Tafiye-tafiyea cikin Benefication
Ruwan sama yana ƙara darajar ma'adanai ta hanyar raba ma'adanai masu mahimmanci daga ma'adanai masu kama da gangue a cikin sarrafa ma'adanai ta hanyar bambance-bambancen zahiri da na sinadarai. Ko dai yana magance karafa marasa ƙarfe, ƙarfe mai ƙarfe, ko ma'adanai marasa ƙarfe, ruwan sama yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da kayan aiki masu inganci.
1. Hanyoyin iyo ruwa
(1) Tashi kai tsaye
Flotation kai tsaye yana nufin tace ma'adanai masu mahimmanci daga slurry ta hanyar barin su su manne da kumfa na iska su yi iyo a saman, yayin da ma'adanai na gangue ke ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin slurry. Wannan hanya tana da mahimmanci wajen amfani da karafa marasa ƙarfe. Misali, sarrafa ma'adinai yana zuwa matakin flotation bayan an niƙa da niƙa a cikin sarrafa ma'adinan tagulla, inda aka gabatar da takamaiman masu tattara anionic don canza hydrophobicity kuma a bar su su sha a saman ma'adinan tagulla. Sannan barbashi na jan ƙarfe masu kama da hydrophobic suna haɗuwa da kumfa na iska kuma suna tashi, suna samar da wani Layer na kumfa wanda ke ɗauke da tagulla mai yawa. Ana tattara wannan kumfa a cikin taro na farko na ma'adanai na jan ƙarfe, wanda ke aiki a matsayin kayan aiki mai inganci don ƙarin tsaftacewa.
(2) Juyawan Ruwa na Baya
Juyawan ruwa ya ƙunshi shawagi a cikin ma'adanai na gangue yayin da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci ke kasancewa a cikin slurry. Misali, a cikin sarrafa ma'adinan ƙarfe tare da ƙazanta na quartz, ana amfani da masu tattara anionic ko cationic don canza yanayin sinadarai na slurry. Wannan yana canza yanayin hydrophilic na quartz zuwa hydrophobic, yana ba shi damar haɗawa da kumfa iska da kuma iyo.
(3) Fifikon Ruwa Mai Kyau
Idan ma'adanai suka ƙunshi abubuwa biyu ko fiye masu mahimmanci, fiffikon flotation yana raba su a jere bisa ga abubuwa kamar aikin ma'adinai da ƙimar tattalin arziki. Wannan tsari na flotation mataki-mataki yana tabbatar da cewa an dawo da kowace ma'adinai mai mahimmanci tare da tsafta da saurin murmurewa, yana ƙara yawan amfani da albarkatu.
(4) Yawan shawagi a kan ruwa
Tsarin flotation mai yawa yana kula da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci da yawa gaba ɗaya, yana shawagi su tare don samun cakuda mai hade, sannan a raba su daga baya. Misali, a cikin beneficiation na tagulla-nickel, inda ma'adanai na tagulla da nickel ke da alaƙa sosai, flotation mai yawa ta amfani da reagents kamar xanthates ko thiols yana ba da damar flotation na tagulla da nickel sulfide a lokaci guda, yana samar da cakuda mai hade. Tsarin rabuwa mai rikitarwa na gaba, kamar amfani da reagents na lemun tsami da cyanide, yana ware tarin tagulla da nickel masu tsarki. Wannan hanyar "tara-farko, ware-daga baya" tana rage asarar ma'adanai masu mahimmanci a matakan farko kuma yana inganta yawan murmurewa ga ma'adanai masu rikitarwa.
2. Tsarin Shawagi: Daidaito Mataki-mataki
(1) Tsarin Tasowa a Mataki: Gyaran Ƙaruwa
A cikin shawagi, shawagi a mataki yana jagorantar sarrafa ma'adanai masu rikitarwa ta hanyar raba tsarin shawagi zuwa matakai da yawa.
Misali, a cikin tsarin shawagi mai matakai biyu, ma'adinan yana yin niƙa mai ƙarfi, yana 'yantar da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci kaɗan. Mataki na farko na shawagi yana dawo da waɗannan ma'adanai da aka 'yantar a matsayin abubuwan da aka tattara na farko. Sauran ƙwayoyin da ba a 'yantar ba sun ci gaba zuwa mataki na biyu na niƙa don ƙarin rage girman, sannan mataki na biyu na shawagi. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa an raba sauran ma'adanai masu mahimmanci sosai kuma an haɗa su da abubuwan da aka tattara na mataki na farko. Wannan hanyar tana hana niƙawa fiye da kima a matakin farko, tana rage ɓarnar albarkatu, kuma tana inganta daidaiton shawagi.
Ga ma'adanai masu rikitarwa, kamar waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙarfe da yawa masu wuya waɗanda ke da tsarin lu'ulu'u mai ɗaure sosai, ana iya amfani da tsarin iyo mai matakai uku. Matakan niƙa da iyo daban-daban suna ba da damar tantancewa da kyau kuma tabbatar da cewa an cire kowace ma'adinai mai mahimmanci da tsafta da saurin dawowa, wanda ke shimfida harsashi mai ƙarfi don ci gaba da sarrafawa.
3. Muhimman Abubuwan da ke cikin Tafiye-tafiye
(1) Darajar pH: Daidaiton Acid na Slurry
Darajar pH na slurry tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin flotation, tana tasiri sosai ga halayen saman ma'adinai da aikin reagent. Lokacin da pH ya fi ƙarfin isoelectric na ma'adinai, saman yana samun caji mara kyau; a ƙasa da shi, saman yana samun caji mai kyau. Waɗannan canje-canje a cikin cajin saman yana nuna hulɗar shaye-shaye tsakanin ma'adanai da reagent, kamar jan hankali ko ƙin maganadisu.
Misali, a ƙarƙashin yanayin acidic, ma'adanai na sulfide suna amfana daga ingantaccen aikin tattarawa, wanda hakan ke sauƙaƙa kama ma'adanai na sulfide da aka yi niyya. Akasin haka, yanayin alkaline yana sauƙaƙa kwararar ma'adanai na oxide ta hanyar gyara halayen saman su don haɓaka kusancin reagent.
Ma'adanai daban-daban suna buƙatar takamaiman matakan pH don flotation, wanda ke buƙatar cikakken iko. Misali, a cikin flotation na quartz da calcite cakude, ana iya yin iyo sosai ta hanyar daidaita pH ɗin slurry zuwa 2-3 da amfani da masu tattarawa na amine. Akasin haka, ana fifita flotation na calcite a cikin yanayin alkaline tare da masu tattarawa na tushen mai. Wannan daidaitaccen daidaitawar pH shine mabuɗin cimma ingantaccen rabuwar ma'adinai.
(2) Tsarin Reagent
Tsarin reagent yana jagorantar tsarin flotation, wanda ya ƙunshi zaɓi, yawan amfani, shiri, da kuma ƙara reagent. Reagents suna shaƙa a saman ma'adanai da aka yi niyya, suna canza yanayin hydrophobic ɗinsu.
Fure-fure suna daidaita kumfa a cikin slurry kuma suna sauƙaƙa shawagi na barbashi masu kama da hydrophobic. Fure-fure da aka saba amfani da su sun haɗa da man pine da man cresol, waɗanda ke samar da kumfa mai ƙarfi da girma don haɗawa da barbashi.
Masu gyara suna kunna ko hana halayen saman ma'adinai kuma suna daidaita yanayin sinadarai ko electrochemical na slurry.
Yawan maganin reagent yana buƙatar daidaito—rashin isasshen adadin yana rage yawan hydrophobic, rage yawan murmurewa, yayin da yawan sinadarin reagent da aka zubar, ƙara farashi, da kuma rage ingancin tattarawa. Na'urori masu wayo kamar sumitar tattarawa ta kan layiZa a iya sarrafa adadin reagent daidai gwargwado.
Lokaci da hanyar ƙara sinadaran ma suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Sau da yawa ana ƙara masu gyara, masu rage damuwa, da wasu masu tarawa yayin niƙa don shirya yanayin sinadarai na slurry da wuri. Yawanci ana ƙara masu tarawa da masu kumfa a cikin tankin flotation na farko don ƙara ingancinsu a lokutan mahimmanci.
(3) Yawan Iska
Yawan iska yana haifar da yanayi mafi kyau don haɗawa da kumfa mai ma'adinai, wanda hakan ke sa shi zama abu mai mahimmanci a cikin shawagi. Rashin isasshen iska yana haifar da ƙarancin kumfa, yana rage damar karo da haɗewa, wanda hakan ke lalata aikin shawagi. Yawan iska yana haifar da yawan hayaniya, yana haifar da fashewar kumfa da kuma fitar da ƙwayoyin da aka haɗa, wanda ke rage inganci.
Injiniyoyi suna amfani da hanyoyi kamar tattara iskar gas ko auna iskar da aka yi bisa ga anemometer don daidaita yawan iskar. Ga ƙananan barbashi, ƙara iskar don samar da manyan kumfa yana inganta ingancin iyo. Ga ƙananan barbashi masu iyo ko masu sauƙin iyo, gyare-gyare masu kyau suna tabbatar da dorewar iyo mai inganci.
(4) Lokacin Shawagi
Lokacin iyo ruwa yana da daidaito mai zurfi tsakanin matakin maida hankali da saurin dawowa, wanda ke buƙatar daidaito daidai. A farkon matakai, ma'adanai masu mahimmanci suna manne da kumfa cikin sauri, wanda ke haifar da yawan dawowa da kuma yawan maida hankali.
A tsawon lokaci, yayin da ake shawagi a kan ma'adanai masu mahimmanci, ma'adanai na gangue suma na iya tashi, suna rage tsarkin tattarawa. Ga ma'adanai masu sauƙi waɗanda ke da ma'adanai masu kauri da sauƙin shawagi, gajerun lokutan shawagi sun isa, suna tabbatar da yawan murmurewa ba tare da la'akari da matakin tattarawa ba. Ga ma'adanai masu rikitarwa ko masu jurewa, ya zama dole a sami tsawon lokacin shawagi don ba da damar ma'adanai masu kauri su sami isasshen lokacin hulɗa da reagents da kumfa. Daidaita lokacin shawagi alama ce ta ingantaccen fasahar shawagi.
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-22-2025
