ConenuusgAuna danko na uar yana ba da damar sa ido daidai kan canje-canjen danko da ke da alaƙa da yawan da ke cikinsa. Tsarin hasashen rheological yana taimakawa wajen tantance takamaiman yawan da ake buƙata don kewayon danko da ake so, wanda yake da mahimmanci don inganta ƙirar tankin hadawa da tabbatar da daidaiton rheology na ruwa mai katsewa. Wannan alaƙar da ke tsakanin yawan da ke cikin layi da danko yana taimaka wa injiniyoyi wajen rubuta danko da aka sarrafa don buƙatun aiki daban-daban.
Fahimtar Guar Gum a cikin Ruwan Fracturing na Hydraulic
Matsayin Guar Gum a Matsayin Mai Kauri
Sinadaran polymer na halitta kamar guar gum suna da mahimmanci wajen samar da ruwa mai kauri saboda ikonsu na ƙara danko sosai, wanda yake da mahimmanci don ingantaccen dakatar da propant da jigilar sa. An samo shi daga wake na guar, tsarin polysaccharide na guar gum yana narkewa cikin sauri don samar da mafita mai kauri - mai mahimmanci don ɗaukar yashi ko wasu abubuwan da ke shiga cikin tsagewar dutse yayin fashewar hydraulic.
Tsarin Danko da Kwanciyar Hankali:
- Kwayoyin guar gum suna mannewa da faɗaɗa cikin ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar gogayya tsakanin molecular da kauri ruwa. Wannan babban danko yana rage saurin daidaitawar propant a cikin ruwan hydraulic fracturing, wanda ke haifar da mafi kyawun dakatarwa da sanya propants.
- Abubuwan da ke haɗa haɗin gwiwa kamar boric acid, organoboron, ko organozirconium suna ƙara haɓaka ɗanɗano. Misali, ruwan organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar (HPG) yana riƙe sama da kashi 89.7% na ɗanɗanonsu na farko a 120 °C a ƙarƙashin babban yankewa, suna yin aiki fiye da tsarin gargajiya kuma suna samar da ƙarfin ɗaukar iska mai ƙarfi a cikin ruwan da ke fashewa.
- Ƙara yawan haɗin gwiwa, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ɗaga yawan kauri, yana ƙarfafa tsarin gel kuma yana ba da damar samun kwanciyar hankali mai kyau, koda a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na magudanar ruwa.
Samar da gel na Guar gum cikin sauri yana ba da damar ingantaccen tsarin tankin haɗa ruwa mai karyewa. Duk da haka, yana da saurin kamuwa da hare-haren ƙura da ƙwayoyin cuta; saboda haka, ana buƙatar shiri mai kyau da ƙarin abubuwa masu kyau don ci gaba da aiki.
Foda Guar Gum
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Mahimman Kadarorin da suka shafi Ayyukan Karyewa
Daidaiton Zafin Jiki
Ruwan guar gum dole ne ya kiyaye yanayin dankonsu a yanayin zafi mai yawa na ma'ajiyar ruwa. Guar gum da ba a gyara ba yana fara lalacewa sama da 160°C, wanda ke haifar da asarar danko da kuma raguwar dakatarwar propant. Gyaran sinadarai - kamar sulfonation tare da sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate - suna inganta juriyar zafi, suna bawa ruwa damar ci gaba da danko sama da 200 mPa·s a 180°C na tsawon awanni biyu (yanke 170 s⁻¹).
Masu haɗin giciye sune mabuɗin daidaita yanayin zafi:
- Haɗin haɗin gwiwar Organozirconium yana nuna ingantaccen riƙe ɗanko a yanayin zafi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da tsarin borate.
- Gel ɗin Borate crosslinked suna da tasiri a ƙasa da 100°C amma suna raguwa da ƙarfi da sauri sama da wannan matakin, musamman a ƙarancin yawan biopolymer.
Ƙarin abubuwa masu haɗaka da kuma abubuwan da aka gyara daga sinadarai na guar suna tura iyakokin wuraren adana ruwa masu zurfi sosai, suna tabbatar da cewa rheology na ruwa mai kauri da kuma sarrafa danko a fadin kewayon zafi mai faɗi.
Juriyar Tacewa
Juriyar tacewa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci don hana asarar ruwa a cikin samuwar ƙwayoyin halitta marasa ƙarfi. Ruwan ɗanko mai guba, musamman waɗanda suka haɗu da ƙwayoyin nano kamar nano-ZrO₂ (zirconium dioxide), suna nuna ingantaccen dakatarwar yashi da rage asarar tacewa. Misali, ƙarin nano-ZrO₂ 0.4% yana rage matsewar da ke shiga cikin iska sosai, yana kiyaye ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai tsauri da matsin lamba.
Guar gum ya fi ƙarfin yawancin polymers na roba a cikin juriya ga yankewa da tacewa, musamman a cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa da kuma yawan gishiri. Duk da haka, ƙalubalen da ke tattare da fashewar kayan da suka rage bayan an cire gel ɗin ya rage kuma dole ne a sarrafa shi don haɓaka ƙarfin magudanar ruwa.
Haɗa ƙarin abubuwa kamar su thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs)—methanol da PEG-200—na iya ƙara inganta aikin hana tacewa, musamman a cikin laka mai ɗauke da hydrate. Waɗannan haɓakawa suna taimakawa wajen inganta dawo da iskar gas kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga ingantaccen aikin tankin haɗa abubuwa don fashewar ruwa.
Tasirin Hana Laka
Hana yumbu yana hana kumburi da ƙaura daga yumbu, yana rage lalacewar samuwarsa yayin karyewar ruwa. Ruwan gum na guar yana samun daidaiton yumbu ta hanyar:
- Ƙara danko da kuma dakatar da sinadarin propant, yana rage motsin sinadarin propant wanda zai iya lalata yumbu.
- Shaka kai tsaye a saman shale, wanda zai iya hana ƙaurawar ƙwayoyin yumbu.
An gyara abubuwan da aka samo daga guar—kamar maleic anhydride-grafted anionic guar—suna rage yawan ruwan da ba ya narkewa, suna rage lalacewar samuwar da kuma inganta daidaiton yumbu. Bambance-bambancen cationic guar guar cationic da aka yi da fluorinated hydrophobic da polyacrylamide–guar copolymers suna ƙara sha, suna samar da ingantaccen juriya ga zafi da kuma daidaiton hulɗar ruwa da yumbu.
A cikin ma'ajiyar ruwa mai wadataccen ruwa, amfani da THIs masu ɗauke da hydroxyl group (misali,methanol, PEG-200) yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye halayen ruwa masu karyewa, yana taimakawa wajen daidaita laka a kaikaice da kuma haɓaka yawan samarwa gaba ɗaya.
Ta hanyar haɗa ingantattun gyare-gyaren sinadarai da ƙari mai niyya, ruwan guar na zamani mai kama da fracturing yana ba da ƙarin ɗanko, juriya ga tacewa, da kuma sarrafa yumbu, yana tallafawa jigilar propant mafi kyau da ƙarancin lalacewar samuwar.
Tushen Danko na Guar Gum da Tsarin Tattara Hankali
Dangantaka: Guar Gum Danko vs Mai da Hankali
Dankowar guar gum yana nuna alaƙa kai tsaye, sau da yawa layi ɗaya da yawansa a cikin ruwan. Yayin da yawan guar gum ke ƙaruwa, dankowar ruwan yana ƙaruwa, yana inganta ikon ruwan na dakatarwa da jigilar abubuwan da ke haifar da tarkace a cikin ayyukan hydraulic fracturing. Misali, ruwaye masu yawan guar gum daga 0.2% zuwa 0.6% (w/w) za a iya tsara su don yin kwaikwayon laushin nectar ko kamar zuma, waɗanda ke da tasiri ga dakatarwar propant a cikin ma'ajiyar ruwa mai ƙarancin ruwa da mai yawa.
Mafi kyawun yawan guar danko yana daidaita danko don ƙarfin ɗaukar propant da kuma yadda ake iya amfani da shi. Ƙarancin yawan taro yana haifar da saurin daidaitawa da rage faɗin karyewa; yawan taro na iya kawo cikas ga kwarara da kuma ƙara farashin aiki. Misali, nauyin 0.5% na guar danko a cikin hydrogels yana ƙara kauri na yanke da kusan 40%. Duk da haka, a 0.75% na wt, ingancin hanyar sadarwa yana raguwa, yana rage dakatarwar propant da ingancin sufuri.
Tasirin Ƙarfin Ragewa da Zafin Jiki akan Danko
Maganin guar gum yana nuna yanayin rage girman yankewa: danko yana raguwa yayin da saurin yankewa ke ƙaruwa. Wannan halayyar tana da mahimmanci a cikin karyewar hydraulic, yana ba da damar yin famfo mai inganci a lokacin yanayin yankewa mai yawa da kuma ɗaukar propant mai ƙarfi a ƙarancin kwararar ruwa. Misali, a lokacin allurar da sauri, dankowar guar gum yana raguwa, yana sauƙaƙa motsi na ruwa ta cikin bututu da karyewa. Yayin da kwarara ke raguwa a cikin hanyoyin karyewa, danko yana murmurewa, yana kiyaye dakatarwar propant da rage saurin daidaitawa.
Zafin jiki kuma yana tasiri sosai ga dankowar ruwa da ke karyewa. Yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa, ƙwayoyin guar gum suna fuskantar lalacewar zafi, rage danko da sassauci. Binciken zafin jiki ya nuna cewa guar gum da aka sulfonated yana jure asarar danko fiye da siffofin da ba a gyara ba, yana riƙe da daidaiton tsari da ƙarfin ɗaukar propant a yanayin zafi har zuwa 90-100°C. Duk da haka, a yanayin zafi mai tsanani sama da wannan matakin, yawancin nau'ikan guar gum (gami da hydroxypropyl guar ko HPG) suna nuna raguwar danko da kwanciyar hankali, suna buƙatar gyare-gyare ko dabarun ƙari.
Yawan gishiri da sinadarin ionic a cikin ruwan tushe (misali, ruwan teku) yana ƙara yin tasiri ga rage girman ƙura da kuma daidaiton zafi. Gishirin da ke cikinsa, musamman tare da cations masu yawa, na iya rage kumburi da danko sosai, wanda hakan ke shafar ingancin jigilar sinadarin.
Tasirin Gyaran Guar Gum
Gyaran sinadarai na guar gum yana ba da damar daidaita danko, narkewa, da juriyar zafin jiki, yana inganta aikin ruwa mai karyewa. Sulfonation - wanda ke gabatar da rukunin sulfonate cikin guar gum - yana haɓaka narkewar ruwa kuma yana samar da ƙaruwar danko da kashi 33%, wanda IR, DSC, TGA, da nazarin abubuwa suka tabbatar. Guar gum da aka sulfonated yana kiyaye danko da kwanciyar hankali ko da a cikin yanayin ruwan gishiri ko alkaline, yana yin aiki fiye da gum da ba a gyara ba a cikin yanayin magudanar ruwa mai ƙalubale.
Hydroxypropylation (HPG) kuma yana ƙara danko da inganta narkewa, musamman a cikin ruwa mai ƙarfin ionic mai yawa. Gel ɗin HPG suna nuna danko da sassauci mai yawa tsakanin pH 7 da 12.5, suna canzawa zuwa halayen Newtonian kawai a pH >13. A cikin ruwan teku, HPG da guar gum suna riƙe da danko mafi kyau fiye da sauran danko da aka gyara kamar carboxymethyl guar (CMG), suna haɓaka dacewarsu don ayyukan teku da na saline.
Haɗin gwiwa, wanda galibi ana yin sa da sinadarai kamar boric acid, organoboron, ko organozirconium, wata hanya ce ta ƙarfafa tsarin hanyar sadarwa ta guar gum. Ƙara yawan haɗin gwiwa yana ƙara ƙarfi da danko, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga dakatarwar propant a yanayin zafi mai yawa da kuma saurin yankewa. Zaɓin wakili mafi kyau na haɗin gwiwa da yawan aiki ya dogara da takamaiman yanayin zafin jiki da kwararar ruwa. Samfuran hasashen suna ba wa injiniyoyi damar daidaita nauyin mai kauri da mai haɗin gwiwa don rheology na ruwa mai fashewa da kuma sarrafa danko.
Kalubale da Magani don Kula da Danko a Lokaci-lokaci a Aikace-aikacen Masana'antu
Cin Nasara Kan Aunawa da Haɗa Matsalolin
Sarrafa magungunan guar gum a masana'antu yana fuskantar ƙalubale masu ɗorewa a auna danko na ainihin lokaci. Rashin na'urar firikwensin abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari saboda yadda guar gum ke samar da ragowar abubuwa a saman viscometer. Rashin na'urar na kawo cikas ga daidaito kuma yana haifar da raguwa; misali, tarin polymer na iya ɓoye ainihin canje-canjen danko, wanda ke haifar da karatu marasa inganci. Dabaru na rage tasirin zamani sun haɗa da rufewa mai haɗawa, kamar fina-finan CNT-PEG-hydrogel, waɗanda ke korar ma'adanai na halitta kuma suna ci gaba da nuna jin daɗin firikwensin a ƙarƙashin yanayin da ba ya da kyau. Masu haɓaka tururin 3D, waɗanda aka sanya a cikin tankunan haɗawa, suna haifar da tururin da ke cikin wurare a saman firikwensin, suna rage tarin ragowar abubuwa da tsawaita daidaiton aiki. Na'urori masu auna RFID-IC da aka haɗa suna ƙara haɓaka sa ido, suna rage kulawa yayin aiki a cikin ruwa mai wahala, kodayake waɗannan suma suna buƙatar ƙa'idodi masu ƙarfi na hana gurɓatawa don dogaro na dogon lokaci.
Yanayin tanki masu canzawa, kamar saurin yanke ruwa mara daidaituwa, yanayin zafi mai canzawa, da rarrabawar ƙari mara daidaituwa, suma suna shafar sarrafa danko. Misali, tankunan hadawa ba tare da ingantaccen tsari ba na iya barin tarin guar gum mara gauraye, yana haifar da ƙarar danko na gida da rashin isasshen ruwa. Inganta ƙirar tanki - ta hanyar baffles da masu haɗakar zafi - yana haɓaka yaɗuwar iri ɗaya kuma yana tabbatar da daidaiton ma'aunin lokaci-lokaci. Daidaita ma'auni ya kasance mai mahimmanci; daidaita yanayin wurin da ake amfani da shi akai-akai ta amfani da ƙa'idodin da za a iya ganowa yana taimakawa wajen rage guduwar firikwensin da asarar aiki a tsawon zagayowar aiki.
Dabaru don Daidaita Danko a Tsarin Manyan Sikeli
Samun daidaiton danko na mafita na guar gum a cikin manyan hanyoyin hadawa yana buƙatar tsarin sarrafawa mai haɗawa da atomatik. Viscometers na layi tare da tsarin sarrafa PLC (mai sarrafa dabaru mai shirye-shirye) yana ba da damar daidaita saurin hadawa, ƙarin allurai, da zafin jiki. Tsarin IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) yana ba da damar ci gaba da kama bayanai, sa ido kan lokaci, da kuma ayyukan hasashen - samfuran koyon injin suna hasashen karkacewa da aiwatar da gyare-gyare kafin danko ya ɓace a waje da ƙayyadaddun bayanai.
Tsarin sarrafa kansa na atomatik yana rage bambancin tsari sosai. Nazarin shari'o'i na baya-bayan nan ya nuna bambancin danko yana raguwa da kashi 97% kuma sharar kayan yana raguwa da kashi 3.5% lokacin da aka fara sarrafa lokaci-lokaci. Yin amfani da magungunan haɗin gwiwa ta atomatik - gami da boric acid, organoboron, da organozirconium - tare da daidaita yanayin zafi, yana ba da aikin rheological mai maimaitawa ga ruwan da ke ɗauke da propant. Kimantawa a cikin cakuda guar gum na abinci ya nuna samfuran da IIoT ke tuƙi sun fi hanyoyin aiki da hannu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin dakatarwar propant daidai da rage saurin daidaitawa, wanda ke da mahimmanci don ingancin karyewar hydraulic.
Dabaru don ƙara rage bambancin rukuni-zuwa-rukuni sun haɗa da zaɓi da kyau da daidaita abubuwan da ke haɗa haɗin gwiwa da daidaita su. Haɗa magungunan hana ruwa na thermodynamic hydrate (THIs) kamar methanol ko PEG-200 suna haɓaka riƙe danshi da kuma daidaiton gel, musamman a ƙarƙashin yanayin ma'ajiyar zafi mai tsanani. Duk da haka, dole ne a inganta yawan su - yawan shan su yana ƙara rage girman yankewa kuma yana lalata ƙarfin ɗaukar propant, yana buƙatar daidaito mai kyau tare da manyan masu kauri.
Shirya matsala: Magance Abubuwan Ruwa da Ba a Tantance Su ba
Idan danko na ruwa ya karye ya wuce iyakokin aiki, akwai matakai da yawa da suka wajaba don magance matsala. Rashin isasshen ruwa da kuma rashin yaduwar guar gum akai-akai yakan haifar da samuwar dunkule, wanda ke haifar da karancin danko da kuma raguwar dakatarwar propant. Haɗa guar gum da sinadaran da ke haɗa ko kuma watsa foda zuwa cikin masu ɗaukar ruwa kamar glycol na iya hana haɗuwa da haɓaka da kuma haɓaka shiri iri ɗaya na maganin. Ana fifita dabarun ƙarawa cikin sauri da tsari don guje wa ƙaruwar danko kwatsam; wannan tsari yana tabbatar da haɗa sosai da rage samuwar laka a cikin tankunan haɗa ruwan hydraulic.
Tabbatar da inganci ya dogara ne akan bin diddigin hulɗar da ke tsakanin ƙari da kuma sa ido kan lalacewar zafi ko lalacewa da ke haifar da yankewa. Dabaru na microscopic da spectroscopic (SEM, FTIR) suna bayyana samuwar ragowar da rugujewar gel, waɗanda matsalolin ƙirƙirar sigina ke haifarwa. Daidaitawa na iya buƙatar canza wakilai masu haɗin gwiwa - tsarin organozirconium, misali, suna riƙe da fiye da kashi 89% na ɗanko na farko a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai tsanani (>120°C, babban yankewa), wanda ya dace da ruwan tafki mai zurfi sosai. Lokacin amfani da masu daidaita abubuwa kamar methanol da PEG-200, ya kamata a daidaita yawan abubuwan da ke tattare da su daidai; ƙananan matakan suna daidaita, amma wuce haddi na iya rage ɗanko da kuma lalata ƙarfin ɗaukar abin da ke cikin tafki.
Abubuwan da ke hana ruwa shiga cikin na'urori masu aiki da yawa suna buƙatar amsawa ta ainihi daga na'urori masu auna sigina da kuma sarrafa tsarin aiki da bayanai ke jagoranta. Tsarin daidaitawa da tsaftacewa, tare da kula da hasashen yanayi, yana warware bambance-bambancen da ke ci gaba da kuma haɓaka amincin ma'aunin danko, inganta ƙirar tankin hadawa kai tsaye, ilimin halittar ruwa mai kauri, da kuma dakatarwar propant na dogon lokaci a aikace-aikacen karyewar ruwa.
dakatarwar yashi mai matsin lamba da ƙarfin sha na guar gum
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Viscometers na Intanet Mai Aiki
A cikin aikace-aikacen fracturing na hydraulic,masu auna sigina a layiAn shigar kai tsaye a cikin bututun hadawa suna samar da bayanai na ci gaba da dankowa. Hanyoyin zamani - gami da na'urorin auna gani na kwamfuta da na koyon injin - suna kimanta dankowa mara yankewa daga hoton ruwa ko amsawar da ke canzawa, wanda ya rufe daga slurries mai narkewa har zuwa mai tsananin danko. Ana iya haɗa waɗannan tsarin cikin sarrafa tsari ta atomatik, wanda ke rage shiga tsakani da hannu.
Misali:
- Viscometers masu amfani da hangen nesa na kwamfuta suna tantance danko ta atomatik ta hanyar nazarin halayen ruwa a cikin kwalba ko na'urar kwararar da aka juya, suna samar da sakamako cikin sauri don sarrafa kansa ko madaukai na amsawa na gaba.
Kula da Guar Gum a ainihin lokaci
Ci gaba da daidaita yawan guar gum yayin hadawa yana rage bambancin tsari kuma yana tallafawa ingantaccen aikin ruwan karaya. Fasahohi don sa ido kan yawan maida hankali a ainihin lokaci sun haɗa da:
Fasaha ta SLIM (Ross Solids/Alluran Ruwa Mai Yawa):SLIM tana allurar foda na guar gum a ƙarƙashin saman ruwan, tana haɗa shi nan take da ruwa ta hanyar haɗa shi da ƙarfi. Wannan ƙirar tana rage yawan haɗuwa da asarar ɗanko saboda yawan haɗuwa, wanda ke ba da damar sarrafa yawan haɗuwa a kowane mataki.
Non-Nuclear Slurry DensityMeter:Mita mai yawa a cikin layi da aka sanya a cikin tankunan hadawa suna lura da halayen lantarki da canje-canjen yawansu yayin da aka ƙara guar gum da kuma wargaza shi, wanda ke ba da damar ci gaba da bin diddigin yawansu da kuma ɗaukar matakin gyara nan take.
Haɗa Hoton Ultrasonic tare da Rhometry ("Rheo-ultrasound"):Wannan fasaha ta zamani tana ɗaukar hotunan ultrasonic masu sauri (har zuwa firam 10,000/sec) tare da bayanan danko na rheometric. Yana ba da damar sa ido a lokaci guda kan yawan mazauna yankin, yawan yankewa, da rashin kwanciyar hankali, wanda yake da mahimmanci don gano gaurayawan da ba iri ɗaya ba da kuma canje-canje masu sauri a cikin maganin guar danko.
Misalai:
- Na'urori masu auna juriya na lantarki suna sanar da masu aiki idan ƙarin foda ya haifar da karkacewar taro, wanda hakan ke ba da damar gyara nan take.
- Tsarin Rheo-ultrasound yana nuna abubuwan da ke faruwa a hadewa, yana nuna haɗuwar gida ko kuma ba a cika wargazawa ba wanda zai iya kawo cikas ga ingancin ruwa mai karyewa.
Kayan Aikin Kulawa Masu Amfani da Na Yau da Kullum
Hanyoyi kamar suMita masu auna inline na masana'antu na Lonnmetersuna samar da hanyoyin auna danko masu amfani da inganci a yanayin samarwa. Waɗannan kayan aikin sun dace da gwaje-gwaje na yau da kullun yayin haɗawa, muddin tsarin ya kasance cikin takamaiman sigogi.
Yarjejeniyar Tabbatar da Inganci da Haɗaka
Dole ne a tabbatar da tsarin auna yawan danko da kuma yawan maida hankali don tabbatar da inganci da inganci:
- Tsarin Daidaitawa:Daidaitawar na'urori akai-akai bisa ga ƙa'idodi da aka sani yana tabbatar da daidaito da daidaiton firikwensin.
- Tabbatar da Koyon Inji:Ana amfani da na'urorin auna gani ta kwamfuta wajen horar da hanyoyin sadarwa na jijiyoyi da kuma kimantawa don tabbatar da aiki a fannoni daban-daban na yawan guar gum da kuma danko mai ruwa-ruwa.
- Haɗin QA na ainihin lokaci:Haɗawa da tsarin sarrafa tsari yana ba da damar yin canje-canje, gano kurakurai, da kuma hanzarta mayar da martani ga karkacewa, yana tallafawa ingancin samfura da bin ƙa'idodi.
A taƙaice, ikon sa ido kan danko da kuma yawan sinadarin guar gum yana ci gaba da dogara ne akan zaɓi da haɗa fasahohin da suka dace. Na'urorin aunawa masu juyawa, na'urori masu auna firikwensin in-line, fasahar haɗa SLIM, da kuma na'urar duban dan tayi suna samar da kashin baya na ji, yayin da kayan aiki masu amfani da ƙa'idojin QA masu ƙarfi ke tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki a duk tsawon tsarin haɗa sinadarai na masana'antu.
Fasahohin Aunawa don Ci gaba da Kulawa a Tankunan Haɗawa
Ka'idojin Ma'aunin Danko
Ci gaba da tantance danko a cikin tankunan hadawa yana da matukar muhimmanci wajen sarrafa rheology na ruwan karaya da aka yi da guar danko. Ana sanya na'urorin aunawa a layi sosai a cikin tsarin masana'antu don isar da bayanai na ainihin lokaci kan danko na guar danko. Waɗannan na'urori masu aunawa suna aiki kai tsaye a cikin hanyar kwarara, suna kawar da buƙatar ɗaukar samfur da hannu kuma don haka rage jinkiri a cikin martani.
Virigar mamationalmasu auna firikwensinSun mamaye ma'aunin ruwa na Newtonian saboda ikonsu na kama martanin ruwa mai motsi. Kayan aiki kamar viscometer na tsari na ciki an tsara su don hawa layi kuma suna ba da karatu mai ci gaba da ya dace da yawan abubuwa da viscosities masu canzawa, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin shirye-shiryen ruwa mai fashewa na hydraulic. Wannan hanyar ta fi kyau da mafita na guar gum saboda halayensu na rage girman gashi da kuma faɗin viscosity, wanda ke tabbatar da ingantaccen tattara bayanai da amincin tsari.
Ci gaba da Kimanta Mayar da Hankali
Samun ingantaccen aikin ruwan da ke karyewa yana buƙatar cikakken iko kan yawan ruwan da ke cikin guar. Ana samun wannan ta amfani da tsarin auna yawan ruwan da ke cikinsa akai-akai kamar suACOMP (Sa ido ta atomatik akan layi na Polymerization)dabara. ACOMP tana amfani da haɗin famfunan sama, mahaɗa, da na'urorin gano haske na ƙasa don isar da bayanan tattara bayanai na ainihin lokaci da kuma karatun ɗanko na ciki yayin da ake shirya mafita na polymer a cikin manyan tankunan haɗawa.
Ingancin samfurin samfuri a cikin yanayin haɗuwa mai ƙarfi ya haɗa da tsarin tsari na uku don fassara canjin yawan maida hankali a ainihin lokaci. Binciken martanin mita yana tabbatar da daidaito tsakanin samfuran ka'idoji da bayanan gwaji, yana ba da fahimta mai amfani don shirya maganin guar gum daidai gwargwado. Waɗannan fasahohin sun dace musamman don tabbatar da saurin maida hankali, daidaita yawan amfani, da rage bambancin tsari-zuwa-da ...
Haɗawa da tsarin allurai ta atomatikyana ƙara inganta tsarin kula da tattara bayanai.mita mai yawa na ultrasonicAn sanya shi kai tsaye a cikin tanki ko bututun mai, yana ba da ra'ayi akai-akai; famfunan atomatik suna daidaita yawan allurai bisa ga bayanan firikwensin kai tsaye, yana tabbatar da cewa danko na guar danko da maida hankali sun dace da rheology na ruwa mai fashewa. Wannan haɗin gwiwa yana rage sa hannun ɗan adam kuma yana ba da damar yin gyara nan take ga rukunin da ba su da takamaiman takamaiman aiki.
Tasirin Ƙarin Abinci da Gyaran Tsarin Aiki akan Danko na Guar
Gyaran Sulfonation
Sulfonation yana gabatar da rukunin sulfonate ga guar gum, wanda hakan ke inganta danko da kuma narkewar maganin guar gum da ake amfani da shi wajen karya hydraulic fracturing. Mafi kyawun yanayin amsawar yana buƙatar cikakken iko na zafin jiki, lokaci, da yawan sinadaran reagent. Misali, amfani da sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate a 26°C, tare da lokacin amsawa na awanni 2, 1.0%NaOH, da kuma kashi 0.5% na sulfonate ta hanyar guar gum, yana haifar da ƙaruwar 33% a cikin bayyanar danko da kuma raguwar abun ciki wanda ba ya narkewa cikin ruwa da kashi 0.42%. Waɗannan canje-canjen suna ƙara ƙarfin ɗaukar propant a cikin ruwan da ke karyewa kuma suna tallafawa ƙarin kwanciyar hankali na zafi da tacewa.
Wasu hanyoyin sulfonation - kamar sulfur da sulfur trioxide–1,4-dioxane complex a 60°C na tsawon awanni 2.9, ta amfani da chlorosulfonic acid mai 3.1 mL - suma suna nuna ingantaccen danko da ƙarancin gutsuttsuran da ba ya narkewa. Waɗannan haɓakawa suna rage ragowar da ke cikin tankunan haɗa ruwan hydraulic, suna rage haɗarin toshewa da kuma sauƙaƙe ingantaccen kwararar ruwa. Binciken FTIR, DSC, da abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa sun tabbatar da waɗannan gyare-gyaren tsarin, tare da maye gurbin da ya fi yawa a matsayin C-6. Matsayin maye gurbin da raguwar nauyin kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da ingantaccen narkewa, aikin antioxidant, da ingantaccen haɓaka danko - mahimman sigogi don ingantaccen sarrafa rheology na ruwa da kuma kula da danko.
Abubuwan Haɗa Haɗi da Ingancin Tsarin
Danko na guar gum a cikin ruwan karaya yana da amfani sosai daga haɗa sinadarai masu haɗa haɗin gwiwa. Organozirconium da borate-based cross-linkers sune suka fi yawa:
Haɗin haɗin gwiwa na Organozirconium:An fi son organozirconium sosai ga ma'ajiyar ruwa mai zafi, kuma yana ƙara daidaiton zafin gels na guar. A zafin 120°C da 170 s⁻¹, hydroxypropyl guar gum da aka haɗa shi da organozirconium yana riƙe da sama da kashi 89.7% na ɗankonsa na farko. Hoton SEM yana nuna tsarin hanyar sadarwa mai girma uku masu girman ramuka ƙasa da 12 μm, yana tallafawa ingantaccen dakatarwar propant da rage saurin daidaitawar propant a cikin fashewar hydraulic.
Borate Cross-linkers:Haɗakar boric acid da organoboron na gargajiya suna nuna inganci a yanayin zafi mai matsakaici. Ana iya inganta aikin ta amfani da ƙarin abubuwa kamar polyethyleneimine (PEI) ko nanocellulose. Misali, haɗakar nanocellulose-boron suna kiyaye ɗanko na saura sama da 50 mPa·s a 110°C na tsawon mintuna 60 a ƙarƙashin babban yankewa, wanda ke nuna ƙarfin zafin jiki da juriya ga gishiri. Haɗin hydrogen daga nanocellulose yana taimakawa wajen riƙe halayen viscoelastic da ake buƙata don ƙarfin ɗaukar propant a cikin ruwan da ke fashewa.
Haɗawa tsakanin ƙwayoyin guar yana haifar da ci gaba a cikin ragewar yanke da kuma sassauci, duka suna da mahimmanci ga famfo da kuma dakatar da propant. Hydrogels masu haɗin sinadarai suna nuna ƙarfin murmurewa na thixotropic, ma'ana ana dawo da danko da tsari bayan yankewa mai yawa - yana da mahimmanci yayin sanya ruwa da tsaftacewa a cikin ayyukan karyewar hydraulic.
Tasirin Kwatantawa na Tsarin Ruwa mara Polymeric da na Polymeric
Tsarin ruwa na polymeric da wanda ba polymeric ba suna da bayanin martaba daban-daban, wanda ke da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan ingancin jigilar propant:
Tsarin Polymeric:Waɗannan sun haɗa da na halitta (guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar) da polymers na roba. Ana iya daidaita ruwan polymer don ɗanɗano, wurin samarwa, da kuma laushi. Manyan amphoteric copolymers (misali, ATP-I) suna samun ingantaccen riƙe ɗanɗano da kwanciyar hankali a cikin yanayin zafi mai yawa da gishiri mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da tsoffin ƙwayoyin cellulose na polyanionic. Ƙara ɗanɗano da laushi suna haɓaka dakatarwar proppant, rage saurin daidaitawa, da inganta ƙirar tankin haɗawa don ruwan da ke fashewa. Duk da haka, babban ɗanɗano na iya kawo cikas ga jigilar proppant a cikin ƙananan tsarin da ba ya shiga ruwa sai dai idan an daidaita shi da kyau.
Tsarin da ba na polymer ba (wanda aka gina bisa surfactant):Waɗannan sun dogara ne da viscoelastic surfactants maimakon hanyoyin sadarwa na polymer. Ruwan da aka yi da surfactant suna samar da ƙananan ragowar, saurin dawowa, da kuma ɗaukar propant mai inganci, musamman a cikin magudanar ruwa waɗanda ba a saba gani ba inda aka fifita tsaftace-tsaren da ba su da residues. Duk da cewa waɗannan tsarin suna ba da ɗanɗano mai sauƙi fiye da polymers, suna aiki da kyau game da dakatarwar propant kuma suna rage haɗarin toshewa a cikin tankunan haɗa ruwa na hydraulic.
Zaɓin tsakanin ruwan polymeric da wanda ba polymeric ba ya dogara ne akan daidaiton da ake so tsakanin danko, ingancin tsaftacewa, tasirin muhalli, da buƙatun ɗaukar propant. Tsarin haɗaka da ke haɗa polymers da viscoelastic surfactants suna fitowa don amfani da babban danko da kuma saurin dawo da ruwa. Gwajin rheological - ta amfani da nakasuwar oscillatory mai layi da kuma share kwarara - yana ba da haske game da halayen thixotropic da pseudoplastic, yana taimakawa wajen inganta tsari don takamaiman yanayin rijiyoyi.
Dabaru Masu Ingantawa Don Karyewar Danko Mai Ruwa da Ƙarfin Ɗauka
Halayyar Rhological da Sufuri Mai Sauƙi
Inganta danko na guar gum yana da mahimmanci don sarrafa saurin daidaitawar propant a cikin fashewar hydraulic. Mafi girman danko na ruwa yana rage saurin da barbashi masu ratsawa ke nutsewa, yana ƙara yuwuwar jigilar su cikin zurfin hanyar karyewa. Haɗin gwiwa yana haɓaka danko ta hanyar ƙirƙirar tsarin gel mai ƙarfi; misali, ruwan organozirconium-crosslinked hydroxypropyl guar yana samar da hanyoyin sadarwa masu yawa tare da girman ramuka ƙasa da 12 μm, wanda ke inganta dakatarwa sosai kuma yana rage saurin daidaitawa idan aka kwatanta da tsarin organoboron.
Daidaita yawan guar gum yana shafar danko na maganin guar gum kai tsaye. Yayin da yawan polymer ke ƙaruwa, haka nan yawan haɗin gwiwa da ƙarfin gel, wanda ke rage yawan sinadarin propant da kuma ƙara yawan wurin da ake sanyawa. Misali: ƙaruwar yawan haɗin gwiwa a cikin ruwan HPG yana ƙara riƙe danko sama da kashi 89% a lokacin zafi mai yawa (120°C), yana tabbatar da ƙarfin ɗaukar propant ko da a cikin yanayi mai ƙalubale na tafki.
Yarjejeniyar Daidaita Tsarin
Dabaru da bayanai ke amfani da su yanzu suna ba da damar sarrafa danko da tattara ruwa a ainihin lokaci. Samfuran koyon injina—daji bazuwar da bishiyar yanke shawara—suna hasashen sigogin rheological kamar karatun viscometer nan take, suna maye gurbin gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje masu jinkiri, lokaci-lokaci. A aikace, tankunan hada ruwa na hydraulic fracturing wanda aka sanye da hanyoyin da suka dace da kuma na'urori masu auna piezoelectric suna auna danko na mafita na guar gum yayin da halayen ruwa ke canzawa, tare da gyara kurakurai ta hanyar rugujewar yanayin gwaji.
Masu aiki suna sa ido kan danko da yawan da ke cikin wurin, sannan su daidaita yawan guar gum, crosslinkers, ko ƙarin kauri bisa ga ra'ayoyin firikwensin kai tsaye. Wannan daidaitawar a kan-da-tashi tana tabbatar da cewa ruwan karyewa yana kula da mafi kyawun dankowar ruwan karyewa don dakatarwar propant ba tare da lokacin hutu ba. Misali, ma'aunin dankowar bututu kai tsaye da aka shigar cikin tsarin sarrafawa yana ba da damar daidaita ruwa mai motsi, yana kiyaye dakatarwar propant mai kyau yayin da sigogin tafki ko aiki ke canzawa.
Tasirin Haɗin gwiwa tare da Ƙarin Ƙarin Laka da Zafin Zafi
Masu daidaita yumbu da ƙarin ƙarfin juriyar zafi suna da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen kiyaye danko na guar gum a cikin yanayi mai zafi da zafi mai tsanani. Masu daidaita yumbu—kamar sulfonated guar derivatives—suna hana kumburi da ƙaura daga yumbu; wannan yana kare danko na maganin guar gum daga asara kwatsam ta hanyar iyakance hulɗa da nau'ikan ionic a cikin samuwar. Wani sinadari mai daidaita yumbu, sodium 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropylsulfonate–wanda aka gyara guar gum, yana samar da danko na ciki wanda ya dace da karyewa kuma yana tsayayya da abun da ke cikin ruwa wanda ba ya narkewa, yana kula da tsarin gel da ingantaccen dakatarwar propant ko da a cikin tsarin yumbu mai wadataccen yumbu.
Masu daidaita yanayin zafi, gami da ingantattun viscosifiers na supramolecular da masu hana thermodynamic hydrate (misali,methanol, PEG-200), kariya daga lalacewar danko sama da 160°C. A cikin tsarin ruwa mai tushen ruwan gishiri da zafin jiki mai yawa, waɗannan ƙarin abubuwan da aka ƙara suna ba da damar riƙe danko sama da 200 mPa·s a ƙarƙashin yankewar 180°C, wanda ya fi na gargajiya na guar gum viscosifiers.
Misalan sun haɗa da:
- Guar da aka yi da sulfonateddon juriyar yumbu da zafin jiki.
- Haɗin haɗin Organozirconiumdon kwanciyar hankali mai zafi sosai.
- PEG-200a matsayin THI don haɓaka aikin ruwa da rage ragowar.
Irin waɗannan ka'idoji da fakitin ƙari suna ba wa masu aiki damar inganta ƙirar tankin haɗawa don ruwan fashewar abubuwa da kuma daidaita dabarun auna danko na guar don ci gaba da danko da kumaauna yawan taroSakamakon shine ingantaccen ƙarfin ɗaukar abin da ke cikin iska da kuma yaɗuwar karyewar iska akai-akai, koda a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na ramin ƙasa.
Haɗa Danko na Guar Gum zuwa Proppant Saurin daidaitawa da Ingancin Karyewa
Fahimtar Injini game da Dakatar da Proppant
Dankowar danko ta Guar tana taka rawa kai tsaye wajen sarrafa saurin daidaita propant yayin karyewar hydraulic. Yayin da dankowar ruwan guar danko ke ƙaruwa, ƙarfin jan da ke aiki akan barbashi masu haɗuwa yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke rage yawan saukarsu. A aikace, ruwaye masu yawan yawan guar danko da haɓaka halayen ɗanko - gami da waɗanda aka gyara tare da ƙarin polymer da zare - suna ba da ingantaccen ƙarfin ɗaukar propant, yana ba da damar barbashi da aka dakatar su ci gaba da rarrabawa daidai gwargwado a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta karyewa maimakon taruwa a ƙasa.
Nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya nuna cewa, idan aka kwatanta da ruwan Newtonian, mafita na guar gel mai rage kiba yana nuna ƙarancin saurin daidaitawar propant, wanda ke haifar da ƙaruwar danko da tasirin roba. Misali, ninka yawan guar gum zai iya rage saurin daidaitawa, yana tabbatar da cewa propant ɗin ya daɗe yana tsayawa. Ƙara zare yana ƙara hana sedimentation ta hanyar ƙirƙirar hanyar sadarwa mai kama da raga, yana haɓaka sanya propant iri ɗaya. An ƙirƙiri samfura da ma'auni masu amfani don annabta waɗannan tasirin a ƙarƙashin yanayin karyewa da ruwa daban-daban, yana tabbatar da haɗin kai tsakanin rheology na ruwa da dakatarwar propant.
A cikin karaya inda faɗin ya yi daidai da diamita na propant, tasirin ɗaurewa yana ƙara rage kwanciyar hankali, yana ƙara fa'idodin mafita masu ƙarfi na guar. Duk da haka, yawan danko na iya takaita motsi na ruwa, wanda hakan zai iya rage zurfin jigilar propant mai inganci da kuma ƙara haɗarin samuwar ragowar da ke barazana ga ƙarfin karyewar.
Inganta Faɗi da Tsawon Karyewa
Daidaita danko na maganin guar gum yana da tasiri sosai kan yaduwar karyewar karaya yayin karyewar ruwa. Ruwan da ke da danko sosai suna haifar da karaya mai fadi saboda ikonsu na jure matsin lamba na rufewa da kuma yada fasa ta cikin dutsen. Kwaikwayon ruwa na lissafi (CFD) da kuma sa ido kan fitar da hayaki mai sauti suna tabbatar da cewa danko mai yawa yana haifar da sarkakiya mai sarkakiya da kuma fadada fadinsa.
Duk da haka, dole ne a kula da musayar tsakanin danko da tsawon karyewa a hankali. Duk da cewa karyewar da ke tsakanin fadi tana taimakawa wajen sanya propant mai inganci da kuma tura iska, ruwa mai kauri da yawa na iya wargaza matsin lamba da sauri, wanda hakan ke hana ci gaban karyewar dogayen karaya. Kwatanta bayanai sun nuna cewa rage danko a cikin iyakokin da aka sarrafa yana ba da damar shiga cikin zurfi, yana haifar da karaya mai tsawo wanda ke inganta damar shiga tafki. Don haka, dole ne a inganta danko - ba a kara girmansa ba - bisa ga nau'in dutse, girman propant, da dabarun aiki.
Tsarin rheology na ruwa mai karyewa, gami da rage girman ƙura da kuma ƙamshin viscoelastic daga gyaran guar gum, yana siffanta samuwar fashewar farko da kuma tsarin girma daga baya. Gwaje-gwajen fili a cikin ma'ajiyar carbonate sun tabbatar da cewa daidaita yawan guar gum, ƙara masu daidaita yanayin zafi, ko gabatar da madadin da aka yi amfani da surfactant na iya daidaita yaɗuwar karyewar, yana ƙara faɗi da tsayi dangane da burin ƙarfafawa.
Haɗawa da Sigogi na Aiki na Downhole
Dole ne a kula da dankowar Guar gum a ainihin lokacin yayin da zafin da matsin lamba ke canzawa a lokacin fashewar hydraulic. Zafin da ya karu a zurfin zai iya rage dankowar ruwan guar gum, yana rage karfin dakatar da su. Amfani da masu hade-hade, masu daidaita yanayin zafi, da kuma karin abubuwa masu inganci - kamar masu hana thermodynamic hydrate - suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye danko mafi kyau, musamman a wuraren ajiyar zafi mai zafi.
Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a dabarun auna danko, gami da tsarin bututun da kuma tsarin komawa baya, yana bawa masu aiki damar sa ido da daidaita dankowar ruwan karaya ta hanyar da ta dace. Misali, tankunan hada ruwan karaya ta hydraulic suna hada na'urori masu auna danko na ainihin lokaci don bin diddigin canje-canjen danko da kuma kara yawan guar gum ko masu daidaita shi ta atomatik kamar yadda ake bukata, wanda ke tabbatar da karfin daukar kayan da ke dauke da shi daidai gwargwado.
Wasu masu aiki suna ƙara ko maye gurbin guar gum da na'urorin rage gogayya mai ƙarfi (HVFRs) ko kuma na'urorin polymers na roba don inganta kwanciyar hankali na zafi da ƙarancin haɗarin ragowar abubuwa. Waɗannan tsarin ruwa na madadin suna nuna ingantaccen kauri da juriya ga lalacewar yankewa, suna kiyaye babban danko don dakatar da propant koda a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na rami.
An haɗa sigogin aiki kamar girman propant, yawan taro, yawan kwararar ruwa, da yanayin karyewa tare da dabarun sarrafa danko. Inganta waɗannan masu canji yana tabbatar da cewa ruwan karyewa zai iya ci gaba da jigilar propant akan tsayin da faɗin karyewar da ake so, yana rage haɗarin toshewa, toshewa, ko rufewa mara cikawa. Daidaita danko ba wai kawai yana ci gaba da ɗaukar ƙarfin karyewa ba har ma yana inganta kwararar hydrocarbon ta yankin da aka ƙarfafa.
Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi (Tambayoyin da Ake Yawan Yi)
T1: Ta yaya yawan guar gum ke shafar dankonsa a cikin ruwan da ke karyewa?
Dankowar danko ta Guar tana ƙaruwa da yawan sinadarin da ke cikin ruwan, wanda hakan ke ƙara ƙarfin ɗaukar sinadarin da ke cikin ruwan kai tsaye. Bayanan dakin gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da cewa yawan sinadarin da ke kusa da pptg 40 yana samar da danko mai ƙarfi, ingantaccen ma'aunin buɗewar karyewa, da kuma ƙarancin ragowar da ke cikin ruwan, wanda ke daidaita aikin aiki da farashi. Yawan gishiri ko ions masu yawa a cikin ruwa na iya hana kumburin danko ta guar, rage danko da kuma ingancin karyewar.
T2: Menene rawar da tankin hadawa ke takawa wajen kula da ingancin maganin guar gum?
Tankin hada ruwa mai katsewa na hydraulic yana ba da damar watsa guar danko iri ɗaya, yana hana lumps da rashin daidaito. Ana fifita masu haɗa ruwa masu kauri, saboda suna rage lokacin hadawa, suna lalata polymer agglomerates, kuma suna tabbatar da daidaiton danko a duk faɗin maganin. Kayan aikin aunawa na lokaci-lokaci a cikin tankunan hadawa suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye yawan guar danko da ake buƙata da ingancin ruwa gabaɗaya, wanda ke ba da damar gyara nan take idan kaddarorin suka karkace daga ƙimar da aka nufa.
T3: Ta yaya dankowar ruwa mai karyewa ke shafar saurin daidaitawar propant?
Danko mai kauri shine babban abin da ke tantance yadda ƙwayoyin propant ke daidaita da sauri. Mafi girman danko yana rage saurin daidaitawa, yana riƙe propant ɗin na dogon lokaci kuma yana ba da damar zurfafa shiga cikin karyewar. Samfuran lissafi sun tabbatar da cewa ruwaye masu ƙara danko suna inganta jigilar kwance, suna inganta yanayin banki, kuma suna ƙarfafa sanya propant iri ɗaya. Duk da haka, akwai ciniki: babban danko mai yawa zai iya rage tsawon karyewar, don haka dole ne a zaɓi mafi kyawun danko don takamaiman yanayin tafki.
T4: Waɗanne ƙarin abubuwa ne ke shafar dankowar mafita na guar gum?
Gyaran sinadarin sulfonation na guar gum yana ƙara danko da kwanciyar hankali. Ƙarin abubuwa kamar boric acid, organoboron, da organozirconium cross-linkers suna ƙara riƙe danko da kwanciyar hankali a zafin jiki sosai, musamman a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai tsauri da aka saba gani a ayyukan filin mai. Tasirin ya dogara da yawan ƙarin abubuwa: matakan cross-linker mafi girma suna haifar da danko mafi girma amma suna iya shafar sassaucin aiki da farashi. Gishiri da abubuwan ionic a cikin maganin suma suna taka rawa, saboda yawan gishiri (musamman cations masu yawa) na iya rage danko ta hanyar iyakance kumburin polymer.
T5: Shin za a iya auna danko da kuma sarrafa danko na ruwa akai-akai yayin ayyukan karaya?
Eh, ana samun ma'aunin danko mai ci gaba ta amfani da na'urorin aunawa na in-line da tsarin sa ido kan yawan abu ta atomatik. Na'urorin aunawa na bututu da na'urori masu aunawa na ainihin lokaci waɗanda aka haɗa tare da ingantattun algorithms suna ba wa masu aiki damar bin diddigin, daidaitawa, da inganta dankowar ruwa mai karyewa a kan hanya. Waɗannan tsarin na iya rama hayaniyar na'urori masu aunawa da yanayin muhalli da ke canzawa, wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen aikin ɗaukar abin da ke ɗauke da ruwa da kuma ingantaccen sakamakon karko na hydraulic. Tsarin sarrafawa mai hankali kuma yana ba da damar daidaitawa cikin sauri ga bambance-bambancen ingancin ruwa ko yawan fitar da ruwa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Nuwamba-05-2025
