb kuj txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem automation thiab cov ntaub ntawv xav tau rau kev ua raws li txoj cai hauv cov txheej txheem biodegradable yas synthesis siv los ntawm kev lag luam.
Txawm hais tias muaj kev ua tiav zoo los xij, kev nthuav dav ntawm cov txheej txheem yas biodegradable tseem ntsib teeb meem. Kev muab cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo biobased, kev koom ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj ntsuab ntsuab ntawm txhua theem, thiab qhov xav tau kev txhim kho kev sim thiab kev saib xyuas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas tas mus li. Kev xaiv cov txheej txheem molding yas biodegradable thiab cov txheej txheem txhaj tshuaj yuav tsum lav tsis yog tsuas yog kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev siv kawg, tab sis kuj tseem muaj kev tawg thaum kawg ntawm lub neej hauv ib puag ncig tiag tiag - lub hom phiaj tseem tab tom txhim kho nrog kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev txhim kho kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev saib xyuas cov thev naus laus zis.
Hauv kev xaus lus, kev tsim kho tshiab hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov polymerization, kev siv cov lignin thiab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, thiab kev tswj cov slurry density tiag tiag yog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm kev tsim cov yas uas tsis ua rau ib puag ncig puas tsuaj. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov kev nce qib no ua rau kev lag luam no nce qib mus rau kev tsim cov yas uas pheej yig, ua tau zoo, thiab muaj kev ruaj khov.
Cov Yas Uas Yaj Tau Thiab Lawv Lub Luag Haujlwm Hauv Kev Tsim Khoom Niaj Hnub
Cov yas uas lwj tau yog cov khoom siv polymeric uas tsim los rhuav tshem los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev - uas yog, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob me me xws li cov kab mob bacteria, fungi, lossis algae. Qhov kev rhuav tshem no ua rau muaj cov khoom kawg uas tsis ua rau ib puag ncig puas tsuaj xws li dej, carbon dioxide, methane (nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej anaerobic), thiab biomass. Tsis zoo li cov polymers ib txwm muaj, uas tau los ntawm petrochemicals thiab tiv taus kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig, cov yas uas lwj tau muaj cov tshuaj sib txuas uas yooj yim rau microbial thiab enzymatic cleavage, nrog rau hydrolysis.
Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yas uas lwj tau thiab cov polymers ib txwm muaj yog los ntawm lawv cov qauv tshuaj lom neeg. Cov yas ib txwm muaj, xws li polyethylene (PE) thiab polypropylene (PP), muaj cov pob txha carbon-carbon uas muaj zog nrog crystallinity siab thiab hydrophobicity, ua rau lawv ruaj khov heev thiab tsis lwj tau. Cov ntaub ntawv no nyob hauv ib puag ncig rau ntau xyoo lossis ntev dua, tsuas yog tawg ua tej daim me me los ntawm kev lwj qeeb lossis thermal oxidation uas tsis txo lawv cov kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Qhov sib txawv, cov polymers uas lwj tau feem ntau muaj cov hydrolyzable ester, amide, lossis glycosidic bonds hauv lawv cov pob txha, ua rau kev lwj sai dua thaum raug rau cov teeb meem ib puag ncig thiab biological. Piv txwv li, polylactic acid (PLA) thiab polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) suav nrog cov pob txha cleavable, ua rau kev tawg los ntawm hydrolysis thiab microbial enzymatic action.
Cov yas uas lwj tau yooj yim muaj peev xwm muab faib ua pawg raws li lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom siv raw. PLA yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam, tsim los ntawm kev fermentation ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab xws li hmoov txhuv nplej siab lossis qab zib. Nws cov qauv, ib qho polyester aliphatic linear koom nrog los ntawm ester bonds, nyiam hydrolytic degradation - txawm hais tias feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias siab thiab av noo ib txwm muaj ntawm kev ua composting hauv kev lag luam. PHA, tsim los ntawm cov kab mob me me los ntawm ntau yam khoom noj khoom haus organic xws li cov roj zaub lossis hmoov txhuv nplej siab, muaj cov qauv polyester zoo sib xws tab sis muab kev lwj sai dua hauv ob qho tib si av thiab dej ib puag ncig. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) thiab poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) kuj yog cov polyesters lwj tau yooj yim; PBS feem ntau yog los ntawm succinic acid thiab butanediol los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus cog, thaum PBAT yog ib qho co-polyester sib xyaw ua ke biodegradable thiab aromatic units los kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab kev lwj kinetics.
Cov yas uas muaj hmoov txhuv nplej siab siv dav dav, tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ntuj - feem ntau yog muaj amylose thiab amylopectin polysaccharides - nrog rau lwm cov polymers uas lwj tau lossis txawm tias cov polymers ib txwm muaj rau kev ua haujlwm zoo dua thiab kev ua tiav. Lawv qhov kev tawg yog nyob ntawm cov enzymes microbial uas txiav cov glycosidic bonds, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ib puag ncig sai dua nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tsim nyog.
Kev hloov mus rau cov yas uas lwj tau hauv kev tsim khoom muaj ntau yam txiaj ntsig rau ib puag ncig thiab kev ua haujlwm. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov ntaub ntawv no txo cov khoom pov tseg yas uas tsis tu ncua, vim tias lawv cov khoom tawg tau raug sib xyaw ntxiv los ntawm cov voj voog biogeochemical ntuj. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev thaum muaj kev tswj hwm thoob ntiaj teb thiab kev nyuaj siab hauv zej zog los daws cov teeb meem yas thiab cov yas me me. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau cov yas uas lwj tau siv cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab, uas tuaj yeem txo cov pa roj av thiab txo kev vam khom rau cov peev txheej fossil tsawg.
Los ntawm kev ua cov khoom, cov yas uas lwj tau yooj yim muaj ntau yam siv tau thiab sib xws nrog cov txheej txheem tsim cov polymer uas tau tsim lawm, xws li kev txhaj tshuaj molding thiab extrusion. Cov txheej txheem xws li kev txhaj tshuaj molding yas uas lwj tau yooj yim thiab lwm cov txheej txheem molding yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm cov txheej txheem thermoplastic ib txwm muaj, ua rau kev sib koom ua ke yooj yim rau hauv cov khoom siv uas twb muaj lawm rau kev ntim khoom, kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab cov khoom siv ib zaug xwb.
Kev ua haujlwm, kev tswj xyuas zoo tiag tiag hauv kev tsim cov yas biodegradable yog qhov tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv cov khoom siv bio-based thiab cov khoom noj hloov pauv. Cov cuab yeej ntsuas inline, xws li cov ntsuas qhov ceev los ntawm Lonnmeter, pab txhawb kev ntsuas qhov ceev propylene tas mus li thiab kev tswj hwm propylene slurry polymerization. Kev saib xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb xws li kua propylene ceev thiab cov txheej txheem polymerization ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj qhov zoo ntawm polymer, kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws, thiab cov nqi biodegradation kwv yees tau. Hom kev tswj hwm txheej txheem no yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim cov polymer biodegradable niaj hnub no, tiv thaiv ob qho tib si cov khoom siv thiab kev ua raws li cov qauv kev ua tau zoo lossis cov qauv compostability.
Cov kev tshawb fawb ib puag ncig los ntawm ob xyoos dhau los qhia txog kev nkag siab tseem ceeb: qhov ceev thiab kev ua tiav ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv tsis yog nyob ntawm cov qauv polymer xwb tab sis kuj nyob ntawm qhov chaw ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, PLA xav tau qhov kub ntawm kev ua composting hauv kev lag luam kom tawg sai, thaum PHA thiab qee cov yas ua los ntawm hmoov txhuv nplej siab yuav puas sai dua hauv cov av ntuj lossis cov xwm txheej hauv dej hiav txwv. Yog li ntawd, cov txiaj ntsig ib puag ncig tiag tiag yog txuas nrog kev xaiv cov tshuaj polymer tsim nyog thiab kev tsim cov khoom siv txhawb nqa kev tswj hwm pov tseg.
Kev siv cov yas uas lwj tau hauv av qhib tau ntau txoj hauv kev tshiab rau kev tsim khoom ruaj khov thiab kev xaiv lub neej kawg uas muaj lub luag haujlwm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ua ke nrog kev saib xyuas cov txheej txheem nruj, kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo, thiab kev xaiv cov khoom siv uas muaj kev paub zoo. Lawv txoj kev koom ua ke zoo rau hauv kev tsim khoom niaj hnub no yog nyob ntawm kev nkag siab zoo txog lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov yas uas lwj tau hauv av, nrog rau kev saib xyuas lub luag haujlwm thoob plaws hauv kev tsim khoom, kev siv, thiab kev pov tseg.
Kev Xaiv Khoom Siv Raw thiab Kev Npaj
Kev xaiv cov khoom noj khoom haus uas ruaj khov thiab rov ua dua tshiab yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau. Cov qauv no xav tau kev ntsuam xyuas lub neej voj voog (LCA) kom ntseeg tau tias muaj cov pa roj av tsawg kawg nkaus, txo kev siv av thiab dej, thiab kev lwj ntawm lub neej thaum kawg. Cov LCA niaj hnub no suav nrog kev cog qoob loo, kev sau qoob loo, kev ua tiav, thiab cov teebmeem tom qab, kom ntseeg tau tias kev nrhiav cov khoom siv xws li cov khoom seem ua liaj ua teb, cov khoom siv biomass uas tsis noj tau, lossis cov khib nyiab organic muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau ib puag ncig.
Cov khoom noj khoom haus yuav tsum tsis txhob sib tw nrog cov khoom noj. Cov ntaub ntawv xws li switchgrass, miscanthus, cov tawv ntoo qoob loo, cov roj ua noj pov tseg, lossis cov cellulose pov tseg los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pov tseg yog qhov nyiam heev. Cov no tsis yog tsuas yog txhawb nqa kev coj ua kev lag luam ncig xwb tab sis kuj txo qis qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig thiab cov nqi khoom siv raw piv rau pob kws lossis qab zib. Cov chaw tsim khoom kuj yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tias kev xaiv qoob loo thiab kev thov ntau ntxiv tsis ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv kev siv av tsis ncaj qha, xws li kev rhuav tshem hav zoov lossis kev poob ntawm ntau haiv neeg. Kev taug qab, nrog rau cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau polymerization, tau dhau los ua qhov yuav tsum tau ua rau cov neeg yuav khoom thiab cov neeg tswj hwm kom ntseeg tau tias muaj cov saw hlau muab khoom zoo.
Kev tsim cov yas uas lwj tau kuj suav nrog kev ruaj khov ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lag luam ua cov qauv xaiv tseem ceeb. Cov khoom noj yuav tsum tau los ntawm cov pov thawj uas tau lees paub tias muaj kev ua haujlwm ncaj ncees thiab cov txiaj ntsig rau cov zej zog hauv zos. Cov phiaj xwm ua haujlwm pub dawb thiab kev tshuaj xyuas sab nraud feem ntau yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntej kev pom zoo.
Kev rov ua dua tshiab sai yog qhov tseem ceeb. Cov qoob loo txhua xyoo, cov khoom lag luam ua liaj ua teb, thiab cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab sai xws li algae lossis nyom yog cov qauv ntau dua vim lawv cov nqi rov ua dua tshiab sai thiab tsawg dua qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam ecosystem. Cov khoom noj khoom haus kuj tseem yuav tsum tau cog thiab ua tiav nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg tsawg kawg nkaus; tshuaj tua kab thiab kev siv cov tshuaj lom neeg organic tas mus li raug txwv heev, nrog rau kev hloov pauv mus rau kev cog qoob loo organic thiab kev tswj kab tsuag sib xyaw.
Kev muab cov khib nyiab thiab cov khoom seem tso ua ntej tso ua ntej ua rau cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau yooj yim dua nrog cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas zoo rau ib puag ncig. Qhov no suav nrog kev siv cov khoom seem tom qab kev lag luam lossis cov khoom seem tom qab kev siv, tsav kev siv cov peev txheej kom zoo, thiab txhawb nqa kev lag luam ncig.
Tom qab xaiv, cov kauj ruam ua ntej yog qhov tseem ceeb heev rau kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev rho tawm monomer thiab kev huv. Piv txwv li, cov khoom seem ua liaj ua teb yuav tsum tau sib tsoo, ziab, thiab faib ua feem ua ntej hydrolysis yuav ua rau cov suab thaj fermentable. Cov qoob loo uas muaj hmoov txhuv nplej siab yuav tsum tau milling thiab enzymatic kev kho mob kom rhuav tshem cov carbohydrates nyuaj. Rau cov khoom noj cellulose, kev siv tshuaj lom neeg lossis kev siv tshuab pulping tshem tawm lignin thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm. Txhua kauj ruam tsom mus rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm cov monomers siv tau zoo li lactic acid, qhov tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas biodegradable thiab cov txheej txheem polymerization yas downstream.
Cov khoom noj uas tau ua tiav lawm raug saib xyuas kom zoo rau cov khoom sib xyaw, cov khoom muaj kuab lom, thiab cov dej noo. Qhov no ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv zoo thiab kev ua tau zoo hauv cov kauj ruam hloov pauv tshuaj lossis fermentation tom ntej - cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev ruaj khov ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab tag nrho cov peev xwm ntawm kev tsim cov yas biodegradable. Yog li ntawd, kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov khoom noj tsis yog tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ib puag ncig xwb; nws tseem ceeb heev rau kev tswj hwm kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev xa khoom hauv txhua theem ntawm cov txheej txheem.
Kev Moulding thiab Shaping: Los ntawm Cov Khoom Sib Xyaws mus rau Cov Khoom Tiav
Kev Txhaj Tshuaj Yas Biodegradable
Kev txhaj tshuaj yas uas lwj tau yog nyob ntawm kev xa cov resins yaj—xws li PLA, PHA, thiab PBS—mus rau hauv ib lub qhov uas zoo li lub qhov, qhov twg cov khoom txias thiab ua rau cov duab kawg. Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau thiab suav nrog cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws vim yog cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab thermal rhiab heev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no.
Cov pwm Polylactic acid (PLA) nyob nruab nrab ntawm 160 thiab 200 °C, tab sis qhov zoo tshaj plaws tshwm sim ntawm 170–185 °C. Tshaj qhov kub no yuav ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov saw hlau, qhov hnyav ntawm cov molecular poob, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab poob qis. Qhov kub ntawm lub pwm feem ntau tswj hwm ntawm 25 thiab 60 °C. Qhov kub ntawm lub pwm siab dua, txij li 40 txog 60 °C, ua rau muaj crystallinity ntau dua thiab txhim kho lub zog ntawm lub tshuab, thaum txias sai dua 25 °C tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab sab hauv thiab kev tsim cov siv lead ua tsis zoo. Kev nias txhaj tshuaj feem ntau yog txij li 60 txog 120 MPa—txaus kom ntseeg tau tias muaj pwm puv thaum tsis txhob muaj flash. PLA qhov viscosity qis tso cai rau qhov ceev nruab nrab, zam kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev txiav siab uas ua rau cov polymer puas tsuaj. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, PLA yuav tsum tau ziab kom huv hauv qab 200 ppm noo noo (2–4 teev ntawm 80–100 °C). Txhua qhov dej ntau dhau ua rau hydrolytic degradation, ua rau cov khoom tawg yooj yim, ua haujlwm tsis zoo.
Cov tshuaj PHA, xws li PHB thiab PHBV, muaj cov kev xav tau zoo sib xws rau kev tswj cov txheej txheem thermal. Lawv pwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm 160 thiab 180 °C. Thaum kub tshaj 200 °C, PHAs lwj sai sai. Cov txheej txheem yuav tsum siv cov pwm kub ntawm 30 thiab 60 °C. Lub siab txhaj tshuaj feem ntau yog li ntawm 80 txog 130 MPa thiab nyob ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab sib xyaw ua ke. Ib yam li PLA, PHAs rhiab heev rau cov dej seem thiab xav tau kom qhuav ntawm 60–80 °C rau cov dej noo qis dua 500 ppm. Kev txhaj tshuaj qeeb qeeb txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm shear, khaws cia cov saw polymer kom ruaj khov.
Cov PBS resins, thaum muaj zog dua li PLA lossis PHA, tseem xav tau kev ua kom yaj ntawm 120 thiab 140 °C. Kev ua ntawm qhov kub siab dua (> 160 °C) tuaj yeem ua rau lub matrix puas tsuaj. Qhov kub ntawm pwm ntawm 20–40 °C yog qhov tshwm sim; qhov kub siab dua pab txhawb kev ua kom crystallization, txhim kho qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom pwm. Qhov ntsuas siab txheem yog 80–100 MPa. PBS tuaj yeem tiv taus cov dej noo pib ntau dua li PLA, tab sis nws tseem yuav tsum tau kho kom sov li ntawm 80 °C ua ntej pwm.
Cov kev xav txog kev ua cov khoom no suav nrog kev nkag siab rau lub sijhawm nyob thiab cov dej noo. Lub sijhawm ntev dua hauv lub thoob lossis pwm ntawm qhov kub siab ua rau kev puas tsuaj sai dua, tsim cov qhov tsis zoo xws li xim tsis zoo, tawg, thiab tsw. Kev tswj cov dej noo kom zoo, ua tiav los ntawm kev ziab ua ntej, yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txhua kauj ruam ntawm cov txheej txheem ua yas biodegradable. Cov cuab yeej saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag, xws li cov ntsuas qhov ceev hauv kab thiab cov ntsuas viscosity hauv kab tsim los ntawm Lonnmeter, pab tswj cov khoom sib xws los ntawm kev qhia txog kev hloov pauv hauv cov khoom yaj vim qhov kub lossis kev hloov pauv dej noo.
Cov teeb meem pwm rau cov resins uas lwj tag muaj xws li splay (los ntawm cov dej noo ntau dhau), brittle fracture (vim qhuav dhau los yog kub dhau), thiab voids lossis tsis tiav (los ntawm qhov kub pwm qis lossis siab qis). Yog tias splay tshwm sim, siv kev ziab kom nruj dua. Yog tias muaj kab nrib pleb lossis brittleness, txo qhov kub yaj thiab luv lub sijhawm nyob. Voids feem ntau teb rau qhov siab txhaj tshuaj siab dua lossis nce me ntsis ntawm qhov kub yaj.
Cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias kev ua kom qhov kub ntawm pwm zoo dua ua rau muaj kev txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab qhov chaw ntawm PLA thiab PBS, thaum txo qhov sij hawm nyob ntawm cov khoom yaj tseem ceeb heev rau kev khaws qhov hnyav ntawm PHA resins. Lub sij hawm voj voog, cov txheej txheem ziab, thiab kev saib xyuas hauv cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom yas uas lwj tau yam tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo.
Lwm Cov Txheej Txheem Hloov Pauv
Ntxiv rau kev txhaj tshuaj molding, muaj ntau txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb hauv cov kauj ruam los tsim cov khoom yas uas lwj tau, txhua txoj yog tsim los rau kev ua tau zoo thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lwj.
Kev rho tawm cov yas los ntawm kev yuam cov polymer uas yaj los ntawm lub pwm, ua cov profiles, cov raj, thiab cov ntawv. Hauv cov txheej txheem yas uas lwj tau, kev rho tawm tsim cov ntawv PLA rau thermoforming lossis PBS pellets rau kev siv tom qab. Qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov zoo yog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov yaj ceev, saib xyuas nrog cov ntsuas qhov ceev tiag tiag xws li cov los ntawm Lonnmeter, kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ntws thiab phab ntsa tuab sib xws.
Kev tshuab zaj duab xis ua cov zaj duab xis nyias nyias uas lwj tau (rau cov hnab lossis cov ntim khoom) los ntawm kev rho cov roj hmab los ntawm lub pwm puag ncig thiab nthuav nws mus ua ib lub npuas. Kev tswj qhov kub thiab qhov nrawm ntawm no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau qhov tuab thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim cov roj hmab lwj tau feem ntau rhiab rau qhov hloov pauv ntawm cov dej noo thiab qhov kub.
Kev siv thermoforming ua kom cov ntawv yas uas lwj tau yooj yim—feem ntau yog PLA—ua kom sov kom txog thaum nws yooj ywm, tom qab ntawd nias lawv rau hauv pwm kom tsim cov duab tais, khob, lossis lub hau. Kev ua tiav zoo nyob ntawm qhov tuab ntawm daim ntawv sib npaug thiab kev ziab ua ntej ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab kom tiv thaiv cov npuas sab hauv thiab cov chaw tsis muaj zog.
Kev tshuab pwm ua rau cov khoom khoob xws li lub raj mis thiab cov thawv. Rau cov yas uas lwj tau xws li PBS, kev tswj hwm lub zog yaj thiab qhov kub ntawm parison (preform) yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem rhiab heev rau kev poob thiab kev tsis sib luag thaum lub sijhawm tshuab.
Txhua txoj kev hloov pauv yuav tsum tau phim rau cov resin thiab cov khoom xav tau. Rau qhov siab tshaj plaws compostability thiab kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws, xaiv cov txheej txheem uas phim cov kev xav tau thermal, mechanical, thiab crystallization ntawm cov polymer nrog rau qhov kawg geometry thiab kev siv-case. Kev siv online real-time density saib xyuas thoob plaws extrusion, daim ntawv, lossis lub raj mis tsim kom muaj kev sib xws ntawm cov khoom thiab txo cov khib nyiab.
Kev sib phim cov txheej txheem kom zoo nrog cov khoom - txawm tias los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj yas biodegradable, extrusion, zaj duab xis blowing, thermoforming, lossis blow molding - ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas biodegradable ua tau raws li qhov kev cia siab ntawm ib puag ncig thiab zoo. Txhua txoj kev yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account kom zoo ntawm cov biopolymer rhiab heev, nrog rau kev saib xyuas, ziab, thiab kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias woven rau hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas biodegradable.
Kev Txhim Kho Cov Txheej Txheem: Kev Saib Xyuas thiab Tswj Cov Khoom Polymer
Kev tswj cov txheej txheem nruj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau, ua rau muaj cov yam ntxwv kawg ntawm cov polymer xws li lub zog kho tshuab, kev lwj tau, thiab kev nyab xeeb. Kev ua tiav qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm polymerization thiab compounding txhais tau tias tswj hwm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb: kub, siab, lub sijhawm teb, thiab qhov huv ntawm txhua yam khoom siv.
Yuav tsum tswj qhov kub kom meej. Qhov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem hloov pauv qhov hnyav molecular ntawm cov polymer, crystallinity, thiab kev ua tau zoo. Kub ntau dhau yuav ua rau cov saw hlau tawg lossis ua rau cov monomers rhiab heev puas tsuaj, ua rau cov yas biodegradable tsis muaj zog lossis tsis sib xws. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov kub qis dhau cuam tshuam kev hloov pauv monomer, xav tau lub sijhawm teb tsis zoo thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev teb tsis tiav.
Cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub siab yog pom tseeb hauv cov txheej txheem uas siv cov monomers volatile lossis cov roj-theem polymerizations, zoo li nrog propylene polymerization. Kev siab siab tuaj yeem ua rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab qhov hnyav molecular ntawm polymer nce ntxiv, tab sis kev siab dhau heev ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis xav tau. Hauv lwm cov txheej txheem, xws li polycondensation, cov kev ntxhov siab hauv qab huab cua pab tshem tawm cov khoom seem thiab tsav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom tiav.
Txhua kauj ruam hauv cov txheej txheem ua cov yas uas lwj tau yog nyob ntawm qhov huv ntawm cov monomers, catalysts, thiab cov kuab tshuaj. Txawm tias cov dej noo me me lossis cov hlau tsis huv kuj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tsis haum tshuaj, pib ua kom cov saw hlau tsis ua haujlwm sai, lossis cov tshuaj lom. Cov txheej txheem kev lag luam suav nrog kev ntxuav cov khoom siv thiab kev ntxuav txhua yam khoom siv kom zoo kom tiv thaiv cov khoom tsim tawm zoo thiab ruaj khov.
Qhov ceev ntawm cov slurry yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv propylene polymerization - ib txoj kev siv dav hauv kev tsim cov polymer resins biodegradable. Kev tswj qhov ceev zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov polymerization slurry cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kinetics thiab, thaum kawg, cov khoom siv.
Qhov zoo ntawm kev ntsuas online, lub sijhawm tiag tiag nrog lubpropylene ceev ntsuasmuaj ob npaug. Ua ntej, cov neeg teb xov tooj tuaj yeem ua tiav cov khoom zoo ruaj khov los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tsis tu ncua ntawmkua propylene ceevQhov thib ob, kev kuaj pom tam sim ntawd ntawm qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov ceev ua rau muaj kev kho kom raug raws sijhawm - tiv thaiv kev tsim cov khoom tsis raws li qhov xav tau lossis pov tseg. Cov lus teb ncaj qha rau cov txheej txheem no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm qhov zoo ntawm cov polymer, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov kab ntau lawm uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, txuas ntxiv mus.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke cov ntsuas qhov ceev xws li cov uas Lonnmeter tsim tawm rau hauv lub tshuab polymerization lossis cov extruder sib xyaw ua ke muab cov cuab yeej muaj zog rau kev ua kom zoo dua qub. Los ntawm kev taug qab cov qauv ceev thoob plaws txhua qhov kev tsim khoom, cov chaw tsim khoom tuaj yeem tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem, teeb tsa cov lus ceeb toom txheej txheem kom raug dua, thiab siv cov tswv yim tswj hwm zoo. Qhov no txo cov khoom siv raw pov tseg, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, thiab txhawb nqa ncaj qha rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yas uas tsis muaj kuab paug.
Cov txheej txheem saib xyuas qhov ceev ntawm propylene tiag tiag muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo. Thaum cov kua propylene ceev raug tswj hwm nruj, cov resin sib xws tau zoo dua thiab cov txheej txheem tsis zoo raug txo qis. Cov lus teb tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov ntsuas qhov ceev txhais tau tias cov kws ua haujlwm txheej txheem tuaj yeem zam kev ua ntau dhau ntawm cov hom phiaj, txo ob qho tib si kev hloov pauv thiab kev siv zog thiab cov khoom siv raw ntau dhau. Cov tswv yim tswj hwm no tam sim no suav hais tias yog kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws hauv cov yas niaj hnub biodegradable synthesis thiab compounding kab.
Kev koom ua ke ntawm cov cuab yeej siv tam sim no txhawb nqa kev txhim kho tas mus li hauv cov kauj ruam los tsim cov yas uas lwj tau, ua rau muaj kev siv tshuab, cua sov, thiab kev lwj uas rov ua dua tau thoob plaws ntau qhov ntau lawm. Qhov kev tswj hwm meej no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias cov qauv kev cai lij choj, kev nyab xeeb, thiab kev ua lag luam rau cov polymers lwj tau txuas ntxiv nruj.
Cov Teeb Meem Hauv Kev Lag Luam Tsim Cov Yas Uas Muaj Biodegradable
Kev tsim cov yas uas lwj tau hauv kev lag luam ntsib teeb meem thoob plaws hauv kev lag luam, pib nrog tus nqi khoom noj thiab kev muaj. Feem ntau ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau hauv kev lag luam yog nyob ntawm cov khoom siv ua liaj ua teb xws li pob kws, qab zib, thiab cassava. Lawv cov nqi tsis ruaj khov vim yog kev hloov pauv ntawm kev lag luam khoom lag luam, huab cua tsis paub tseeb, kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qoob loo, thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov cai ua liaj ua teb thiab roj av. Cov yam no ua ke los cuam tshuam kev ruaj khov ntawm kev lag luam ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau hauv kev lag luam, cuam tshuam txhua kauj ruam los ntawm kev yuav khoom noj mus rau kev ua polymerization thiab molding.
Kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus nrog zaub mov, pub tsiaj, thiab kev siv zog ua rau muaj kev nyuaj rau kev nkag mus rau cov khoom siv raw. Kev sib tw zoo li no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib cav txog kev ruaj ntseg zaub mov thiab ua rau tus nqi tsis ruaj khov, ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov chaw tsim khoom kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev muab khoom pheej yig thiab ruaj khov. Hauv cov cheeb tsam uas cov qoob loo tshwj xeeb tsis tshua muaj, cov teeb meem no tau nthuav dav, txwv tsis pub muaj kev nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yas uas tsis muaj kuab paug.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov pauv yog lwm qhov teeb meem. Kev hloov cov biomass mus rau hauv monomers thiab, thaum kawg, biopolymers xav tau cov khoom noj khoom haus zoo, tsis muaj kuab paug. Txhua qhov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem txo cov txiaj ntsig thiab nce tus nqi ua tiav. Txawm tias cov kauj ruam siab heev los tsim cov yas biodegradable - xws li fermentation, polymerization, thiab molding - tseem siv zog ntau thiab rhiab heev rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov khoom noj khoom haus tiam thib ob xws li cov khib nyiab ua liaj ua teb ntsib cov teeb meem kev siv tshuab suav nrog kev kho ua ntej nyuaj thiab qis dua tag nrho cov nqi hloov pauv.
Cov teeb meem ntawm kev thauj mus los ntxiv ntau txheej ntawm qhov nyuaj. Kev sau, khaws cia, thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus vam khom rau cov khoom siv dav dav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tswj cov biomass uas tsis yog khoom noj. Lub caij sau qoob loo tuaj yeem ua rau cov nqi khoom siv nce siab lossis kev xa khoom tsis txaus. Kev tswj, ziab, thiab kev kho cov biomass ua ntej yuav tsum tau nqis peev rau hauv cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb, ua rau cov txheej txheem tsis yog tus qauv, kim heev uas ua rau muaj kev sib tw rau kev ntws mus tas li uas xav tau los ntawm kev tsim cov polymer bio-based loj.
Kev ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov kev thov tshwj xeeb ua rau muaj kev nyuaj siab ntxiv. Cov ntawv thov xav tau cov txheej txheem tsim cov polymer biodegradable sib txawv, xws li lub zog tensile, qhov nrawm degradation, thiab tus cwj pwm molding. Kev ua kom tau raws li cov no yam tsis muaj kev txis kev biodegradability lossis kev siv nyiaj tsim nyog yog qhov nyuaj. Cov neeg siv khoom hauv kev ntim khoom yuav muab qhov tseem ceeb rau kev degradation sai, thaum lwm tus, xws li hauv kev siv tsheb, xav tau kev ruaj khov. Cov txheej txheem molding yas biodegradable tshiab thiab cov txheej txheem hloov pauv yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo rau cov qauv kev ua tau zoo sib txawv no, feem ntau yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem nyuaj, hloov tau thiab kev saib xyuas cov khoom tiag tiag.
Kev sib npaug ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom, kev lwj ntawm cov khoom, thiab kev nthuav dav tseem yog ib qho kev sib tw uas tseem muaj. Piv txwv li, kev ua kom cov khoom siv crystallinity ntau ntxiv tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom muaj zog dua, tab sis tej zaum yuav txo qhov kev lwj ntawm cov khoom. Kev hloov kho cov xwm txheej ua tiav - xws li thaum lub sijhawm ua cov yas polymerization lossis txhaj tshuaj molding - yuav tsum tau tswj hwm kom zoo kom khaws tau ob qho tib si kev ua tau zoo ntawm ib puag ncig thiab kev tsim khoom ntau. Cov kev daws teeb meem ntsuas inline, zoo li Lonnmeter's propylene density meters, muab kev saib xyuas propylene density tiag tiag thiab ua kom muaj kev tswj hwm meej hauv cov kauj ruam propylene polymerization slurry density ntawm cov txheej txheem yas lwj, txhawb nqa cov khoom zoo sib xws thiab kev ua haujlwm scalable.
Kev cia siab ntawm txoj cai thiab kev sib txuas lus pob tshab tau loj hlob hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau. Cov cai yuav teeb tsa cov qauv nruj rau kev lwj tau, lub sijhawm lwj tau, thiab kev ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom noj. Kev sib txawv ntawm cov yas lwj tau, lwj tau, thiab oxo-degradable yog qhov tseem ceeb, vim tias kev sau ntawv tsis raug lossis cov lus thov khoom tsis meej tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev nplua rau txoj cai thiab ua rau cov neeg siv khoom tsis ntseeg siab. Cov chaw tsim khoom yuav tsum nqis peev rau kev sau ntawv meej thiab cov ntaub ntawv khoom tiav, qhia txog kev ua raws li txoj cai thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ib puag ncig zoo sib xws.
Cov teeb meem no uas muaj ntau txheej txheem—xws li tus nqi, kev muab khoom, kev hloov pauv zoo, kev thauj mus los, kev sib phim daim ntawv thov, kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov khoom, thiab kev ua raws li txoj cai—qhia txog qhov nyuaj ntawm kev nthuav dav cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov yas uas lwj tau. Txhua kauj ruam, txij li kev xaiv thiab kev ntsuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm cov khoom noj xws li kua propylene mus rau kev tsim cov txheej txheem ua cov yas uas lwj tau tag nrho, yog sib txuas thiab xav tau kev txhim kho tas mus li thiab kev pob tshab thoob plaws hauv cov saw hlau muaj nqis.
Kev Tswj Xyuas Pov Tseg, Lub Neej Kawg, thiab Kev Pab Txhawb Rau Ib Puag Ncig
Kev tawg ntawm cov yas uas lwj tau yog nyob ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov yam ntxwv ib puag ncig thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv. Qhov kub thiab txias ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb; feem ntau cov yas uas lwj tau, xws li polylactic acid (PLA), lwj tau zoo tsuas yog thaum muaj qhov kub thiab txias rau kev ua compost hauv kev lag luam, feem ntau siab dua 55 ° C. Thaum muaj qhov kub thiab txias siab no, cov polymers yuav mos, ua rau cov kab mob nkag mus tau yooj yim thiab ua rau cov enzymatic hydrolysis zoo dua. Qhov sib txawv, thaum muaj qhov kub thiab txias ib puag ncig lossis qis dua - xws li cov chaw pov tseg lossis cov chaw ua compost hauv tsev - kev lwj yuav poob qis heev, thiab cov khoom siv zoo li PLA yuav nyob tau ntau xyoo.
Qhov av noo kuj tseem ceeb heev. Cov txheej txheem ua composting tswj tau 40–60% av noo, ib qho ntau uas txhawb nqa ob qho tib si microbial metabolism thiab hydrolytic tawg ntawm polymer saw. Dej ua haujlwm ua ob qho tib si nruab nrab rau kev thauj mus los enzyme thiab reactant hauv polymer degradation, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau esters, uas muaj ntau nyob rau hauv cov yas uas muaj npe tias compostable. Qhov av noo tsis txaus txwv txhua qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm microbial, thaum ntau dhau hloov aerobic composting mus rau hauv anaerobic mob, cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm methane tsim.
Cov kab mob me me ua lub hauv paus rau kev hloov pauv tiag tiag ntawm cov yas polymers mus rau cov khoom lag luam kawg zoo. Cov composters kev lag luam txhawb nqa ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov kab mob me me thiab cov fungi, ua kom zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm kev ua kom huab cua thiab kev tswj qhov kub. Cov kab mob me me no tso tawm ntau yam enzymes—lipases, esterases, thiab depolymerases—uas rhuav tshem cov qauv polymeric mus rau hauv cov molecules me me xws li lactic acid lossis adipic acid, uas tom qab ntawd hloov mus rau biomass, dej, thiab CO₂. Cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov microbial consortia hloov pauv hla cov txheej txheem composting: cov tsiaj thermophilic tswj hwm thaum kub siab tshaj plaws tab sis muab txoj hauv kev rau cov kab mob mesophilic thaum cov pawg txias. Cov yas tshwj xeeb cov qauv molecular thiab crystallinity kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb; piv txwv li, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab sib xyaw ua bioavailable sai dua li PLA crystalline heev.
Cov yas uas lwj tau hauv dej pab txhawb kev hloov pauv pov tseg los ntawm kev muab lwm txoj hauv kev uas tsim los tswj kev lwj es tsis txhob khaws cia. Hauv cov chaw pov tseg pov tseg, lawv cov txiaj ntsig tsuas yog txwv tsis pub cov chaw pov tseg tau zoo rau kev lwj hauv dej - tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv kev xyaum vim tsis muaj cua thiab kev ua haujlwm thermophilic. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum coj mus rau cov chaw ua compost hauv kev lag luam, cov yas uas lwj tau ntawv pov thawj tuaj yeem hloov mus ua compost ruaj khov, hloov cov khoom siv organic uas xa mus rau chaw pov tseg lossis hlawv. Cov chaw nyob hauv dej hiav txwv, uas muaj qhov kub qis thiab muaj ntau yam kab mob me me, qeeb qeeb qhov kev lwj, yog li cov yas uas lwj tau hauv dej yuav tsum tsis txhob pom tias yog kev daws teeb meem rau kev pov tseg hauv dej hiav txwv tab sis yog ib txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv kev khaws cia tom qab siv yog tias muaj cov kev pov tseg zoo.
Kev tswj cov khib nyiab niaj hnub nim no tau nce ntxiv los pab txhawb cov yas uas lwj tau. Cov txheej txheem ua composting hauv kev lag luam tau tsim los tsim kom muaj qhov chaw sov thiab muaj dej noo txaus rau kev puas tsuaj zoo. Cov txheej txheem no ua raws li cov txheej txheem thoob ntiaj teb rau kev ua kom muaj cua, dej noo, thiab kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias, taug qab cov hloov pauv los ntawm cov txheej txheem xws li kev saib xyuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm cov xwm txheej compost. Lonnmeter inline density meters, piv txwv li, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tswj cov txheej txheem los ntawm kev ua kom cov khoom noj khoom haus sib xws thiab ua kom cov khoom siv ntws zoo: qhov ruaj khov yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas kev sib xyaw thiab kev ua kom muaj cua, cov yam ntxwv uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau cov nqi tawg hauv cov composters.
Kev koom ua ke rau hauv kev ua composting yuav tsum tau kom cov yas uas lwj tau raug txheeb xyuas thiab cais kom raug. Feem ntau cov chaw xav tau daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev lwj tau raws li cov qauv uas tau teeb tsa. Thaum ua tau raws li cov qauv no, thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm tau tswj hwm, cov neeg ua composting tuaj yeem ua cov yas uas lwj tau zoo, xa cov pa roj carbon thiab cov as-ham rov qab rau hauv av thiab yog li kaw lub voj voog organic hauv cov txheej txheem tsim yas uas zoo rau ib puag ncig.
Cov yas uas lwj tau los ntawm cov kab ke no, txhawb nqa los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv txheej txheem tseeb xws li Lonnmeter qhov kev ntsuas qhov ceev tiag tiag, ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj thiab kev saib xyuas ib puag ncig. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev pab txhawb nqa ib puag ncig tag nrho tsis yog nyob ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov yas lwj tau xwb tab sis kuj nyob ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov chaw tswj cov khib nyiab hauv zos. Yog tsis muaj kev sau, kev txheeb xyuas, thiab kev ua kom av lwj, lub voj voog npaj tseg - cov txheej txheem ua yas lwj tau mus rau kev nplua nuj av - tuaj yeem raug cuam tshuam, ua rau tsis zoo rau cov txiaj ntsig ib puag ncig.
Yuav kom pom tau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua composting rau qhov ceev ntawm kev puas tsuaj, daim ntawv qhia hauv qab no qhia txog lub sijhawm kwv yees ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau cov polymers biodegradable feem ntau nyob rau hauv ntau yam xwm txheej:
| Hom Polymer | Cov Av Paug Rau Kev Lag Luam (55–70°C) | Cov chiv ua hauv tsev (15–30°C) | Chaw Pov Tseg/Dej (5–30°C) |
| PLA | 3–6 lub hlis | >2 xyoos | Tsis paub meej |
| Cov hmoov txhuv nplej sib xyaw | 1–3 lub hlis | 6–12 lub hlis | Qaug zog heev |
| PBAT (Kev Sib Xyaws) | 2–4 lub hlis | >1 xyoo | Xyoo mus rau xyoo caum |
Daim ntawv qhia no qhia txog qhov xav tau kev tswj hwm qhov chaw ua composting kom zoo thiab txhawb nqa kev saib xyuas cov txheej txheem kom muaj kev pabcuam zoo tshaj plaws rau ib puag ncig thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau.
Cov Kev Dais Teeb Meem: Cov Tswv Yim Rau Kev Tsim Khoom Zoo Thiab Tsis Tu Ncua
Kev tsim cov yas uas lwj tau zoo, sib xws, thiab ua raws li txoj cai vam khom cov Txheej Txheem Ua Haujlwm (SOPs) thiab kev tshuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem tas mus li. Cov thawj coj ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab cov engineers yuav tsum tsim cov SOPs uas hais txog yuav ua li cas ua cov yas uas lwj tau, hais txog kev tswj hwm nruj thiab kev sau ntawv txhua theem. Qhov no suav nrog kev noj cov khoom siv raw - qhia txog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev nkag siab ntawm cov dej noo thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov khoom siv bio-based feedstocks. Kev ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev taug qab ntau ntau ua rau cov chaw ua haujlwm sai sai txheeb xyuas qhov chaw ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab ua cov kauj ruam kho.
Kev tswj cov tshuaj polymerization yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau. Rau polylactic acid (PLA), qhov no feem ntau txhais tau tias tswj cov xwm txheej polymerization qhib lub nplhaib kom nruj - kev xaiv catalyst, kub, pH, thiab lub sijhawm - kom txo qis cov khoom tsim thiab qhov hnyav molecular poob. Nrog cov polymers fermentation-derived xws li polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), tshem tawm cov kuab paug los ntawm cov txheej txheem huv si thiab kev kuaj mob yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv kev poob qis thiab kev ua tsis zoo. Kev ua haujlwm yuav tsum nthuav dav cov qauv sau tseg los ntawm kev sib xyaw, extrusion, thiab cov theem txhaj tshuaj yas lwj tau. Cov txheej txheem tsis sib xws - xws li cov qauv kub, qhov ceev ntawm cov ntsia hlau, lub sijhawm nyob, thiab kev ziab ua ntej (feem ntau 2-6 teev ntawm 50-80 ° C) - yuav tsum tau tswj hwm kom raug kom tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm biopolymer.
Kev saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm tas mus li yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yas niaj hnub, uas rov ua dua tau thiab tsis ua rau ib puag ncig puas tsuaj. Kev siv cov ntsuas qhov ceev hauv kab - zoo li cov uas Lonnmeter muab - thiab cov viscometers online ua rau cov chaw muaj peev xwm saib xyuas qhov ceev ntawm propylene, qhov concentration ntawm slurry, thiab viscosity hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag. Cov lus teb tam sim ntawd no tso cai rau kev hloov kho ncaj qha ntawm cov txheej txheem, kom ntseeg tau tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv polymerization tseem nyob hauv cov lus qhia tseeb. Kev saib xyuas qhov ceev ntawm propylene hauv lub sijhawm tiag tiag yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv theem propylene polymerization slurry density, tiv thaiv cov pawg tsis raws li qhov kev qhia thiab txo cov haujlwm rov ua dua thiab cov khoom pov tseg. Los ntawm kev tswj hwm nruj nrog cov cuab yeej xws li Lonnmeter propylene density meter, cov neeg ua haujlwm tuaj yeem lav tias qhov ceev ntawm propylene kua tseem ruaj khov thoob plaws qhov kev nthuav dav thiab kev khiav puv ntoob. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog txhawb nqa cov txheej txheem rov ua dua xwb tab sis kuj ua raws li cov qauv khoom thiab cov cai tswjfwm.
Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev saib xyuas online feem ntau pom tau ua cov duab qhia kev tswj cov txheej txheem. Cov no tuaj yeem tso saib cov kev hloov pauv txhua feeb hauv cov khoom tseem ceeb, xws li viscosity thiab density, muab kev ceeb toom tam sim ntawd ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv (saib Daim Duab 1). Cov kev kho sai sai txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov khoom sab nraud ntawm cov lus qhia thiab txhim kho tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas biodegradable.
Kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim khoom thaum tswj cov nqi ua rau muaj kev cov nyom tas li rau cov txheej txheem ua yas uas lwj tau. Cov chaw ua khoom yuav tsum siv cov txheej txheem tswj tus nqi uas tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij: kev teeb tsa thiab kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua rau txhua yam khoom siv saib xyuas, kev nrhiav cov khoom ntau nrog cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov neeg muab khoom, thiab kev kuaj xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib xyaw cov khoom ntxiv (vim tias qee cov khoom ntxiv tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev tawg ntawm polymer). Kev cob qhia tus neeg ua haujlwm tag nrho thiab kev lees paub tsis tu ncua hauv txhua txoj kev tseem ceeb txhawb nqa kev rov ua dua ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab kev khiav khoom. Kev siv cov ntaub ntawv siv tau thiab kev sib piv ntawm cov chaw kuaj mob - xws li kev sim tshuab lossis cov ntsuas kev lwj tau - ntxiv ib txheej kev ntseeg siab ntxiv tias ib qho chaw txoj kev ua cov yas lwj tau sib xws nrog lwm qhov.
Cov chaw tsim khoom siab tshaj plaws siv cov txheej txheem zoo tshaj plaws thoob ntiaj teb - SOPs uas tau kuaj xyuas rau txhua kauj ruam, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ruaj khov, Cov txheej txheem Tswj Xyuas Txheej Txheem, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua uas koom ua ke cov kev tshawb pom tshiab tshaj plaws. Txoj hauv kev no ua rau muaj cov txheej txheem tsim cov polymer biodegradable zoo, rov ua dua tshiab, thiab ua raws li txhua qhov ntsuas. Kev hloov kho qhov ceev tam sim ntawd thoob plaws hauv cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yas siv cov ntsuas inline ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev siv nyiaj tsawg thiab cov khoom zoo sib xws.
Cov Lus Nug Feem Ntau (FAQs)
Cov txheej txheem polymerization yas hauv kev tsim cov yas biodegradable yog dab tsi?
Cov txheej txheem polymerization yas suav nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas txuas cov monomer units me me - xws li lactic acid lossis propylene - mus rau hauv cov polymer molecules ntev. Rau cov yas biodegradable xws li polylactic acid (PLA), lub nplhaib-qhib polymerization ntawm lactide yog tus qauv kev lag luam, siv cov catalysts xws li tin (II) octoate. Cov txheej txheem no ua rau cov polymers siab-molecular-weight nrog lub hom phiaj lub cev khoom. Cov qauv polymer thiab saw ntev, ob qho tib si txiav txim siab thaum lub sijhawm polymerization, ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lub zog kho tshuab thiab biodegradation tus nqi. Hauv cov kab ke propylene, Ziegler-Natta catalysis hloov propylene monomers mus rau hauv polypropylene saw. Thaum tsim cov biodegradable variants, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav copolymerize propylene nrog biodegradable comonomers lossis hloov kho polymer backbone nrog cov pab pawg degradable los txhim kho cov nqi tawg ib puag ncig.
Koj ua cov yas uas lwj tau li cas?
Cov yas uas lwj tau yog ua los ntawm kev nrhiav cov khoom siv tshiab xws li qab zib lossis pob kws, ferment lawv rau hauv monomers zoo li lactic acid, thiab polymerizing cov no rau hauv polymers xws li PLA. Cov polymers uas tau los ua ke nrog cov khoom siv ntxiv kom txhim kho kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua tau zoo. Cov khoom sib xyaw no raug ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem shaping xws li kev txhaj tshuaj molding lossis extrusion los tsim cov khoom kawg. Cov txheej txheem txheej txheem raug tswj hwm nruj nreem thoob plaws txhua theem kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv muaj kev ncaj ncees thiab kev lwj ntawm kev siv kawg. Ib qho piv txwv yog PLA-raws li cov khoom noj ntim khoom noj, uas pib los ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab xaus rau hauv cov ntawv qhwv compostable tau ntawv pov thawj raws li cov qauv xws li EN 13432.
Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj yas biodegradable yog dab tsi?
Kev txhaj tshuaj molding ntawm cov yas biodegradable zoo nyob ntawm kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias kom raug, vim tias overheating ua rau degradation ntxov ntxov thiab txo cov khoom lub zog. Kev tswj cov dej noo kom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias cov polymers biodegradable feem ntau hydrolyze hauv cov xwm txheej noo noo, cuam tshuam rau qhov hnyav molecular thiab cov khoom lub cev. Lub sijhawm voj voog zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sau kom tiav thaum tsis txhob raug cua sov ntev. Kev tsim pwm yuav txawv ntawm cov yas ib txwm muaj vim yog cov yam ntxwv ntws thiab txias ntawm cov resins biodegradable. Piv txwv li, lub sijhawm nyob luv dua thiab cov nqi shear qis dua tuaj yeem tswj tau qhov zoo ntawm polymer thiab txo cov khib nyiab.
Kev saib xyuas qhov ceev ntawm propylene hauv online pab tau li cas rau cov txheej txheem tsim cov yas uas lwj tau?
Cov txheej txheem ntsuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag, xws li cov ntsuas propylene density los ntawm Lonnmeter, muab cov lus teb tam sim ntawd rau qhov ceev ntawm propylene hauv lub tshuab polymerization. Qhov no ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem polymerization tseem nyob hauv cov kev cai, tso cai rau cov neeg teb xov tooj kho cov xwm txheej sai. Qhov ruaj khov propylene density txhawb nqa kev loj hlob ntawm cov saw polymer thiab kho cov qauv molecular, txo cov khoom siv sib txawv thiab txhim kho tag nrho cov khoom tsim tawm. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum tsim cov polypropylene biodegradable variants, qhov twg kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau ob qho tib si cov khoom siv kho tshuab thiab kev puas tsuaj lub hom phiaj.
Vim li cas qhov ceev ntawm cov slurry thiaj li tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem polymerization propylene?
Qhov ceev ntawm cov propylene slurry—ib qho sib xyaw ntawm cov catalyst uas raug ncua, monomer, thiab cov polymer tsim—cuam tshuam rau kev hloov pauv cua sov, cov nqi tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm catalyst. Kev tswj hwm qhov ceev ntawm cov slurry zoo tshaj plaws tiv thaiv cov chaw kub, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm reactor fouling, thiab ua rau cov polymer loj hlob zoo ib yam. Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ceev ntawm cov slurry tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm cov resin kawg qhov kev ua haujlwm kho tshuab thiab qhov profile degradability. Yog li kev tswj hwm nruj ntawm qhov ceev ntawm cov slurry yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ruaj khov ntawm cov txheej txheem thiab kev tsim khoom zoo sib xws hauv kev tsim cov yas biodegradable.
Cov cuab yeej twg siv rau kev ntsuas lub sijhawm tiag tiag ntawm cov kua propylene ceev?
Cov ntsuas qhov ceev hauv kab, xws li cov uas Lonnmeter tsim, yog siv los saib xyuas cov kua propylene ceev ncaj qha hauv cov kab ntau lawm. Cov ntsuas no ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem nyuaj, ntsuas qhov ceev tas li thiab xa cov ntaub ntawv rau kev tswj hwm cov nroj tsuag tam sim ntawd. Kev nyeem ntawv raug, lub sijhawm tiag tiag ua rau pab pawg tsim khoom tuaj yeem ntes tau qhov sib txawv sai, txhawb kev hloov kho rau cov xwm txheej reactor. Qhov no ua rau kev tswj hwm polymerization zoo dua, kev sib xws zoo dua, thiab kev daws teeb meem zoo - tseem ceeb rau ob qho tib si cov haujlwm sim thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom yas biodegradable hauv kev lag luam.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Kaum Ob Hlis-18-2025
