Dankowar ruwan karaya na acid yana ƙayyade matsin lambar karyewar ruwa da ake buƙata don fara karyewar ruwa kuma yana kula da yaɗuwar karyewar ruwa a cikin duwatsu. Daidaiton aunawa da kula da dankowar ruwa suna da mahimmanci don inganta yanayin karyewar ruwa, tallafawa ci gaban karyewar mai lankwasa, da kuma tabbatar da rarrabar acid iri ɗaya a fuskokin karyewar. Zaɓin danko mai dacewa yana hana kwararar ruwa mai yawa zuwa cikin samuwar kuma yana haɓaka ƙarar acid don haɓaka karyewar ruwa, a ƙarshe yana shafar matakin faɗaɗa karyewar ruwa ta hanyar acid da kuma ba da damar inganta yankin magudanar ruwa na mai.
Babban Manufar Ruwan Rage Rage Acid
Maganin fashewar ruwa mai guba shineessshigaial inƙarfafa tafkiofTsarin shale wanda aka yiwa alama da ƙarancin ramuka da ƙarancin kwararar ruwa. Babban manufar shine shawo kan shingen matsewar ruwa na halitta da haɓaka dawo da hydrocarbon ta hanyar ƙirƙirar hanyoyin sarrafawa a cikin matrices masu tsauri na dutse. Karyewar acid yana cimma wannan ta hanyar hanyoyi biyu: ƙirƙirar karyewar ruwa ta hanyar allurar acid mai matsin lamba, sannan daga baya ya faɗaɗa da kuma ƙwanƙwasa waɗannan karyewar ruwa ta hanyar amsawar acid-rock da aka sarrafa. Wannan yana faɗaɗa yankin magudanar ruwa na magudanar ruwa na mai kuma yana inganta yawan amfanin yankunan da lalacewar samuwar ko rashin isasshen iskar oxygen ya hana.
Wani ƙalubale kuma shi ne daidaita tsarin ruwan da ke fashewa da sinadarin acid don ya dace da tsarin da kuma tsarin ma'ajiyar da ake amfani da shi. Tsarin amsawar acid-rock da kuma yawan amsawar acid-rock sun bambanta sosai dangane da ma'adinan ƙasa, matsin lamba, zafin jiki, da kuma amfani da ƙarin ruwa mai fashewa da sinadarin hydraulic. Wannan ba wai kawai yana shafar saurin da salon yin fenti ba, har ma da haɗarin toshewar samuwar, kumburin laka, ko mu'amalar geochemical mara kyau, waɗanda duk za su iya kawo cikas ga ƙarfin karyewar da kuma iyakance ribar samarwa na dogon lokaci.
Ma'ajiyar Man Shale
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Tushen Ragewar Acid a Ma'ajiyar Man Shale
Tsarin Halittar Karyewa
Samar da karyewar sassa a cikin ma'ajiyar mai mai ƙarfi ya dogara ne akan shawo kan matsin lamba mai yawa a wurin da dutse ke ciki da ƙarfinsa ta hanyar karyewar sassa ko acid. A cikin waɗannan yanayin da ba su da isasshen iska, hanyoyin kwararar mai ba su da yawa. Ka'idar ta ƙunshi allurar ruwan karyewar sassa a isasshen matsin lamba don wuce matsin lambar karyewar sassa - mafi ƙarancin abin da ake buƙata don fara fashe-fashe a cikin ma'aunin duwatsu. Wannan tsari ya dogara kai tsaye akan mahimman hanyoyin dutsen: da zarar matsin lamba da aka yi amfani da shi ya wuce iyakar karyewar sassa, sabbin karyewar sassa suna tasowa, galibi suna bin hanyoyin da ba su da juriya da aka tsara ta hanyar shimfidar gado, karyewar sassa na halitta, da kuma anisotropy na injiniya a cikin dutsen.
Matsin da ke raguwa ya bambanta da nau'in dutse da ruwan da ke fashewa. Bincike ya nuna cewa ruwa kamar CO₂ yana haifar da matsin lamba mafi girma da kuma hanyoyin karyewa masu rikitarwa idan aka kwatanta da H₂O ko N₂. Injiniyoyin kuma sun dogara ne akan ƙarfin taurin da ke tattare da samuwar, tsarin sassauci, da kuma kasancewar ƙananan filaye masu rauni. Ka'idar nisa mai mahimmanci - wacce aka sanar da ita daga gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje da filin - tana kwaikwayon matsin lamba na fara karyewa da ake buƙata a matsayin aikin ƙarfin damuwa a ƙarshen tsagewa, tana hasashen inda da lokacin da tsawaita karyewar ba ta da tabbas zai taso.
Ana samun sarkakiya a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta karyewar da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar niyya ga ci gaban karyewar a kan layuka masu lanƙwasa maimakon madaidaiciyar layuka. Wannan hanyar tana ƙara yawan ma'ajiyar da aka ƙarfafa. Dabaru kamar karyewar matsin lamba mai cyclic suna haifar da bugun matsin lamba, suna haifar da sake farawa da haɗuwa da karyewar da ke reshe da lanƙwasa, suna tafiya cikin ingantaccen shingen lithological da bambancin lamination. Karyewar da aka samu mai rikitarwa da rassa da yawa ta wannan hanyar tana haɓaka yankin magudanar ruwa da inganta samun damar shiga hydrocarbons da aka ware a baya.
Samar da karaya ya dogara ne akan haɗa yanayin ƙasa da kuma sarrafa aiki. Abubuwan da suka shafi ƙasa - kamar tsarin damuwa, rarrabuwa, ilimin ƙasa, da kuma kasancewar raunin dinki - suna jagorantar hanyoyin da karaya za ta iya ɗauka. Gyaran injiniya, gami da tsarin ruwan karaya na acid da kuma sarrafa matsin lamba mai ƙarfi, suna ba da damar tsara hanyoyin sadarwa waɗanda suka fi dacewa da halayen halitta na ma'ajiyar.
Halayen Ma'ajiyar Ruwa da ke Shafar Karyewar Acid
Rashin iskar da ke shiga cikin ruwa da ƙarancin ramuka suna bayyana halayen ma'ajiyar man shale. Duk waɗannan halaye suna iyakance kwararar ruwa ta halitta, wanda hakan ke sa yaɗuwar karyewar ruwa ta zama dole don samarwa. A cikin tsarin matrix mai ƙarfi, karyewar da aka haifar dole ne ta kasance mai faɗi sosai don haɗawa da hanyoyin haɗin ramuka ko ƙananan fashewar. Duk da haka, faɗaɗa karyewar acid sau da yawa ba ta daidaita ba saboda bambancin da ke cikin abubuwan da ke cikin duwatsu, ilimin ƙasa, da yanayinsu.
Porosity da permeability suna sarrafa zubar ruwa da jigilar acid. A cikin duwatsu masu ƙarancin tsarin ramuka ko ƙananan ramuka masu haɗin kai, zubar acid yana da iyaka, wanda hakan ke sa etching acid a cikin hydraulic fractures ya zama ƙasa da tasiri. Inda babu tashoshin zubar ruwa na halitta ko kuma suna da matuƙar wahala, dabarun inganta haɗin tashar suna zama dole. Mafita mara kyau ta hanyar bututun zubar ruwa na halitta na iya haɗawa da maimaita zagayowar karyewar ruwa, amfani da na'urorin karkatarwa, ko jerin maganin haɗaka.
Bambancin duwatsu—banbancin layuka, yawan karyewar duwatsu, da kuma rarraba ma'adanai—yana haifar da hanyoyi mafi kyau don yaɗuwar karyewar duwatsu da kuma zubar da ruwa. Tsarin amsawar duwatsu da kuma saurin amsawar duwatsu ya bambanta a ko'ina cikin ma'ajiyar, musamman kusa da mahaɗa tsakanin nau'ikan duwatsu masu bambanci. Inda acid ya haɗu da kwararar carbonate mai yawa, saurin amsawar zai iya haifar da faɗin karyewar da ba a daidaita ba da kuma tsarin karyewar rassan. Wannan na iya haɓaka ko kawo cikas ga haɗin kai dangane da bambancin sarari.
Zubar da ruwa wani ƙalubale ne a cikin sassan da suka karye daban-daban. Zubar da ruwa mai yawa a yankunan da suka ƙara yawan ramuka ko kuma fashewar buɗaɗɗe na iya iyakance ingantaccen faɗaɗa manyan karyewar da aka haifar. Akasin haka, ƙananan yankunan da ke zubar da ruwa na iya hana shigar acid da faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwa ta karyewar. Tsarin ruwan da ke karyewar acid - gami da amfani da acid mai gelled ko crosslinked, da ƙarin ruwa da aka tsara don nau'in dutse - yana shafar waɗannan sakamakon kai tsaye, yana ba masu aiki damar haɓaka ƙarancin kwararar dutsen da kuma inganta yankin magudanar ruwa na mai.
Ingantaccen kuzari a cikin waɗannan yanayi masu rikitarwa yana buƙatar mai da hankali biyu: sarrafa ingantaccen tsarin karaya da haɓaka halayen jigilar duwatsu ta hanyar ƙirƙirar ruwa mai kauri da aiki mai kyau na hydraulic. Ƙarƙashin acid don haɓaka karyewar, sarrafa zubar da ruwa, da kuma karyewar tare da lanƙwasa hanyoyi suna da mahimmanci don shawo kan shingen da ke tattare da ƙarancin iskar oxygen da rashin haɗin kai na halitta a cikin ma'ajiyar mai.
Ruwan Rage Rage Acid: Abun da Yake Ciki, Danko, da Aiki
Sinadaran da Tsarin Ruwan Rage Ragewar Acid
Tsarin samar da ruwa mai karyewar acid ya dogara ne akan daidaita tsarin sinadarai don haɓaka ƙarfin karyewar da kuma dawo da mai. Tsarin acid da aka fi amfani da shi shine hydrochloric acid (HCl), yawanci yana cikin taro daga 5% zuwa 28%, wanda aka zaɓa bisa ga tsarin ma'aunin tafki da manufofin magani. Sauran acid ɗin sun haɗa da acid na halitta kamar acetic ko formic acid don laushi ko laushi ko laushi.samuwar masu saurin kamuwa da zafin jikiAna iya amfani da tsarin gaurayawa ko tsarin acid mai tsari don amfani da sake kunnawa daban-daban a lokacin jiyya.
Ƙarin sinadarai masu mahimmanci suna tare da acid ɗin. Masu hana lalata, masu ƙarfafawa, masu sarrafa ƙarfe, da waɗanda ba su da emulsifiers suna kare bututun, suna rage ruwan sama, kuma suna danne samuwar emulsion. Ana ƙara haɗa polymers na roba a matsayin masu kauri - galibi polyacrylamide (HPAM) ko sabbin copolymers - don haɓaka ɗanko don ingantaccen sanya acid, dakatarwar propant, da kuma sarrafa zubar da ruwa. Surfactants, duka anionic (misali, sodium dodecyl sulfate) da non-ionic (misali, ethoxylated alcohols), suna da mahimmanci don daidaita tsarin kumfa, haɓaka canjin danshi, da rage tashin hankali a saman don ƙarin tasiri ga hulɗar dutse-acid.
Gudanar da zubar da ruwa da ragowar abubuwa suna da matuƙar muhimmanci. Ƙarin abubuwan da ke ƙara yawan zubar da ruwa kamar su sitaci ko polymers na roba masu ci gaba suna rage mamaye cikin matrix, suna kiyaye acid ɗin a cikin karyewar da ta faru. Ana amfani da masu fashewa - oxidative (misali, persulfate) ko enzymatic - don lalata masu kauri bayan magani, suna rage haɗarin lalacewar ragowar da kuma lalacewar samuwar da ke biyo baya. Duk da haka, hulɗa da ruwan da aka samar ko masu fashewa da ke ƙasa da zafin jiki na iya haifar da hazo na biyu kamar barite, wanda ke buƙatar a yi bincike sosai kan daidaiton tsarin.
Misalan hanyoyin ci gaba sun haɗa da:
- Tsarin acid mai raguwa: amfani da gels na surfactant-polymer don rage halayen acid-rock don zurfafa shigar a cikin yadudduka masu tauri na carbonate.
- Polymers masu yawan zafin jiki da jure gishiri (misali, P3A roba copolymers) don daskararrun danko da kuma mafi ƙarancin ragowar da ke cikin zurfin rijiyoyi.
- Sinadarin kore, wanda ya haɗa da sinadarin L-ascorbic, yana ba da damar riƙe ɗanko da kariyar antioxidant har zuwa 300°F ba tare da samfuran da ke jure muhalli ba.
Ma'aunin Danko da Muhimmancinsa a Karyewar Acid
Daidaiton auna danko na ruwan acid da ke karaya yana bukatarna'urorin auna zafin jiki mai ƙarfi (HPHT)wanda ke iya kwaikwayon matsin lamba da yanayin zafin ramin. Manyan dabarun sun haɗa da:
- Mita masu juyawa don tantance danko na tushe.
- Na'urorin auna zafin jiki na HPHT don ci gaba da ka'idoji, suna tantance halayen viscoelastic a ƙarƙashin nauyin zafi ko matsin lamba na cyclic.
Muhimmancin danko yana da fuskoki da yawa:
- Tsarin Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa da Faɗaɗa Karyewa: Ƙarancin sinadarin acid yana haifar da ƙarin tsarin tsutsar ciki ko kuma ƙwanƙwasa; ƙara yawan ƙwanƙwasa yana ƙarfafa faɗaɗa da kuma haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwa iri ɗaya, yana jagorantar kai tsaye watsawar karyewar jiki da kuma yuwuwar faɗaɗa shi. Misali, ƙara yawan kauri, yana haifar da faɗaɗa yankin da aka ƙera da kuma ci gaban karyewar jiki mai rikitarwa, kamar yadda gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje na gano fili da rini suka tabbatar.
- Samun Sauƙi da Rarraba Karyewa: Ruwan da ke da ƙamshi yana da kyau wajen sarrafa wurin sanya acid, yana ƙarfafa shigar acid cikin karyewar halitta ta biyu da kuma haɓaka yankin magudanar ruwa na ma'ajiyar mai. Kimantawa ta amfani da ma'aunin watsawa bayan an yi amfani da shi yana haɗar da mafi girman ɗigon ruwa zuwa hanyoyin sadarwa na karyewar da ke rarrabawa da kuma ci gaba da gudana, yana daidaitawa da mafi girman ƙimar samarwa.
Misali, a cikin Marcellus shale mai arzikin carbonate, ta amfani da tsarin acid mai samar da kansa ko kuma wanda ke da alaƙa da juna - inda ake kiyaye danko mai ƙarfi ko da a yanayin zafi na tafki - yana haifar da aƙalla 20-30% mafi girman rikitarwa na karyewa da rufe magudanar ruwa idan aka kwatanta da HCl ɗin da ba a gyara ba.
Amsar Acid-Rock a cikin Ragewar Acid
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Kinetics na Acid-Rock Reaction da Alaƙarsu da Danko
Tsarin amsawar acid-dutse yana da tasiri sosai ta hanyar danko mai ruwa. Tsarin acid na gargajiya yana amsawa da sauri tare da ma'adanai na carbonate, yana mai da hankali kan narkewa kusa da ramin rijiyar kuma yana iyakance zurfin shiga. Tsarin acid mai rauni, ta amfani da viscoelastic surfactants ko polymer-acid emulsions, yana rage yawan yaɗuwar ions na hydrogen, yana rage yawan amsawar acid-dutse gaba ɗaya. Wannan yana bawa acid damar shiga cikin zurfin samuwar ƙarancin ramuka ko ƙananan ramuka kafin ya lalace, yana haɓaka faɗaɗawa da kuma dogon karyewa.
Ana iya tsara canjin ƙimar amsawa ta hanyar:
- Daidaita rabon surfactant/polymer zuwa daidaita yaduwar acid.
- Yin allurar acid mai tsari - allurar acid mai jinkiri da ta yau da kullun - yana cimma daidaiton ƙwanƙwasa kusa da rami da kuma zurfin samuwar, kamar yadda aka nuna a gwaje-gwajen allura masu jere inda tsarin acid mai canzawa ke samar da ƙwanƙwasa mai kyau da kuma inganta motsa jiki a cikin tafki.
Tasirin haɗin gwiwa yana tasowa daga haɗuwa:
- Sinadaran polymer da aka haɗa su da sinadarai marasa ionic suna haifar da kauri mai ƙarfi da kuma ƙara juriya ga zafi da gishiri, kamar yadda aka tabbatar ta hanyar kimantawa ta rheological da kuma ɗaukar yashi a ƙarƙashin yanayin magudanar ruwa da aka kwaikwayi.
- Haɗakar Alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP), da tsarin nanocomposite (misali, graphene oxide-polymer), suna inganta danko da kwanciyar hankali na acid, yayin da kuma suna taimakawa wajen sarrafa bayanin martaba da cire ragowar acid - yana da mahimmanci don inganta karyewar acid a cikin hanyoyin fitar da ruwa na halitta daban-daban da kuma inganta murmurewa daga ƙarancin shiga ko ƙarancin ramuka.
Gwaje-gwajen ƙananan samfuri na gilashi da na ruwa mai zurfi sun tabbatar da cewa waɗannan tsare-tsare da aka tsara suna ƙara lokacin hulɗa da acid, rage amsawar ma'adanai, inganta yankin da aka lalata, da kuma faɗaɗa magudanar ruwa ta ma'ajiyar mai, suna nuna alaƙar aiki tsakanin tsarin ruwan acid, danko, motsin amsawar acid-rock, da kuma ingancin ƙarfafa tafki gaba ɗaya.
Tasirin Tsarin Karaya akan Shigar da Acid da Inganci
Tsarin karaya—musamman tsayi, faɗi (buɗewa), da rarraba sarari—yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen tantance shigar acid cikin jiki, don haka tasirin karaya acid. Dogayen karaya masu faɗi suna haɓaka yaduwar acid, amma inganci na iya raguwa saboda "karuwar acid," inda acid ɗin da ba a kashe ba ke isa ga ƙarshen karaya cikin sauri ba tare da cikakken amsawa a kan hanya ba. Bambancin budewa, musamman karyewar da aka yi ta hanyar hanyar ko kuma ta hanyar etching mara tsari, yana haɓaka shigar acid cikin jiki ta hanyar samar da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa da kuma rage asarar acid da wuri.
- Bambancin Buɗewa:Fuskokin da aka samar ta hanyar etching acid suna kiyaye watsawar iska a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba kuma suna ba da hanyoyin jigilar acid mafi kyau.
- Sanya sarari:Karyewar da ke kusa da ramin rijiyar na ba da damar rarraba sinadarin acid iri ɗaya, yayin da karyewar da ke nesa ko kuma rassan da ke da manyan rassan ke amfana daga allurar acid ko kuma canza ruwan acid/mai tsaka tsaki.
- Allura mai matakai da yawa:Ruwan acid da spacer daban-daban na iya sake farfaɗo da ƙaiƙayin da ke fitowa a fuskokin karyewar da suka yi tsayi, wanda ke haifar da zurfafa shiga cikin jiki da kuma faɗaɗa karyewar da ta samo asali da kuma wadda ta haifar.
Binciken da aka gudanar a fannin dakunan gwaje-gwaje ta amfani da na'urar daukar hoto ta micro-CT da kuma samfurin lambobi sun nuna cewa sarkakiyar lissafi da rashin tsari suna sarrafa yawan amsawar acid-rock da kuma girman haɓakar iskar oxygen. Tsarin karya acid mai kyau yana daidaita halayen tsarin acid da tsarin allurar da ya dace da yanayin karyewar da aka ƙayyade a cikin tafki, yana tabbatar da matsakaicin juriyar karyewar da kuma ingantaccen murmurewa daga mai.
Dabaru Masu Ingantawa Don Inganta Karkacewar Acid
Zaɓin Tsarin Acid da Ƙari
Inganta karyewar acid ya dogara sosai kan zaɓar tsarin acid da ya dace. Tsarin acid da aka yi watsi da shi, kamar acid gelled ko emulsified, an tsara su don rage saurin amsawar acid-rock. Wannan yana ba da damar zurfafa shiga tare da karyewar da kuma ƙara yawan etching na acid iri ɗaya. Sabanin haka, tsarin acid na gargajiya - galibi hydrochloric acid wanda ba a gyara ba - yana amsawa da sauri, sau da yawa yana iyakance zurfin shigar acid da kuma iyakance faɗaɗa karyewar, musamman a cikin ma'ajiyar carbonate da wuraren shale masu zafi. Sabbin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan sun haɗa da tsarin acid mai ƙarfi, wanda aka tsara don ma'ajiyar acid mai zafi sosai, wanda ke ƙara rage yawan amsawa, rage lalata da ƙara inganci ta hanyar ɗaukar acid mai tsawo da ingantaccen narkewar dutse.
Idan aka kwatanta tsarin da ba shi da ƙarfi da na gargajiya:
- Abubuwan acid masu raguwaAna fifita su a cikin yanayi inda saurin kashe acid kusa da ramin rijiyar ke rage isa da daidaiton magani. An nuna cewa waɗannan acid ɗin suna sauƙaƙa faɗaɗa karyewar da acid ke haifarwa da kuma inganta yanayin aiki bayan karyewar da kuma yankin magudanar mai.
- Sinadaran gargajiyazai iya isa ga hanyoyin magani marasa zurfi ko kuma wurare masu zurfi inda amsawar sauri da ƙarancin shigar ciki abu ne da za a iya yarda da shi.
Zaɓin masu gyaran danko—kamar surfactants na viscoelastic (tsarin VCA) ko kuma wakilan gelling na polymer—ya dogara ne akan abubuwan da suka shafi tafki:
- Zafin ma'adanin ruwa da kuma ilimin ma'adanai suna nuna daidaiton sinadarai da aikin masu gyaran danko.
- Don amfani da zafin jiki mai yawa, ana buƙatar na'urorin karya gel masu ƙarfi kamar su sinadaran oxidizing da aka lulluɓe ko kuma capsules masu etching acid don tabbatar da lalacewar gel acid da kuma tsaftace shi yadda ya kamata bayan an yi amfani da shi.
- Dole ne a daidaita yanayin danko da ke bayyane ta yadda ruwan karaya na acid zai ci gaba da kasancewaisasshen ɗankoyayin famfo (ƙarfafa faɗin karyewa da dakatarwar propant) duk da haka ana iya lalata shi gaba ɗaya ta hanyar masu karya gel don ingantaccen dawowa.
Zaɓin ƙarin da ya dace yana rage lalacewar samuwar, yana tabbatar da ingantaccen ƙwanƙwasa acid don haɓaka karyewar, kuma yana haɓaka haɓaka a cikin ma'ajiyar ruwa mai ƙarancin shiga da ƙarancin ramuka. Aikace-aikacen filin da aka yi kwanan nan sun nuna cewa tsarin ruwan ƙwanƙwasa acid da aka yi da VCA, tare da masu karya gel da aka daidaita da kyau, yana ƙara yawan tsaftacewa, rage asarar ruwa, da kuma inganta motsa tafki idan aka kwatanta da tsarin gargajiya.
Sifofin Aiki Da Ke Tasirin Nasarar Ƙarfafa Acid
Tsarin aiki yayin fashewar acid yana shafar sakamako sosai. Manyan sigogin aiki sun haɗa da ƙimar famfo, ƙarar acid da aka yi allura, da kuma kula da yanayin matsin lamba:
- Yawan famfo: Yana ƙayyade saurin yaɗuwar karyewa da yanayin halittarsa. Ƙara yawan ƙaruwa yana haɓaka shigar acid cikin jiki da kuma ci gaba da hulɗar acid-rock, amma dole ne a daidaita shi don guje wa kashe acid da wuri ko haɓakar karyewa ba tare da kulawa ba.
- Girman allurar acid: Yana tasiri tsayi da faɗin karyewar da aka yi da sinadarin acid. Ana buƙatar manyan girma don samar da ƙarancin iskar oxygen, kodayake inganta yawan acid tare da masu gyara danko na iya rage amfani da sinadarai marasa amfani yayin da ake kiyaye ƙarfin lantarki.
- Sarrafa matsin lamba: Daidaita matsin lamba na ƙasa da saman lokaci-lokaci yana tabbatar da cewa karyewar ta kasance a buɗe, tana daidaita asarar ruwa, kuma tana jagorantar sanya acid a wuraren da aka yi niyya na karyewar.
A aikace, an nuna cewa jadawalin allurar acid da aka tsara ko aka canza - inda nau'ikan acid ko viscosities ke canzawa - suna haɓaka samuwar tashoshi, haɓaka haɓakar karyewar lanƙwasa, da kuma inganta yankin magudanar ruwa na ma'ajiyar mai. Misali, allurar acid mai matakai biyu na iya ƙirƙirar tashoshi masu zurfi, masu isar da sako, waɗanda suka fi ƙarfin hanyoyin mataki ɗaya a duka wuraren dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma wuraren filin.
Daidaita hanyoyin acidizing da bambancin ma'adinan ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. A cikin ma'ajiyar ruwa mai bambancin ma'adinai da karyewar yanayi, ana amfani da samfurin hasashen yanayi da kuma sa ido kan lokaci don jagorantar lokaci da jerin allurai. Daidaitawa bisa ga halayen karyewar ruwa (misali, yanayin da aka saba gani, haɗin kai, inganta hanyar fitar da ruwa ta halitta) yana bawa masu aiki damar daidaita sigogin aiki don ƙarfafawa mafi girma da kuma ƙarancin lalacewar samuwar ruwa.
Tsarin Hasashe da Haɗakar Bayanai
Tsarin fashewar acid na zamani yanzu ya haɗa samfuran hasashen da ke daidaita sigogin aiki, halayen ruwan fashewar acid, da kuma ikon sarrafa wutar lantarki bayan fashewar. Samfuran da aka ci gaba sun haɗa da:
- Tsarin amsawar acid-rock da ƙimarsa, yana kama yadda yanayin acid da etching ke canzawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin filin.
- Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman ma'ajiyar ruwakamar su porosity da permeability, mineralogical vaterogeneity, da kuma hanyoyin karyewar da suka riga suka wanzu.
Waɗannan samfuran suna amfani da bayanan gwaji, sakamakon dakin gwaje-gwaje, da kuma koyon injina don hasashen yadda canje-canje a cikin danko, yawan famfo, yawan acid, da bayanan zafi ke shafar dabarun ƙirƙirar karyewar ƙarfe a cikin karyewar hydraulic da inganta yankin magudanar ruwa na dogon lokaci.
Manyan jagororin daidaita iyakokin filin da tsarin aiki sun haɗa da:
- Zaɓin tsarin ɗanko da acid bisa ga motsin amsawar acid-rock da ake tsammani, yanayin zafin da ake tsammani, da kuma manufofin kammalawa (misali, ƙara yawan kwararar dutsi a cikin ƙasa ko magance matsalolin tashar fitar da ruwa ta halitta).
- Ta amfani da hanyoyin da bayanai ke amfani da su don daidaita jadawalin allurar acid, yawan famfo, da kuma yawan abin da ke rage karfin jini, inganta girman karyewar jini da kuma murmurewa bayan an yi amfani da su.
Misalan da aka samu daga aikin gona na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa waɗannan dabarun hasashen suna ƙara yawan aiki bayan karyewar ƙasa da kuma inganta hasashen samar da mai, wanda hakan ke ba da damar ƙarin ingantattun dabarun karyewar acid a cikin ma'ajiyar shale da carbonate mai rikitarwa.
Faɗaɗa Yankin Magudanar Mai da kuma Dorewar Karyewar Karyewa
Cire Toshewar Tsarin da Inganta Haɗin kai
Ƙirƙirar acid babban hanya ce ta amfani da ruwan acid don shawo kan ƙalubalen toshewar samuwar abubuwa, kamar tarin condensate da kuma ƙera ma'adanai, a cikin ma'ajiyar shale. Lokacin da aka yi allurar acid - wanda aka fi sani da hydrochloric acid (HCl) -, yana amsawa da ma'adanai masu amsawa kamar calcite da dolomite. Wannan hanyar amsawar acid-rock tana narkar da ma'adanai, tana faɗaɗa ramukan ramuka, kuma tana haɗa ramuka da aka ware a baya, tana inganta porosity kai tsaye da permeability a cikin ma'ajiyar mai. Yawan amsawar acid-rock, da kuma takamaiman tsarin ruwan acid da aka yi amfani da shi, ya bambanta dangane da ilimin ma'adinai na shale da kuma tsarin toshewar abubuwa.
A cikin shales masu arzikin carbonate, yawan HCl mai yawa yana haifar da ƙarin haske da cire toshewa saboda saurin amsawar acid-dutse. Daidaita abun da ke cikin acid ɗin zuwa takamaiman abun da ke cikin carbonate da silicate na ma'ajiyar yana inganta tsarin cirewa, yana maido da hanyoyin zubar da ruwa na halitta yadda ya kamata da kuma magance matsalar hanyoyin zubar da ruwa na halitta mara kyau. Ƙarfin saman saman fuskokin karyewa yana ƙaruwa sakamakon rushewar acid, yana daidaitawa kai tsaye tare da haɓaka kwararar karyewa da kuma hanyoyin kwarara masu ɗorewa ga hydrocarbons. An tabbatar da wannan tsari ta hanyar bayanan gwaji da ke nuna manyan ci gaba a cikin samar da iskar gas da ma'aunin allurar bayan maganin acid da aka tsara a cikin ƙananan hanyoyin zubar da ruwa.
Dorewa wajen sarrafa karyewar ƙarfe yana da matuƙar muhimmanci ga yawan rijiyoyin mai na shale na dogon lokaci. A tsawon lokaci, karyewar ƙarfe da aka haifar na iya rasa ƙarfin lantarki saboda murƙushewar ƙarfe, diagenesis, shigarwa, ko ƙaura ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna rage hanyoyin da aka buɗe da matsin lamba na karyewar ƙarfe da aka ƙirƙira, wanda hakan ke yin mummunan tasiri ga dawo da sinadarin hydrocarbons. Nazarin lissafi da dakin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa ba tare da ingantaccen kulawa ba, lalacewar ƙarfe na iya rage samarwa da har zuwa 80% cikin shekaru 10. Abubuwa kamar matsin lamba na rufewa, girman bututun ƙarfe, da kuma asalin yanayin karyewar ƙarfe suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Zaɓar bututun ƙarfe da ya dace da kuma sarrafa matsin lamba na ƙasa suna da mahimmanci don kiyaye manyan hanyoyin da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar etching acid don ci gaba da kwararar mai da iskar gas.
Faɗaɗawa da Kula da Cibiyar Karyewa
Faɗaɗa yankin magudanar ruwa ta ma'ajiyar mai ta hanyar dabarun ya dogara ne akan ingantaccen ƙira da kuma amfani da tsarin acid mai sarrafawa. Waɗannan su ne tsarin ruwa mai karya acid wanda aka ƙera wanda ke ɗauke da ƙari - kamar retarders, gelling agents, da surfactants - don daidaita wurin sanya acid, sarrafa yawan amsawar acid-rock, da kuma rage ɗigon ruwa yayin magani. Sakamakon shine tsarin ƙera abubuwa wanda aka yi niyya wanda ke haɓaka dabarun ƙirƙirar karyewa a cikin karyewar ruwa kuma yana tallafawa yaɗuwar karyewar farko da ta biyu (mai lanƙwasa).
Tsarin acid mai sarrafawa, musamman gel acid da gel a wuri, suna taimakawa wajen sarrafa wurin sanya acid da tsawon lokacinsa a cikin karaya. Waɗannan tsarin suna rage hulɗar acid da dutse, suna faɗaɗa nisan shiga da kuma ba da damar yin ƙarin cikakken aikin lalata acid don haɓaka karyewar. Wannan hanyar tana ƙara yawan dutsen da aka ƙarfafa, tana faɗaɗa yankin magudanar ruwa na ma'ajiyar mai, kuma tana magance ƙalubalen da ke tattare da rashin kyawun hanyoyin samar da iskar gas a cikin saitunan carbonate da shale. Lamura a fili sun nuna cewa waɗannan dabarun suna ƙirƙirar hanyoyin sadarwa na karyewar iska mai faɗi da haɗin gwiwa, suna haifar da ƙarin murmurewa daga hydrocarbon.
Ci gaba da inganta iskar da ke shiga ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai ƙarfi a cikin magudanar ruwa wani muhimmin abin la'akari ne. Yaɗuwar karyewar duwatsu a cikin duwatsun da ke fuskantar matsin lamba mai yawa na rufewa sau da yawa yakan haifar da raguwar faɗin karyewa ko rufewa da wuri, wanda ke haifar da raguwar watsa wutar lantarki. Don magance wannan, ana amfani da dabaru da dama:
- Fasahar huda rami mai matsi:Wannan hanyar tana ba da damar farawa da yaɗuwar karyewar da aka tsara, ta yadda za a inganta daidaito tsakanin shigar kuzarin ƙarfafawa da faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwa ta karyewar. Misali, a cikin mawuyacin halin da ake ciki na Jiyang, wannan fasaha ta rage makamashin da ake buƙata da kashi 37% yayin da take inganta haɗin kai da sakamakon muhalli.
- Jiyya kafin acidification:Amfani da tsarin polyhydrogen acid ko wasu ruwaye masu katsewa kafin acid na iya rage matsin lamba na karyewar karyewar karyewar da kuma rage toshewar farko, wanda hakan zai samar da ingantaccen da dorewa wajen samar da karyewar.
- Samfurin Geomechanical:Haɗawama'aunin damuwa na ainihin lokacida kuma sa ido kan ma'ajiyar ruwa yana ba da damar hasashen da daidaita sigogin maganin acid, yana taimakawa wajen ci gaba da jure karyewar karyewa duk da ci gaban yanayin damuwa a wurin.
Waɗannan hanyoyin—haɗe da ingantattun abubuwan da suka haɗa da ƙarin ruwan fracturing na hydraulic da kuma tsarin ruwan fracturing na acid—suna tabbatar da cewa an riƙe ribar permeability. Suna taimaka wa masu aikin mai su faɗaɗa da kuma kula da hanyoyin karyewar, suna haɓaka ƙarancin porosity permeability na duwatsu da kuma tallafawa haƙo albarkatun da ake samu na dogon lokaci.
A takaice dai, ta hanyar haɗakar sabbin hanyoyin cire sinadarin acid, tsarin acid mai inganci, da dabarun karyawa da aka sani da ilimin geomechanical, hanyoyin ƙarfafa ma'ajiyar ruwa na zamani yanzu sun mayar da hankali kan haɓaka wuraren magudanar ruwa na hydrocarbon nan take da kuma kiyaye ƙarfin karyewar da ake buƙata don ci gaba da aikin samarwa.
Kammalawa
Ingancin aunawa da inganta danko na ruwa mai kauri daga acid yana da mahimmanci wajen haɓaka ƙirƙirar karyewar ƙarfe, ingancin cire sinadarin acid, da kuma magudanar ruwa ta ma'ajiyar mai na dogon lokaci a cikin tsarin shale. Mafi kyawun hanyoyin ana fahimtar su ta hanyar fahimtar yanayin ruwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin ma'ajiyar, da kuma haɗa bayanan dakin gwaje-gwaje da filin don tabbatar da dacewa da aiki.
Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi
T1: Menene muhimmancin dankowar ruwa mai kauri a cikin ma'ajiyar man shale?
Dankowar ruwa mai kauri yana da matuƙar muhimmanci wajen sarrafa ƙirƙirar karyewa da yaɗuwa a cikin ma'ajiyar mai. Ruwan da ke da kauri sosai, kamar su acid masu haɗin gwiwa ko gelled, suna samar da karyewa mai faɗi da rassan rassan. Wannan yana ba da damar sanya acid mafi kyau kuma yana tsawaita hulɗa tsakanin acid da dutse, yana inganta tsarin amsawar acid-rock da kuma tabbatar da cewa ƙera ya kasance mai zurfi da daidaito. Mafi kyawun dankowar ruwa yana haɓaka faɗin karyewa da rikitarwa, yana tasiri kai tsaye ga ingancin ƙera acid don haɓaka karyewa da kuma inganta yankin magudanar ruwa na ma'ajiyar mai. Misali, an nuna cewa ruwan CO₂ mai kauri yana inganta faɗin karyewa da kuma kula da ikon shiga bayan magani, yayin da ruwan da ke da ƙarancin danko yana ba da damar karyewa mai tsayi da kunkuntar tare da sauƙin yaɗuwa amma yana iya fuskantar haɗarin rashin isasshen ƙera ko kuma kwararar acid. Zaɓin da ya dace a cikin tsarin ruwan da ke da kauri yana tabbatar da ingantaccen rushewar toshewar tsari, juriyar karyewa na dogon lokaci, da faɗaɗa yankin magudanar ruwa mai amfani.
T2: Ta yaya matsin lamba na karyewa a cikin karyewar ruwa ke shafar ƙirƙirar karyewa?
Matsin karyewa shine mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin da ake buƙata don fara karyewa a cikin dutsen yayin karyewar ruwa. A cikin ma'ajiyar mai na shale waɗanda ke da ƙarancin damar shiga, daidaitaccen sarrafa matsin karyewa abu ne mai mahimmanci. Idan matsin da aka yi amfani da shi ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, karyewar ba za ta iya buɗewa ba, wanda ke iyakance shigar ruwa. Ya yi yawa, kuma karyewar na iya zama ba za a iya sarrafawa ba, yana haifar da haɗarin yaɗuwar karyewar da ba a so. Kulawa mai kyau yana ƙarfafa karyewar ta bunƙasa a kan shimfidar yanayi har ma da hanyoyin lanƙwasa, yana inganta ƙarfafa tafki. Babban matsin karyewar ruwa, idan aka sarrafa shi yadda ya kamata, yana samar da hanyoyin karyewar ruwa masu rikitarwa kuma yana haɓaka haɗin gwiwa da ake buƙata don acid ya isa da kuma goge wani yanki mai faɗi. Ana amfani da dabarun kamar bulogin rami don rage matsin karyewar ruwa da kuma inganta sarrafa fara karyewar ruwa, yana shafar yanayin karyewar ruwa da ingancin yaɗuwar ruwa. Wannan iko mai cikakken bayani game da matsin karyewar ruwa na hydraulic shine babban abin da ke haifar da dabarun ƙirƙirar karyewar ruwa a cikin ma'ajiyar ruwa marasa tsari.
T3: Me yasa cire sinadarin acid da kuma faɗaɗa shi ke da amfani ga ƙarancin iskar oxygen da kuma ƙarancin ramukan da ke cikinsa?
Ƙananan kwararar ruwa da ƙarancin ramuka suna da iyakokin hanyoyin zubewa na halitta, waɗanda ke takaita motsi da samar da mai. Ƙurawar acid a cikin fashewar hydraulic yana amfani da ruwa mai amsawa don narkar da sassan matrix na dutsen a fuskokin karyewa, ta haka yana faɗaɗa waɗannan hanyoyin kwarara. Wannan yana rage toshewar samuwar kuma yana samar da sabbin hanyoyin ruwa don motsawa cikin 'yanci. Sabbin hanyoyin motsa tafki, gami da tsarin haɗaka da pre-acid, sun sami ingantaccen watsawa mai ɗorewa da ingantaccen dawo da mai. Waɗannan hanyoyin suna da mahimmanci musamman don inganta ma'ajiyar ruwa mai ƙarancin kwarara da haɓaka ƙarancin kwararar ruwa da kuma haɓaka ƙarancin kwararar ruwa da duwatsu, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin binciken filin da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Sakamakon shine ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin yawan aiki na rijiya, tare da karyewar da aka ƙera da kuma faɗaɗa da ke aiki azaman hanyoyin kwararar hydrocarbon.
T4: Wace rawa porosity da permeability na duwatsu ke takawa wajen samun nasarar karyewar acid?
Porosity da permeability suna ƙayyade motsi na ruwa da kuma damar acid a cikin ma'ajiyar mai. Duwatsu masu ƙarancin porosity da ƙarancin permeability suna hana yaɗuwa da ingancin ruwan acid, wanda ke iyakance nasarar ayyukan ƙarfafawa. Don magance wannan, an tsara tsarin ruwan acid fracturing musamman don haɗawa da ƙarin abubuwan sarrafa amsawa da masu canza danko. Inganta porosity ta hanyar amsawar acid-rock yana ƙara sararin sarari don ajiyar hydrocarbon, yayin da haɓaka permeability yana ba da damar kwarara cikin sauƙi ta hanyar hanyoyin karyewa. Bayan maganin acid, bincike da yawa sun nuna ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin porosity da permeability, musamman inda hanyoyin rabewa na halitta ba su da kyau a da. Inganta waɗannan sigogi yana ba da damar ingantaccen yaɗuwar karyewa, ci gaba da yawan samarwa, da kuma faɗaɗa yankin hulɗar tafki.
T5: Ta yaya amsawar acid-dutse ke tasiri ga ingancin faɗaɗa yankin magudanar ruwa?
Tsarin amsawar acid-rock yana kula da yadda dutsen ke narkewa da kuma yadda ake sassaka da kuma faɗaɗa karyewar da ke faruwa yayin fashewar acid. Ingantaccen iko na saurin amsawar acid-rock yana da mahimmanci: da sauri, kuma ana kashe acid ɗin kusa da ramin rijiyar, yana iyakance shigar ruwa; a hankali, kuma sassaka na iya zama bai isa ba. Ta hanyar sarrafa amsawar ta hanyar dankowar ruwa, yawan acid, da ƙari, ana samun sassaka mai niyya a fuskokin karyewar, wanda ke ba da damar faɗaɗa da zurfafa haɗin karyewar. Bincike na ci gaba da bincike a dakin gwaje-gwaje sun tabbatar da cewa inganta amsawar acid-rock yana haifar da karyewar da ke kama da tashar iska, mai matuƙar tasiri wanda ke faɗaɗa yankin magudanar mai sosai. Misali, an tabbatar da karyewar da aka sassaka ta hanyar acid-rock don samar da har sau biyar mafi girman watsawa fiye da karyewar da ba a sassaka ba a cikin tsarin carbonate. Daidaita tsarin ruwa mai fashewa da allurar da kyau don haka yana ƙayyade girman da ingancin inganta yankin magudanar ruwa.
Lokacin Saƙo: Nuwamba-10-2025
